Surrogacy. Iingxaki umama ngokwesivumelwano

Injongo apho ngamaxesha onke bazame ukuba phantse zonke izibini - ukuzalwa bekhulisa abantwana. Kuba baninzi, oku yeyona njongo iphambili ebomini, ngenxa abantu baya kuba zinto engalindelekanga ukuba na onokutshitshisa yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, zokuziphatha nezomthetho, enyanisweni, Ngokwezibalo, malunga nama-20% lezibini abakwazi ukuba babe nabantwana babo. Kwiimeko kakhulu, baye babhenela iinkonzo yoomama ngokwesivumelwano, ngaloo ndlela ebangela zonke iintlobo iingxaki umama ngokwesivumelwano.

Ingxaki ehlabathini eRashiya ngonyaka ngasinye ikhula. It iye ibaluleka ukusuka kwindawo yonyango, ukuziphatha, ezomthetho kunye yokuziphatha umbono. It surrogacy. Iingxaki ezithi zivele ngexesha ukuphunyezwa kwayo nasemva, kungaba nefuthe elibi hayi kwi umama ngokwesivumelwano, kodwa abazali yemfuza umntwana.

Umongo isenzeko

Surrogacy - a amadlozi, kokumitha nokuzalwa komntwana, nto leyo ethatha indawo ngokutsho isivumelwano esatyikitywa phakathi kwabazali ezinokubakho elizayo kunye umama ngokwesivumelwano. Ngelo xesha ukuze kwakheke umfazi obanjwe iiseli intsholongwane ngabazali, nto leyo ngenxa yezizathu zempilo ayikwazi ukuba usana.

umama ngokwesivumelwano enyanisweni - ke umfazi lowo uyavuma ukuba aqhamileyo iiseli amadoda kunye nabafazi (yabazali), ibhere, kuzala umntwana badlule ezandleni zabazali zomthetho.

ngokugqithiseleyo asebenzise yi izibini ezitshatileyo i surrogacy inkonzo.

ingxaki yoyilo of surrogacy

Njengoko surrogacy kunye nezinye ubugcisa yenzalo, namhlanje iye yanceda abantu abaninzi abatshatileyo ukuze uvuyo ngutata kwaye ngumama, kuneengxaki ezibalulekileyo, kunye nenzuzo ebonakalayo.

Kakade ke, izibini ongachumiyo usebenzisa zonke iindlela asetyenziselwa ukujikwa ngenxa ulonwabo ezisa ukuhleka abantwana kwiNdlu, kuquka njengento yokugqibela njengecebo surrogacy.

Iingxaki ezithi zivele ngenxa ukusasazeka kunye nokuqaliswa iindlela zale mihla nokuzalwa kwabantwana, nabo babe negalelo elibonakalayo yokuziphatha, zokuziphatha neNtlalo-ntle yoluntu. Izibini Modern ngoxa ezazi zonke iinkalo eziyingxaki ezivelayo kamva, yaye, ke, akakwazi yaye akufuni ukuba ukuhlola konke na ukusetyenziswa kobuchule ezinjalo.

ummiselo osemthethweni umama ngokwesivumelwano baseRashiya

ummiselo Legal eRashiya wabelwe indima gqitha, kuba akukho kulawulwa iqhekeza olunye mthetho kunye xwebhu. Eli nqaku kwi Code osapho i-Russian Federation, Federal uMthetho "Ngokwesiseko wokhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu kwi-Russian Federation", lo mthetho "Kwi Isimo Civil IZenzo", ngokomyalelo Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "Ngomhla isicelo ekuzaleni ubugcisa zokuzala (ART) iinkunzi kunye nonyango ubudlolo ababhinqileyo."

Ukuze ubhalise umntwana owazalwa ngu surrogacy, la maxwebhu alandelayo:

- isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa ukusuka kwiziko lonyango;

- imvume umama ngokwesivumelwano;

- isiqinisekiso esibhedlele nge-IVF.

iinkalo eziyingxaki of surrogacy

Kukho abachasi ekuzaleni ukuba ekwanti ingakumbi kunye surrogacy. Iingxaki ezinokuvela kule mzekelo, ngaba ngezilingo;

- abantwana siguqulwe into efanayo koko unako ukuthenga nokuthengisa;

- kukho iimeko apho izibini usisityebi okanye amadoda angatshatanga, abafazi ukwenza le nkonzo ukuba abasetyhini kakhulu kakuhle eyaziyo, abakulungeleyo ukwenza imali yonke into, nkqu kokumitha nokuzalwa kwabantwana, leyo kakhulu ngokuchasene neemvakalelo yendalo yomntu;

- umama ngokwesivumelwano uba umsebenzi ebizwa njalo-phantsi isivumelwano, ngoko umfazi wacinga holo zezentsusa eziqwalaselwayo ngenzuzo ngokwakho, umntwana wakho, yaye ezinye ezizisekondari, njengoko iya ngasendleleni;

- abaxhasi intshukumo ezilwela ziye zaphawula ukuba isiko ngokwesivumelwano uya kunika yokukhawulezisa ukuxhatshazwa wesiqingatha nemazi labantu;

- Amagosa ibandla bathi umama ngokwesivumelwano yenye ziithrasti ngenxa lemka imigaqo humanistic womntu kunye nenkcubeko, ngokomoya yaye yokuziphatha icala yemveli womntu;

Kwanokuba ekuqaleni ukukhulelwa, umfazi wayevakalelwa kukuba ngaphandle iingxaki kwaye lula kunika zikhuliswe kwaye ozelwe komntwana wakhe iinyanga ezili-9 elisekwe kufutshane kakhulu kwaye uqhagamshelwano twi phakathi usana kunye umfazi wamzalela. Sokuzalwa ukuze abe usulelo lokuthuthuzela amaxhoba-ngumntwana ezandleni lwabathengi. Leyo yokwenene ukufunyanwa umba yokuziphatha umama ngokwesivumelwano.

iinkqubo zikarhulumente ekusombululeni iingxaki umama ngokwesivumelwano

Uwiso-mthetho kunye nazo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente yenzelwe ukunciphisa inani kumatyala surrogacy, ingakumbi xa loo mfazi ndithwale uzale usana yabo;

- izifo isibeleko, leyo musa ukuvumela umfazi azale umntwana.

- Ukungabikho epheleleyo isibeleko emva kususwa.

- isisu wokufika, ongayi kuba nako ukuphiliswa yi naziphi na iindlela ezikhoyo zonyango.

- ezimandundu izifo somatic intliziyo, izintso, isibindi, ubukho apho ayiniki kuphela ukuzalwa, yaye kunzima nkqu wamitha.

iingxaki zomthetho umama ngokwesivumelwano, ezingcolisa amalungelo abazali bemvelo

Kukho eRashiya ngokweenqobo, kwindlela yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko, kodwa iingxaki ebonakalayo ummiselo osemthethweni umama ngokwesivumelwano kuphela. ukushiyeka abanjalo babuthathaka kwezinye iimeko, oomama ngokwesivumelwano, kwabanye - ubunzima izibini okanye abantu baqesha umfazi ukukhulelwa kunye kokuzalwa komntwana wabo. Phakathi iingxaki ezinjalo ezikumila kuyimigaqo kungathiwa:

1) izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kunye ukuphanga libhinqa owenza kwaye Sibahlangule umntwana. Ngapha koko, ngenxa yomthetho, abazali bemvelo babhale ngokwabo abazali ezisemthethweni kunye ezisemthethweni kuphela emva kokuba imvume umama ngokwesivumelwano. Kudla kukho amaxesha xa baloo wakhe, ukwazi eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo kwi umthetho, baqalisa ukuba bafune imali ezinkulu yomvuzo ngaphezu kokuba kuchaziwe kwisivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini, okanye ezithengiswayo.

2) Le torque kuyimfuneko nendalo komthetho ezaziza kukhusela abazali bemvelo ukuphanga kunye namanyathelo engamkelekanga yi umfazi ozele umntwana. Ngapha koko, kukho iimeko apho umama ngokwesivumelwano, abo ukukhulelwa yokuqala ebekwe elifanelekileyo ukuba idlulisele ingane emva kokuzalwa kakhulu ukutshintsha iingqondo zabo (kwaye oku nethuku Kuyaqondakala zendalo) kwaye uqale ukujonga iindlela ukwabela usana. Ngaba bakwenza oko nasemva zobhaliso ngokusesikweni umntwana, idlulisele isixa ukuba banelungelo phantsi isivumelwano okanye impahla abazali ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, emva kokuba yonke imiqathango yesivumelwano umfazi ozele umntwana, inkundla ushiye usana kunye nabazali ahlale ngaphandle kwemali, kwaye engenabantwana.

iingxaki zoMthetho ngakwicala umama ngokwesivumelwano

iingxaki zomthetho umama ngokwesivumelwano kwaye ukusuka umfazi ozele umntwana phantsi kweemeko ezithile kuvuka. Umzekelo, kukho iimeko xa umntwana ozalwa nayiphi na ukutenxa, ngezifo okanye izifo kunye abazali bemvelo bayala ukukhetha up umntwana wam uze uhlawule uthembela imali sikanina. Kulo mzekelo, umama ngokwesivumelwano ukuze kusala kuphela ngaphandle imali, kodwa ezandleni umntwana ogulayo kunye umntu ngenxa yemfuza zakhe.

Ngoko iingxaki surrogacy ukuthatha indawo eRashiya, njengoko sikhokelo esemthethweni kwilizwe lethu ikude lee egqibeleleyo. Ezi izinto eziyingxaki ifuna, iingcali isigqibo elungeleleneyo nengqiqo, kunokuba ukungavumi ngokupheleleyo ngokusemthethweni lo mhlola, ngenxa mthethweni iindlela umama ngokwesivumelwano kwaye ngoko kakhulu lukhulu. Kwaye kanye, ukuba abantu phantsi isivumelwano ukuze asombulule naziphi na iingxaki kunye kunisasaza ngoxolo, ngaphandle kwefuthe amalungelo zomnye, kodwa ntonje enye indlela ngeenxa zonke.

Akhombe ibe umama ngokwesivumelwano kwizifo umntwana ongekazalwa, kufuneka uziqhelanise nalo ulwazi malunga nayo. Ngapha koko, ukususela kwindawo komzimba lwembono, ngexa lokukhulelwa ayikwazi kupaswe sifo ukusuka umama ngokwesivumelwano ukuya kwimveku, igazi labo ayikho qha. Zonke iimpawu lweenkcukacha zangaphandle nangaphakathi emiselwe kwinqanaba yemfuza. Kakubi inokuchaphazela kuphela imeko umfazi ekhulelwe umntwana, impilo yengqondo zempilo yakhe, kodwa umthetho, zonke ezi zinto iyahlolwa ngocoselelo phambi lokukhulelwa.

Iingxaki surrogacy zokuziphatha

Kulo mthetho Russian kukho inani imithetho elawula ubudlelwane kule ndawo. Nangona iingxaki yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko umama ngokwesivumelwano kude naziphi na izimiselo zomthetho.

Phakathi kwemiba ethical ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa umama ngokwesivumelwano, bekela:

- iingxaki kunokwenzeka engqondweni nasemzimbeni ukuba umama ngokwesivumelwano kwaye umntwana lowo esizalweni;

- ukwaphuka imifanekiso nomini kunye nosapho amaqhina;

- imfuneko ukuqinisekisa imvelaphi imfihlelo umntwana;

- ephula psyche ezi ezinokuba nabazali;

- kwicala loshishino lwe ngumama (ukusetyenziswa yelungu - isibeleko - ukuba basebenzise);

- ukuthenga nokuthengisa nabantwana.

Iingxaki zempilo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye yengqondo kamama ngokwesivumelwano nomntwana

iingxaki Bioethical ngokuba umama ngokwesivumelwano multi-ohlalele ziboniswe kwi impilo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye yengqondo kamama wesivumelwano kunye nomntwana. Oku lula wachaza into yokuba toxicosis yokuqala, njengoko umthetho, aba bafazi abandezeleke ngokufuthi ngaphezu kwabo baxabisa iziqhamo lweenkobe. Emva kokuba umfazi omithiyo usana lwakhe nosana, isiqingatha elingelinye kweejini oko. umama ngokwesivumelwano uvelisa iziqhamo, bezingaqhelekanga ephilayo, eliquka iiseli ezivela abazali bemvelo. Isiqhamo kwiimeko ezinjalo izakwaliwa kaninzi ngaphezu kunesiqhelo, kukho iingxaki emzimbeni (ukudinwa, ukungabi namdla okanye ukwala ukuba adle, ukugabha). On imvelaphi yazo nokuba iingxaki yengqondo (suspiciousness, ixhala ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuba nochuku).

Uhlukunyezwe nangokwasengqondweni umama ngokwesivumelwano nomntwana

Ingxaki yokuziphatha surrogacy kwakhona bandile. Nangona into yokuba abavikeli ekuzaleni kuphela abathi:

1) Abantu basetyhini asinayo ithuba ukuze athwale kwaye kuzala umntwana wabo, kuphela ngenxa yokuba indlela ngokwesivumelwano kufumana ulonwabo ngumama.

2) Akukho uvuyo nanto wokuzalwa umntwana zemfuza ezabo.

Bathi cwaka, njengoko umthetho, ukuba kukho makhulu iingxaki zengqondo, ngenxa yokuba lo mfazi ababethwele ukuzalwa wanika umntwana sele abafumana Kukudandatheka ngenxa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwi iihomoni, kwaye umama ngokwesivumelwano kufuneka bapase usana abazali ezandleni-abathengi ukuba ngokufuthi yenza umothuko omkhulu kwengqondo. Umntwana zahlukane umfazi lowo ukunyamezeleyo kwakhona ubunzima, kuba iinyanga 9, baye enxulumene.

Waphula umthetho kwengcinga nomini kunye nosapho amaqhina

Kukho iimeko apho uninakhulu uvelisa kwaye uzala umzukulwana, ethetha nonina omnye wesivumelwano. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, omnye nomfazi efanayo umi nonina, yaye umakhulu wakhe, ephula nomini kunye nokuchongwa iingqiqo eziqhelekileyo. Kukho iingxaki zokuziphatha umama ngokwesivumelwano. Bioethics kwiimeko ezinjalo yaphulwe nokubandezeleka abantwana, abo de kube sekupheleni lungenakuqondeka kwisiseko kwaye ingqikelelo ngubani na oya entsatsheni. Kudla kukho imibuzo yokuba umntwana lowo: umama okanye umakhulu. Nangona kunokwenzeka, kungcono ukulondoloza imvelaphi yimfihlelo, kodwa oko ebomini akusoloko kulula oko.

Ukuqinisekisa imvelaphi mfihlakalo womntwana

iingxaki yeNqobo umama ngokwesivumelwano kwakhona oyifihlayo malunga noko bame wazalwa umntwana, malunga nemvelaphi yayo. Ngapha koko, abo waqukumbela imvumelwano ukuze surrogacy nabanamava yonke inkqubo indima yokuba umama ngokwesivumelwano okanye abazali bemvelo wazi ngokuzibonela kangakanani kunzima ukugcina imvelaphi ofihlakeleyo wosana. Iingxaki umama ngokwesivumelwano eRashiya emfundo okudityanisiweyo okuyinzala ngenxa yobume nengqondo, kuba abantu bethu Kunzima kakhulu cwaka kwaye ukusasaza intlebendwane.

abagula ngengqondo abazali bemvelo

ifuthe elibi psyche kunye nabazali yemfuza, umama ngokwesivumelwano. Iingxaki ezivelayo kule nkqubo, ekubeni indalo engqondweni kwaye zibandakanya kukuba:

- umama ngokwesivumelwano angala ukubonelela ngeenkonzo, ukuthatha intlawulo kwangaphambili shwaka iphuma kwelo zwe;

- ukumoyika unina yemfuza, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba sizazi iimeko apho ahlala usana kunye nokuba nefuthe elibi ekukhuleni kosana olungekazalwa. Enoba kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba ukwazi ukulawula umama ngokwesivumelwano;

- emva kokuba abazali ukuzalwa badla ngokuqala ukukhangela ukufana ne umfazi ababazalayo abantwana, kunye noloyiko ukuba unako ukwenza into ukuba udlule.