Tungsten, Molybdenum: isicelo ingxubevange

imvelo ezimbiwa ezinamaphepha Tungsten kwi khompawundi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa zoshishino xa ukutsalwa senziwe ngendlela kunokwenzeka yaye inokusebenza ngokorhwebo, - Tungsten, nezentsimbi ekrwada molybdenum, kwakunye beryllium, inkcenkce, ikopolo, bismuth, ngamanye amaxesha imetyhuri, kwistibhiya, isilivere, negolide, esiyityhefu, tantalum, isalfure, scandium, ukrweco - umhlaba loo izinyithi kunqabile emhlabeni, njengokuba igama leqela kuba sisityebi. Watyhutyha Icandelo ore Tungsten - Molybdenum, njengezininzi abanye, luthe lwancothulwa phantsi yoxinaniso mazigqithiselwe imixutywa uyakhetha okanye ngengqokelela.

Njani Tungsten

usomachiza Swedish Carl Scheele, unale ngokuqeqesha kwenziwa amalinge zaselebhu zabo. Apho Wasisusa yabantu manganese, barium, chlorine, nokuba oksijini. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, wenza nto wathola lowo usiwe Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Nkqu ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-1781, wayeka oko akuthandayo engaganwanga, ngaloo ndlela esinye isipho esihle.

Ukuvelisa amava, uCarl Scheele wafumanisa ukuba Tungsten (ezimbiwa, kamva wavotelwa scheelite udumo) - ityuwa ezinye ayaziwa acid. Yaba ukufunyanwa omkhulu, kodwa kwiminyaka emibini kuphela kamva ekhemisi eSpeyin kunye nabafundi bakhe ingadibani kule brand bezimbiwa into entsha ukuba utshintshe zonke postulates kwishishini. Noko ke, mdibi wathabatha Indawo kwaoko, kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, phambi kokuba kwacaca oko iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga iye Tungsten.

division

Kuxhomekeka endle zonke ores Tungsten zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini: zithe zadala kunye iqala. Phakathi yokugqibela ke skarn, pegmatite, stringer-umthambo (kolwandle) greyzerovye iintlobo genetic ekrwada, apho angena iimanyano ekrwada amathathu aphambili. Le Tungsten - nebhekile, Tungsten - molybdenum, Tungsten - polymetals.

Maxa wambi, Tungsten ifumaneka pegmatites, ukusuka apho atsalwa kwaye scheelite endleleni, ehamba imveliso lekrizolite, cassiterite, niobate tantalum okanye spodumene. Pegmatitnye endle - emithonjeni nezikhukhula - kuphuhliswa abaninzi kuMazantsi eMpuma Asia and Afrika.

stock

Tungsten, molybdenum kwi ekrwada ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene intrusions lenyengane, izahlulo zabo apical, apho kukho iidipozithi prikrovlevye, soloko ilandelwa lutshintsho lwemithetho stockworks esikrwada zombini obuvakalayo nadintruzivnymi.

Bona fomu iidipozithi plascheobraznye, ulwandiso kunye elimbhoxo ukuba ubukhulu becala zokulala emithini. ziphawulwe kakuhle kunye namaqumrhu esikrwada uhlobo columnar kunye Stockworks imilo engagunyaziswanga. phantse idiphozithi oovimba apho kukho molybdenum, Tungsten, kunye nezinye izimbiwa umhlaba ezinqabileyo, akazange abe zolondolozo ezinkulu. Le ekrwada kuqikelelwa kuphela ngamashumi, ezinqabileyo kakhulu kumakhulu amawaka eetoni.

gesi

Molybdenum, Tungsten kunye neminye imimandla kolwandle ekrwada ezi kwimiboniso Ekso- negranite endocontact fomu ezimbini elide ngokufanelekileyo nzulu - up ukuba ngekhilomitha - yonke manqaku babehlala drop eweni ngokuphawulekayo ngaphantsi avareji drop macingo. Kwakhona wafumana Stockworks. Izidumbu ore akhiwa zwi-wolframite, cassiterite, inclusions wolframite-zwi, ngokufuthi kunye molybdenum, beryllium kunye bismuthinite, Zinokuxutywa zwi-molybdenite-scheelite kunye zwi-scheelite ores.

Ngokuqhelekileyo xa ores ezinjalo ziqulathe Tungsten, molybdenum, onge umhlaba enye metal ibe ncinci: ukusuka Tungsten-isahlulo enye enesiqingatha ekhulwini, ngaphezulu - ngaphantsi. Kwaye nangona koovimba ore ka amawaka aliqela okanye amashumi amawaka eetoni, nayo kakhulu, kancinci kakhulu. Mining kudla iindlela komhlaba okanye vula umhadi wenziwe.

Indlela yemveliso

iidipozithi Tungsten zibandakanya iindlela ukutsalwa okanye layers ukuwa okanye maleko tye shrinkage ekrwada kwiibhloko inkunkuma. Kwakhona wasebenzisa indlela lwafika ukuba kakuhle kuphuhliso ephilileyo, iidiphozithi skarn okanye greisen.

indlela Vula busenza ukuba shtorkverkov, iidiphozithi skarn okanye greisen okanye placers. Kwi wemihadi, leyo uvelisa Tungsten esikrwada, molybdenum, ngokokuqhelekileyo isebenza inkqubo yothutho kunye nokulahlwa bangaphandle. Kule meko, imveliso phantse imishini ngokupheleleyo - alithoba anesihlanu ekhulwini. Kodwa umsebenzi ayipheli apha. Ore zokuzikhulisa imfuno, ekubeni kuphela ubuninzi enye enesiqingatha ekhulwini zinezintlu iintsimbi ezinqabileyo umhlaba - Tungsten, molybdenum.

idiphozithi

Kwi-USSR le iidiphozithi kakhulu of Tungsten ekrwada luphononongwa Kazakhstan, Eastern eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude, neCaucasus kunye Central Asia. Asingabo bonke bephela bayaphuhliswa. processing lwangaphesheya Tungsten kunye molybdenum wenziwa ngakumbi abaninzi eMzantsi Korea kunye neTshayina. Kukho la iidiphozithi kakhulu ehlabathini. Ukongeza, Tungsten into geni Portugal, eOstreliya, eKhanada, Bolivia, eUnited States, eFransi, Austria ne Turkey.

Kufuneka wathi South-East Asia nebhanti yayo Pacific esikrwada zingaphezu kwama amathandathu ekhulwini woovimba Tungsten emhlabeni. Bonke zonke, ezo iidiphozithi eziphicothwe koovimba lilonke Tungsten planethi ngaphantsi kakhulu omnye kunye tonnes nesiqingatha sesigidi. Umzekelo, igolide iveliswa ngonyaka (hayi esitokisini, oko kukuthi ngeli), malunga 4.278.200 iitoni.

izakhiwo

Ukuba elinye iintsimbi kakhulu elinjubaqa, Tungsten iba phantse sele zonke iindawo sizibandakanya amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Njengoko element chemical Wolframium (W) agcinwe kwi qela yesine nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. ubunzima bayo atomic ka 183,85, kwaye inani 74. Igama layo ngenxa ukukhanya umbala wayo izimvi - kunye German kunye Wolf Rahm eliguqulelwa ngokuthi 'Ingcuka "yaye" cream ", ukuba ngokoqobo -" ingcuka amagwebu ". Nangona refractoriness, ezinzile kwiqondo lobushushu eziqhelekileyo. Izimbiwa lokuveza Tungsten - wolframite, scheelite kunye.

Tungsten - enye yeendima eziphambili ngentsimbi ubushushu-se Superhard - ngesantya esiphezulu senxulumano kwaye sixhobo, kwakunye aluminium kunye iimpawu ezifanayo - stellite, kuwina yaye njalo njalo. Kodwa Tungsten ecocekileyo, sibona yonke imihla, kuba ngokubanzi isetyenziswa ikharakhtha eyahlulayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa olu cingwana wezibane olu cingwana Tungsten. Kwakhona, yena sele elektroniki. izixhobo Electronic babe cathode kunye anode le sentsimbi.

aluminiyamu brand

Uqwalaselo Tungsten kunye molybdenum enzima, kodwa nenzuzo kakhulu. Industry uyazi a iintlobo ezimbalwa, ezinye eziqhelekileyo kunye ngaphantsi ngakumbi. Tungsten uhlambulukile, kunye ongeziweyo kunye aluminium kunye nezinye zesinyithi. Ngenxa yoko, Isitampu ezahlukeneyo BP - Tungsten kunye oluLula ingxubevange; VL - nge lanthanum oxide ibe dopant; VI - nge yttria; VT - njengento oxide additive thorium; VM - dust kunye doped kunye thorium; VA - aluminiyam kwaye dust nezongezelelo; RF - Tungsten ecocekileyo.

Tungsten sisiseko carbide kunye Tungsten ingxubevange kunye molybdenum - superalloy, njengezinye. Kwakhona kukuthatha kwakhe balungiselela isixhobo banxibe-enganyangekiyo ngentsimbi. Kwezi aluminiyamu elininzi iinxalenye injini - lweenqwelo nesithuba, kwezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki - iindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye olu cingwana. Ekubeni lexinene intsimbi liphezulu kakhulu, isetyenziselwa counterweights, kuba iimbumbulu kunye oonokrwece zokudubula, ngokuba imijukujelwa ballistic (uzinziso filter, Tungsten ukumelana ikhulu elinamanci asibhozo amawaka ngomzuzu) ukwenzela rotors-high speed nazo zisetyenziswa iintsimbi ezifana Tungsten kunye molybdenum. Ukusebenzisa kwabo, njengoko sele sibonile, ngokubanzi, yaye omnye Ukutsho ke ndithi ecokisiweyo.

Fields of application

Ngaphandle kwezi neemethali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, yintoni na chromium, molybdenum, Tungsten, namhlanje, akakwazi ukwenza naliphi na iyeza okanye physics yenyukliya. ziikristale elilodwa tungstates ezi detectors scintillation, X-ray, kwakunye nezinye radiations ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ isetyenziselwa lokuguqula amandla thermal zibe amandla ombane. Nkqu argon-arc welding usebenzisa Tungsten njengoko i electrode.

Ingakumbi ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa Tungsten compound. izinto Composite kunye aluminium okuqinileyo ukuba ngokusekelwe Tungsten khabhayithi, ayimfuneko ukuze machining zombini isinyithi kunye nezakhiwo non-zalo. Oku kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwi kumatshini: wokugaya, sijike, chiselling, planing. Musa ukwenza ngoku ngaphandle khabhayithi ngexesha ukubhola kunye nezimbiwa, yaye ukuba kufuneka Tungsten, molybdenum - imveliso ekufundeni zonke ubugcisa obutsha kunye nabo.

iintlobo Product zesinyithi ezinqabileyo-umhlaba

WS ₂ (Tungsten sulphide) - eliphezulu lobushushu grease withstanding ukuya degrees ezingamakhulu amahlanu C. Apho electrolyte owomeleleyo wenziwa (iiseli amafutha-amaqondo obushushu aphezulu) iyasetyenziswa Tungsten trioxide. Belaphu, ishishini ipeyinti aphucuke kakhulu kwaye zintsonkothile ubugcisa, esebenzisa njenge compound ngumnxibelelanisi Tungsten kunye sombala kunye organic syntheses.

Industry ivelise imali enkulu yeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo eziqulathwe Tungsten, molybdenum kunye nezinye zesinyithi kunqabile emhlabeni. Avamise kakhulu - ngu electrode, ucingo, Tungsten umgubo, iphepha kunye rod-. Electrode akazange kwaphela kwaye ngoko zingasetyenziswa ukuwelda yodidi oluphezulu-ingxubevange, izinyithi non-ayoni nezinto kunye kokwakheka yemichiza ezahlukeneyo. Akukho namnye electrode akuthethi ukunika amandla omkhulu onje weld.

molybdenum

aluminiyamu Molybdenum, yaye wabalisa kwimathiriyeli eliyinjubaqa. Xa uhlobo yayo enyulu lisetyenziswa ngokohlobo wire okanye tape izifudumezi - ende yamaziko, esebenza hydrogen kubushushu 1600 ° C. Ithini wire molybdenum ezifunekayo kushishino elektroniki, ezithi zisetyenziswe technology X-ray molybdenum luvelise ezahlukeneyo iinxalenye for netyhubhu X-ray, iityhubhu electron, iityhubhu cleaner.

Ngaphezu koko, molybdenum, kwaye Tungsten njengoko ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ukuphucula yodidi. Additive Mo kwandisa amandla, hardenability, nokumelana, kobulembu. Ngoko ke, Tungsten kunye molybdenum zisetyenziselwa ukwakha iindawo ezininzi kakhulu kunye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Ngokuba lukhuni enjalo ingxubevange Stellite waqalisa - chrome kunye ayibe, ukuba zilala phezu iindawo buthelezi ukusebenza banxibe. Chromium, molybdenum, Tungsten - le intsila phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucima. Kwakhona, yena unikwa enye yeendawo lokuqala inani acid kunye aluminiyamu ubushushu ezingatshiyo.

space

Ingxubevange of Tungsten kunye molybdenum kuhlanganiselo wazaleka lwentloko kabani imijukujelwa kunye moya. Ngamandla Tungsten kuqala, okwesibini - molybdenum. Noko ke, amandla ngqo kwiqondo lobushushu malunga neshumi elinesihlanu lamakhulu degrees Celsius ovelisa aluminium kunye molybdenum kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuba lobushushu nakakhulu - le Tungsten kunye tantalum zizinto gidi. panel Molybdenum lobusi eyenziwe ngenqwelomoya iziphekepheke amaqokobhe philisi imijukujelwa ukuba babuyela Earth, kubananisi ubushushu, amakhaka ubushushu, lungisa amagophe kwamaphiko, ekwenzeni.

Apho iimeko zokusebenza zinzima, ukunceda iintsimbi kunqabile emhlabeni. Ukusuka ezinjalo bangalindela ukumelana igcwala ephakamileyo ukhukuliseko negesi, amandla aphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukubamba ibhola. Iinkcukacha jet kunye rocket injini abaninzi, izikethi uyamlandela, iibhleyidi turbine, beziya nemilomo, imiphezulu ulawulo, nemilomo rocket, njl - zonke ezi amaphepha kunzima ukumelana molybdenum.

on Earth

izinto babenokuba izixhobo ezisebenza njengolwimi phosphoric, sulphuric kunye acids zehydrochloric, ezenziwe molybdenum kunye aluminium yayo. It umelana nokuba kwiglasi otyhidiweyo, ngoko icandelo njengokwasesipilini kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwayo kakhulu molybdenum njengoko electrode ukuze zavuleka.

Ukususela ngeentonga zayo aluminium eyenziweyo, ababu- uxinzelelo ekubunjweni eliphezulu nobhedu, izinc kunye aluminiyamu. Ekubeni steel molybdenum iphathwa phantsi koxinzelelo - yegusha, esifa, bayisile ematyeni ukugqobhoza mandrel. Beba molybdenum nayo kakhulu kuphucula.