Tunnel phantsi Amur iyavuma

Amur River Tunnel, ethe ifoto kweli nqaku - iyavuma zomkhosi ngasese kunye nokwakhiwa yoluntu. iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Kwitonela - kuphela loo into ehamba phezu kummandla Russia. Strategic amandla zokwakha kwaye ke asicinywanga uzame. Kwaye Itonela isetyenziswa kule mihla ukulungiselela iinjongo uxolo.

prehistory

Izicwangciso ukwakha izakhiwo zothutho kaloliwe wavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Le Itonela ukwakhiwa ngaphantsi kwe cupid. Ngowe-1906, imilinganiselo kunye izifundo ziye zaqhutywa. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo kwakukho ezinye iiprojekthi intunja, yaye ibhulorho phezu komlambo.

Kwelivi umzobo lwaqhutyelwa mboniso le Amur iyavuma Territory. Lo msitho kwanikezelwa ngalo le Romanovs - le tercentenary. Kumzobo zokuzidlala baboniswa indlela kaloliwe enze kwamanzi. Kodwa ke sokwakha seprojekthi yajika ukuba zikhethwe ibhulorho phesheya Amur River njengoko kakhulu efanelekileyo.

izakhiwo hlula

Ngowe-1930. e East Far waqalisa ukwakha enkulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekwandeni kumsinga imithwalo TRANSSIB. Railway, elakhiwa kwiinkulungwane 19-20., Ufuna i ulwandiso. Kwaye ku-Epreli 1920 kwiindibanisela ibhulorho nophondo yi kuzinze ukuze intercepting indlela Japanese. Trans-Siberian Railway elaphulwayo iminyaka emihlanu. East Far wanqanyulwa eSiberia naseRashiya. A kaloliwe edlula naseManchuria.

Ngoko, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe kwitonela phantsi Amur River njengoko ibhulorho basemngciphekweni kakhulu ngenxa isisongelo wamajoni eJapan. Ikamva zokwakha kwamanzi nangoko lahlelwa kwaye wafumana No. 4 Abantu Commissariat. Ngoko ke, lo mbandela Kudala kwaziwa.

Ukulungiselela zokwakha

Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe kwitonela kolwandle iyavuma washiya spetsekspeditsiya ukusuka 'Soyuztransproekta ". Uluhlu abaphandi ziquka iingcali "Metroproekta" kunye Military Academy ogama emva Kuibyshev. ulwakhiwo ntsimi womnatha lokuqala lamanqaku geodetic. Olu uhlobo lwe metal kwi monoliths eziphathekayo.

Imisebenzi imikhosi ezintathu ezizimeleyo. Ukuba omnye wabo kwakukho ukutenxa kwesi sicwangciso, zenziwe izilungiso, zonke zontathu abahloli yaphela. Ke iingcali zilandelayo - abahloli, ukusebenza phezu komhlaba. Kwaye iinkosi intunja babekwa, ebotshelelwe brand.

Wonke umsebenzi lwaqhutywa ngokukhawuleza - ngeenyanga nje ezintlanu. Ngexesha ukwamkelwa kwendlela axilongwe lunee ntlobo 9. Ethatha inxaxheba ekuyilweni kunye academician Vedeneev Institute "Metroproekt". Ekugqibeleni ezivunyiweyo version, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhuseleko anti-moya. Ukwakhiwa kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe isiqingatha ngeekhilomitha ukusuka kwebhulorho. Kaloliwe kwitonela phantsi Amur ekugqibeleni yavunywa iyavuma ngoMatshi 1938

Qala ukwakha indawo efihlakeleyo

Ngokutsho umthetho karhulumente, ukwakha izibonelelo ngokufihlakeleyo yaqala ngo-1937, iye ngokuthi "inani ngokokuma kwento 4". Nangona rhoqo umsebenzi yaqala ngaphandle mali jikelele kunye nophuhliso TEHPROEKT. Kwaye ke Ukwakhiwa kwetonela, wayexakekile. projekthi Technical kunye uqikelelo jikelele bathunyelwa kwisiza - ngo May 1939 ukuze kwakhiwe kwitonela kolwandle kufuneka ichithwe million 294.5 engange. Ukwakhiwa eyayicwangciselwe ukuba kuphothulwe ekupheleni kuka-1939

Eganiweyo yokwakha?

Ngo-1937 waqalisa Lwe. Alizange iinkampani zokwakha ezahlukeneyo elinesihlanu. Baye ababandakanyeka kulo msebenzi kunye nobunjineli yomkhosi imivo. Amur River Tunnel yakhiwa phantsi kwephiko yaBantu Commissar of Railways eSoviet Union L. M. Kaganovicha. Lijongene inombolo into 4 waqeshwa NA Ermolaev. Kwakhona waba kwinjineli oyintloko. Yermolaev kweliso wonke umsebenzi wokwakha aze aphelela.

Ukufakelwa izibonelelo komhlaba kunye nomsebenzi ababandakanyekayo inkunkuma imikhosi kaloliwe. Kuba ukwakhiwa kwitonela kwi kwisifundo zaye othunyelweyo Metrostroi abasebenzi 900 kunye umsebenzi main profile. iingcali Oyintloko I. D. Gotsiridze. Wandinceda ukwakha itonela abahlali ezithwala. Xa umsebenzi labour entolongweni. Xa zizonke, bathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni itonela abantu 5.500 ngonyaka.

Komboko kunye gasket umgca eziphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba waqala ukwakha itonela kaloliwe phantsi Amur umlambo, kuqala emigodini ezine walala. Kubahlisela emhlabeni wavelisa iibhodi - kwinqanaba yoyilo kulo. uthango ngamnye amaqela ekugxilwe ezintathu ukuhlola. Bazenza olunga- esqwini engundoqo ye izakhiwo kwamanzi, ugxininise ingongoma kuyilo.

Iimpawu kokwakhiwa sokungena

Ukungena zazintsonkothile, kufuneka uvakalelo oluphezulu. Le intunja ayikho ezilandelelanayo yebhanki ebhankini, kumgca othe ngqo kunye egopheni, isakhiwo nokuba nkqo. Axis ayikwazi ukuba kungabikho enye iisentimitha ngaphezu ezintlanu. ukutenxa Greater kwisiqhelo ayivumelekanga. Kwaye sibulela umsebenzi kakuhle nangokuchanekileyo leengcali, kukho intunja phantsi Amur waba milimitha sboyka hayi ngaphezulu kwe elinesihlanu.

ukwakhiwa Tunneling wawunzima kukuba kwezinye iindawo tonela kwana kakubi. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, izinga zobude le mingxuma silingana phantse ezintlanu eemitha yonke imihla. Kwabo maxesha, ezi iirhafu yecuba kuba ihlabathi lonke. Kule kumbiwa yenziwa amakhaka non-imishini. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa ngaphandle kokuba ekhutshelwe phantse zizigidi 1.5 cubic metres lomhlaba Impontshelwa 137,6 amawaka cubic metres eziphathekayo.

Ukutshintsha ixesha le zokwakha

NgoJuni 1941, kwagqitywa indibano kwetonela. Ngaloo mihla phambi kokuba kugqitywe imisebenzi efunekayo kangangeenyanga ubuncinane omnye ezintandathu. Kodwa ndaba wafumana ucingo ukusuka iKomiti yezoKhuselo State yaye zisayinwe Stalin. Umyalezo umyalelo ukuvumela uloliwe ngokusebenzisa intunja kweli xesha lifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Imisebenzi ziye olukhawulezisiweyo ukuya kumda. Ekugqibeleni banikwe lidilizwe, kwakunye indlela yokungena okwethutyana. Le zokulinganisa ukusebenza otsypali 8,000 cubic metres kuyo ngasese. Kwaye indlela engundoqo walungisa. Kwitonela phantsi Amur iyavuma wayekulungele ukuhamba.

Ukuvulwa kwetonela ukusebenza

ixesha Stalin waphawulwa ingakumbi, emva kokuba ukwakhiwa kwawo ukungena ukusebenza - 20/06/1941, abakhi kwafuneka wathi kwitonela phantsi kwamanzi, umhla waya inxalenye yokuqala, apho kwakukho abasebenzi kunye nabaqashi. Ukuqeqesha umqhubi wabaleka V. Vozheyko.

25/04/1942 IKhomishoni kaRhulumente ukuthatha itonela ukusebenza rhoqo. Kulo mzekelo, abahloli kuvavanywa wesakhiwo ezintle, kunye nomsebenzi abahloli - ezigqwesileyo. Ubude kwitonela phantsi Amur obeziimitha 7198. Kuba umsebenzi oqhelekileyo, oko mayixhotyiswe ubushushu, umoya kunye neenkqubo izibane. Ngokucace efutha umqobo amanzi, eshumayela alarm.

Kwelinye icala lasempumalanga bobuso bakhe, kukho ezintathu zenziwe ngendlela evulekileyo indawo 1350 m ubude. Bepali engaphakathi inxalenye kwamanzi ye Itonela 7400 mm. osempuma isakhiwo kubekwe ngaphakathi iyavuma West - kufutshane nesikhululo post-Pokrovskiy.

Ngexesha lo msele wakhiwa kwinqanaba iiteknoloji zomkhosi eziphambili kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa yaba nomda enkulu ukhuseleko. It has 7 ezinamanzi umoya. Omnye ukwakweli siqithi, yaye abanye - omabini kweenxweme Amur River. Ngoko ke, lo msele wahlala eminyaka. Kwaye uyasebenza kude kube ngoku.

IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

Ngexesha Second World War bonke zokungena kunye neendlela ukuya intunja vika ngenyameko. Ngenxa yoku sele zisekiwe, ukongeza iibhakana, neebhetri anti-moya. Omnye kubo phezu kweenxweme imibhobho Mad. kamva umlweli Lelikov ibhetri wamxelela ukuba endaweni yakhe umyalezo malunga moya engaziwa, leyo liza kufika ibhulorho sele. Bahlabe umkhosi, anti-moya ibhetri ebebizwe nangoko kunye iimbumbulu live.

Emva kwexesha elifutshane-moya weza umbono. Mhlawumbi ufuna kumasango kwitonela phantsi Amur. moya wokuqala kulandelelwa abantu ababebukele. Kodwa umatshini womoya ngaphambi kokuba ifike umda umlilo ekhoyo "flak" waphambuka Manchukuo. Ukulwa izixhobo babayekisa. Ngoko ke, anti-moya ngemipu ye ngoko enye imvula senziwa.

Subsea Itonela ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe

Ukususela 1944 ukuya 1945, ubukhulu becala uthuthwa ngalo cargo kwetonela obumiselwe imfazwe eJapan. Emva koko ke kaloliwe kwamanzi iguqulwe ukuba sicatshulwa kweeyunithi zomkhosi kunye nazo zonke iindidi zezithuthi. Xa umlo yaphela, kwitonela iye yagcinwa njengeziko emfihlekweni. Kaloliwe kwitonela phantsi Amur wayelindwe ngamajoni axhobileyo nezinja.

Ukusetyenziswa kwetonela emva kwemfazwe

Ukususela ngo-1960, U-kaloliwe yasetyenziswa yokuhamba kwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukwandisa umthamo Amur kwebhulorho. Ekubeni Itonela na indlela omnye kuphela, lo sindululo wawusalathiswa kwicala elinye kuphela - ukuya ngasentshona. Ngowe-1980 kuye kwagqitywa umbane kaloliwe eFar Eastern iyavuma-Bireh. Emva koko, oololiwe zentsimbi kunye umkhweli ngalaa msele abahambayo, xa Vol. H. And ipoma.

Kwitonela kukanye

Kule mihla kwitonela kaloliwe phantsi Amur ezifuna ukulungiswa ezinkulu. Ukwakhiwa iye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Itonela into elikhethekileyo ofuna ukusindisa. Ngelo xesha zolwakhiwo isakhiwo bakwaloliwe elide kwamanzi emhlabeni.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba msele ulungiso ezinkulu kufuneka, into ihlala nje ekhuselekileyo luthembeke ngaphambili. traffic kaloliwe lwenziwa kakuhle. Kwaye iziphene ezincinane musa baphule ingqibelelo tonela. Ngo-2009, ukuvuselelwa Amur ibhulorho yaqhutywa. Ukususela ngoko, uye ngeendlela ezimbini.

Amur River kwitonela umsebenzi elide Waqala ukuyisonga. Kwiindawo ezininzi, kukho ukuvuza encinane. shaft sam waqala ukubola. Etoneleni eyiqokelelayo kobutyobo kunye zokulinganisa. Oku kufuna ukutshintsha ubungakanani izibonelelo. Kwaye ngoku abakhi izicwangciso - ukulungisa kwitonela unique kwamanzi. Ngoko ke, iiprojekthi nokwakhiwa sele zilungisiwe. Le wokulungisa grand kuya kwenzeka kwakamsinyane, oluya ekulungiseni le meko.