Silicon (chemical element) Iipropati ifomula isici. indaba yokuvula Silicon

izixhobo zobugcisa zale mihla kunye kwezixhobo ziye wadalwa ngenxa ngokweempawu ezizodwa kwezinto ezifumaneka endalweni. Abantu ngu nokuhlola kunye nokufunda ngenyameko izinto ezisingqongileyo rhoqo Ukuhlaziywa eyasungulwa yaso - le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba inkqubela zobugcisa. Oku kusekelwe ezilula, zifikeleleke kuye wonke izinto ezisingqongileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, njengentlabathi, oko kunokuba isimanga engaqhelekanga? Izazinzulu bakwazi ayivalele ukusuka silicon - element imichiza, ngaphandle apho kuya kubakho izixhobo zekhompyutha. lentsimi yayo yokuwasebenzisa ezahlukeneyo kwaye sanda. Oku kuphunyezwa iimpawu ezizodwa ezi-atom lesilicon, isakhiwo sayo kunye amathuba iikhompawundi ezilula kunye nezinye izinto.

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In , inkqubo ngamaxesha liphuhlise D. I. Mendeleevym, lesilicon (chemical element) lubonise yi uphawu Si. Oku kubhekisela non-isinyithi, ifumaneka kwi engundoqo iqela yesine yexesha wesithathu, sine nani atom 14. isondele carbon ayikho ngengozi; ezininzi iimpawu zazo zinokuthelekiswa. Ayifumaneki kwi lwendalo ngendlela ecocekileyo, njengoko njengento esebenzayo kwaye isibopho ngokwaneleyo nge-oksijini. izinto Base - dust, nto leyo oxide, kunye silicates (intlabathi). Xa oku silicon (layo elibona zendalo) yenye imichiza ixhaphakileyo ehlabathini. Isiqulatho iqhekeza Mass lwalo yesibini kuphela oksijini (ngaphezu kwe-28%). Eqweqweni Umaleko ophezulu iqulethe lesilicon dioxide kule fom (eli zwi), iintlobo ezahlukeneyo clays kunye nesanti. Iqela lesibini ixhaphakileyo wenziwe silicates yayo. Xa nobunzulu 35 km ukusuka kweemaleko kumphezulu zilungiswe igranite abangelwe iidipozithi, ezibandakanya iikhompawundi lesilicon. Ipesenti umxholo ongundoqo lomhlaba alikho wayeyinxalenye ngaphandle okwangoku, kodwa kufutshane zomaleko kumphezulu ingubo enkulu (ukuya ku 900 km) ziquka silicates. Ukubunjwa olwandle lesilicon xi yi-3 mg / l, umhlaba kwenyanga -40% luqulathe iikhompawundi. Yonke, apho uluntu umhla asixilonge aqulethe le imichiza sakhi kukuninzi. Umzekelo, uhlalutyo ecacicleyo wazo, leyo osondela emhlabeni kumgama ofumanekayo kubaphandi, lubonise ukuba luqulathe-20% of lesilicon. Kukho amathuba ekumisweni ubomi ngenxa lwesi sakhi kumnyele wethu.

inkqubo yophando

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa Silicon imichiza element na izigaba ezininzi. izinto ezininzi, systematized Mendeleev, esetyenziswa yi abantu kangangeenkulungwane. Ngaphezu koko, amalunga ngendlela yendalo, i .e. e izakhi ezingakhange iikhemikhali siphethwe kakubi, yaye zonke iipropati zabo ayaziwa abantu. Xa inkqubo ukufunda zonke iimpawu kwento wabonakala ukusetyenziswa ezintsha. Iimpawu lesilicon ukuya kumhla azikhange kufundwe de kube sekupheleni - esi sakhi ngokwaneleyo ngokubanzi kunye ezahlukeneyo izicelo ushiye indlu kwezinto ezintsha ukulungiselela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo izazinzulu. technology Modern kukhawulezisa kakhulu kule nkqubo. Ngenkulungwane XIX, ekhemisi abaninzi abadumileyo baye bezama ukufumana isilicon enyulu. Kuba okokuqala kwaba lula ukwenza Tenaru L. noJ Gay-Lussac ngo-1811, kodwa ke kokufunyanwa element bobabo J. Berzelius, owaba nako ukuchonga kuphela iziyobisi, kodwa ukuchaza kuyo. Wemithi evela Sweden wavuka lesilicon ngo-1823, le wasebenzisa potassium sisinyithi kunye potassium ngetyuwa. Indlela abasabela senzeka ngo kuvala ngohlobo ubushushu. Oku kubangela into elula umbala ezingwevu-brown yinto silicon amorphous. Crystal into olunyulu ifunyenwe ngo-1855 Sainte-Kler Devilem. Xaka inxulumene ngqo ulwabiwo amandla eliphezulu iibhondi atomic. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, basabela imichiza sibhekiswe kwinkqubo ukuhlanjululwa ubumdaka, imifuziselo amorphous kwaye crystalline kufuneka iipropati ezahlukeneyo.

Silicon: chemical element pronunciation

Igama lokuqala lomgubo onesiphumo - Kizel - yaphakanyiswa yi Berzelius. Kwi-United Kingdom nase-United States lesilicon kunye namhlanje ebibizwa lesilicon (Silicium) okanye abicah (Silicon). Eli gama lithathwe kwigama lesiLatini 'ibunzi "(or" ilitye "), kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi it bopha ingcamango" umhlaba "ngenxa ukusasazeka ngokubanzi endalweni. pronunciation Russian kwemichiza yahlukile, konke oko kuxhomekeke umthombo. Wabizwa dust (Zakharov wasebenzisa igama elithi ngo-1810), eSisili (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), dust (1825, fear), yaye kuphela ngo-1834, lo usomachiza Russian Germain Henri Hess lazisa igama ukuba kude kube ngoku imithombo - electronic. The Periodic Mendeleyev System ke umqondiso ekhethwe Si. Indlela ukufunda element lesilicon michiza? Abaphengululi abaninzi lamazwe IsiNgesi abathetha ukulibiza igama lakhe "B" okanye usebenzise igama elithi "abicah". Ngenxa yoko ihlabathi-edumileyo igama entilini, nto leyo yophando lokuvelisa komgangatho kwimpahla yentsimbi ye computer. labantu Russian-yokuthetha libhekisela element lesilicon (lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'eliweni Intaba ").

Ukuba endalweni: amasimi

Iinkqubo lwentaba yonke owakhiwa ngayo iikhompawundi lesilicon, nto leyo ifumaneka ngendlela esulungekileyo, kuba zonke izimbiwa ezaziwayo ezi dioxides okanye silicates (aluminosilicates). Ubuhle obumangalisayo kwamatye asetyenziswa ngabantu njengento zokuhomba - oko opals, amethysts, uhlobo zwi, neyaspisi, yikalikedo, neagati, crystal eweni, lwesardiyo kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ziye ke benziwa ngenxa kokuvela imichiza lesilicon ezahlukileyo uzimisele lexinene, isakhiwo, umbala kunye nolwalathiso lokusetyenziswa. Hlola ihlabathi ezingaphiliyo nga tihlanganisa ni nto imichiza, apho bume eyenza obusenyongweni kunye isinyithi okanye isinyithi (zinc, nemagnesium, calcium, manganese, titanium njalo njalo. D.). Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, lesilicon ngokulula ngokufanelekileyo inikezelwe gesi kwi isikali mveliso: efunyanwa kwiintlobo ezininzi ekrwada kunye neeminerali. Ngoko ke, iidiphozithi ngenkuthalo wawusembiwa ziqhagamshelwe kwizithuba imithombo elinako ukuzihlawulela iSebe amandla kunokuba ukuya ezisebenzisanayo ezifunda mba. Quartzites nesanti zwi ziyafumaneka kuwo onke amazwe. Uninzi abenzi ezinkulu kunye nababoneleli lesilicon zezi: China, France, Norway, United States (West Virginia, eOhio, Alabama, New York), Australia, South Africa, Canada, Brazil. Zonke abavelisi basebenzisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, leyo ixhomekeke kuhlobo imveliso (technical, semiconductor, phezulu-electronic). isiqalelo Chemical yacebisa Ukongezelela okanye kungenjalo, nyulu kuzo zonke iintlobo ubumdaka kuye ngamnye iimpawu apho kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwayo phambili. Oku kusebenza kwi kweziyobisi. isakhiwo Silicon ichaza ububanzi isicelo sayo.

History of ukusebenzisa

Amaxesha amaninzi, ngenxa Ukufana kwamagama abantu xanisa lesilicon kunye lenyengane, kodwa la magama azikho twatse. Thina icacile. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngokwesimo, lesilicon abuyi kufunyanwa uhlobo yayo enyulu, akunakuthethwa malunga ngokunxulumana (i dust efanayo). Le izimbiwa eziphambili kunye ilitye elenziwa dioxide esixubusha iziyobisi - yi isanti (amanzi kunye dust), zwi kunye quartzite, feldspar kunye lenyengane. Le yokugqibela yakuva kufuneka zonke, kuba ngqalelo olukhulu kwimbali yoluntu. Nale itayi izixhobo ilitye ngabantu ngexesha Stone Age. Iikona yayo elibukhali ezivela NOKUCUKUCEZA-GET, ibhexesha kakhulu umsebenzi angasebenzi yamandulo, kwaye kungenzeka ekuloleni - abazingeli nabalobi. Ibunzi akazange abe namandla iimveliso zesinyithi, kodwa izixhobo ayiphumelelanga ngokulula indawo. ukusetyenziswa kwayo banjengeqhwitha zathatha iinkulungwane ezininzi - de kwasungulwa kweminye imithombo.

Ngokuphathelele kwimeko namhlanje, iimpawu lesilicon kwenza kube lula ukuba ukuxhaphaza ngenxa yomhombiso okanye ukudalwa tableware yodongwe umbandela, kunye, ukongeza inkangeleko kubuhle entle, isiphathele eziliqela iimpawu ezigqwesileyo ezisebenzayo. A indlela eyahlukileyo isicelo yayo ngenxa wayila yeglasi malunga 3000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Esi siganeko lwanika ithuba ukudala nezipili, izitya, nebala iglasi Imbasa iikhompawundi eziqulathe lesilicon. Formula izinto zokuqala yongezwe amacandelo kuyimfuneko, kuvumela imveliso ukunika umbala obunqwenelekayo ukusebenza ngamandla balegilasi xa ingenalo ubisi. ubuhle obumangalisayo kunye iintlobo imisebenzi yobugcisa zenziwa yi umntu evela izimbiwa kunye namatye equlethe lesilicon. Iimpawu aphilisayo lwesi sakhi ezichazwe zizazinzulu lidala kwaye zinokusetyenziswa imbali yoluntu. Bayibeka ke namaqula okusela yokugcina amanzi iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye amayeza. Le umgubo ezifunyenwe yi lokugaya esisetyenziswe amanxeba. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo zahlawula amanzi unyanzelisa ngembiza eyenziwe iikhompawundi eziqulathe lesilicon. Chemical ukwakheka basebenzisana ngayo, sivumele inani kutshabalalisa iintsholongwane kunye amagciwane izifo. Kwaye yiloo nto onke amacandelo apho siya kuqwalaselwa ondoqo kakhulu, kakhulu imfuneko. isakhiwo lesilicon ibangela multifunctionality yayo.

izakhiwo

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga iimpawu zezinto kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke iipropati kunokwenzeka. Plan element silicon zemichiza iimpawu ziquka iimpawu zomzimba, zombane parameters, ezi zinto zokufunda kunye neemeko reaction, kwaye ngokunjalo sicatshulwa zabo. G. Silicon kwifomu crystalline i inombala emnyama engwevu kunye Ndileka sisinyithi. Ubuso-TAC emkhusaneni cc le carbon limise (diamond), kodwa ke ngenxa yobude nangakumbi amakhonkco ayikho namandla. Yeplastiki kwenza ubushushu ukuya ku 800 ^{° C,} kwezinye iimeko, kuhlala-ethe. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze lesilicon kwenza kube into enye enyanisekilyo: akukho okubonakalayo infrared. Lokunyibilika - 1410 ⁰ C kunye zokupheka - 2600 ⁰ C, lexinene phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo - 2330 kg / m ^3. conductivity thermal akwenzeki njalo kuba iisampulu ezahlukeneyo yamkelwe kwi inani elisondeleyo 25 ⁰ C. The iimpawu atom lesilicon uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwayo njenge semiconductor. Izicelo ezinjalo ezifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ubukhulu conductivity iphembelela nokwakhiwa lesilicon kunye izinto, ngaba ngokusebenzisana nabo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba conductivity oluncediswayo elektroniki asetyenziswa kwistibhiya, iarseniki, phosphorus, kuba tubing - aluminiyam, kaLayishe waseGalim, boron, indium. Xa ukwenza izixhobo kunye lesilicon isetyenziswa njengonyango umphezulu isikhokelo ne-arhente, ethi ichaphazele ukusebenza izixhobo.

Iimpawu lesilicon njengoko ngumbhexeshi obalaseleyo asetyenziswa kakhulu kakhulu isixhobo mihla. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekwenziweni izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo (umz, izixhobo becomputing yeli xesha, computers).

Silicon: uphawu iikhemikhali element

Kwiimeko ezininzi, Silicon na tetravalent, kukho kwakhona unxibelelwano apho zingacwangciswa kwi ezimbini. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ngayo ayiqondakali esebenzayo, uye ezimbaxa enamandla bushushu kungaba asabela kuphela fluorine kwizikolo zikarhulumente sukube lamntu. Oku kungenxa yokuvimba isiphumo dioxide umboniso ngaphezulu, nto leyo iqatshelwe intsebenziswano kunye oxygen kokugquma okanye emanzini. Ukuze ukuvuselela ngayo kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa kuvala: ukwanda kwamaqondo ilungele into efana lesilicon. element Chemical ihlangana mpilo kwi 400-500 ⁰ C, nto leyo dioxide ukunyuka umboniso, inkqubo igcwala. Xa amaqondo obushushu bavuselwa 50 ⁰ C indlela kunye bromine, chlorine, ayodini, apho tetrahalides eziguquguquka kwakhiwa. Isakudityaniswa nee-asidi lesilicon modem, ngaphandle ngomxube acid hydrofluoric kunye ne-nitric, uselenexesha na kwealkali ukwimeko eshushu nazinkinga. Silanes eziveliswe kuphela yokubola silicides kwi indlela nge hydrogen akuthethi angene kubo. Amandla kunye imichiza khompawundi aphezulu kwahluka passivity ne boron carbon. ukumelana High alkalis acids, kunye ambaxa nitrogen, kwenzeka lobushushu phezu 1000 ⁰ C. The silicides afunyenwe ukusabela kunye nesinyithi, kwaye kule meko ixhomekeke valency le element nezixhasi, nto leyo ebonisa lesilicon. into Formula akhekha inxaxheba kwensimbi yenguqu iyamelana asidi. Ubume ye atom lesilicon kuchaphazela ngqo iimpawu zayo kwaye ukukwazi ukuba basebenzisane kunye nezinye izinto. Inkqubo ukuyilwa neentambo kwindalo yaye xa isetyenziswe iziyobisi (elabhoratri, okusingqongileyo mveliso) ohluke kakhulu. isakhiwo Silicon ithatha umsebenzi wayo chemical.

isakhiwo

Ubume ukujikeleza i-atom lesilicon uneempawu zawo. Intlawulo engundoqo-14, nto leyo liyangqinelana nenani ulandelelwano kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Inani amasuntswana ebizwayo: protons - 14; electron - 14; neutron - 14. Isakhiwo yesekethe athom lesilicon sesi silandelayo: Si dibanisa 14) 2) 8) 4. Ngomhla lokugqibela (lwangaphandle) kwinqanaba electron ezi-4 egqiba iqondo igcwala kunye umqondiso "+" okanye "-". Silicon oksayidi unalo ifomula Sio ₂ (Valence 4+), a aziphethe hydrogen compound - SiH ₄ (Valence of -4). isixa esikhulu lesilicon athom ngayo kwezinye khompawundi ibe inombolo ulungelelaniso-6, efana compound kunye fluorine. mass izinyo - 28 radius atom - 132 ps, electron iqokobhe uqwalaselo: 1 2 ^{2 2} 3 ^{2 6} 2P 3P ^2.

isicelo

Surfactants okanye lesilicon doped ngokupheleleyo lisetyenziswa semiconductor phezu ekudalweni abaninzi, kuquka ngqo, izixhobo (umz, iiseli solar, transistors, rectifier kunye t. D.). Ultrapure lesilicon isetyenziselwa ukwenza iiseli elanga (energy). Uhlobo crystal single isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa yezibuko kunye negesi laser. iikhompawundi Silicon yeglasi efunyenweyo, tile yodongwe, zomdongwe, imveliso kunye zodongwe. Le ngasezantsi.Intlobo ngeentlobo zendidi imveliso kunzima ukuchaza, ukuxhatshazwa yabo kwenzeka kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwimizobo kunye nenzululwazi, emsebenzini. Le samente eliphuma umbandela ekrwada ukudala Again kunye nezinto ngezitena iphele. Ukusasazwa amafutha, izinto zokuthambisa ezisekelwe iikhompawundi abicah unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ukukhuhlana kwi ezihambayo iindlela ezininzi. Silicides ngenxa iipropati ekhethekileyo nochuku eendaba counter (asidi, amaqondo obushushu) ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino. Izalathi zazo zombane, nuclear nemichiza uthathe ingqalelo leengcaphephe kweemveliso ezintsonkothileyo, udlala akukho indima encinane kunye nolwakhiwo atom lesilicon.

Siye kuluhlu kakhulu eziphakamileyo-zobugcisa kunye phambili kwisicelo umhla. Eyona eziqhelekileyo, apho iveliswa kukuninzi lesilicon Technical isetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi:

1. Njenge ekrwada ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinto esulungekileyo eziphathekayo.
2. Kuba alloying icandelo metallurgical: ubukho lesilicon kwandisa refractoriness, iphucula nokumelana kunye namandla ngoomatshini (kunye agqithisile lwesi sakhi, ingxubevange nga zaqina kakhulu).
3. Njengoko deoxidizer lokushenxisa ioksijini kwemfuneko ukusuka metal.
4. okubonakalayo ekuveliseni silanes (Si eqhola kunye nezinto eziphilayo).
5. Wemveliso hydrogen of ingxubevange lesilicon-yentsimbi.
6. Production solar panel.

ixabiso elikhulu kweziyobisi kunye eqhelekileyo yokusebenza umzimba womntu. isakhiwo Silicon, iimpawu zayo kulo mzekelo obungahexiyo. Kulo mzekelo, intsalela okanye ukungabi nto ikhokelela kwezifo.

Umzimba womntu

Iyeza ixesha elide usebenzisa lesilicon njenge bactericidal kunye kubola. Kodwa onke amancedo ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle lwesi sakhi kufuneka rhoqo sihlaziywe emzimbeni womntu. Inqanaba eqhelekileyo nokuqulethileyo kuya kuphucula ubomi jikelele. Kwimeko yokunqongophala engaphezu kwama-70 elements umkhondo kunye neevithamini ukuba umzimba umzimba, nto leyo ukuxhathisa ephantsi kakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo izifo. Ipesenti ephezulu lesilicon uyaqapheleka ithambo, eluswini, imisipha. Udlala indima yokuba isakhi leyo exhasa amandla aze anike luthambe. Yonke inyama skeletal nzima kwenziwa ngendleko iikhompawundi yayo. Ngenxa zophando lwakutshanje bafumana isiqulatho lesilicon kwi kidney, injeke nezihlunu nokuqina. Indima yezi olawulo ekusebenzeni umzimba mkhulu kakhulu, ngoko ukunciphisa umxholo wayo bungozi ngeempawu ezininzi ezingundoqo impilo. Usuku kunye nokutya nomzimba amanzi kufuneka kufumana 1 gram ye lesilicon - oku kuya kunceda siphephe izifo kunokwenzeka ezifana ukudumba eluswini, ukuthamba amathambo, ukubunjwa yamatye kwesibindi, nezintso, ukungaboni, iinwele kunye neemeko nail, yegazi. Xa inqanaba ezaneleyo okubhalwe kule ukunyuka sakhi sifo, normalizes ukutya, uphucula kukufakwa izinto ezininzi eziyimfuneko ukuze impilo yabantu. Le mali inkulu dust - in izilimo, radish, buckwheat. Uya kuzisa iingenelo elibalulekileyo amanzi lesilicon. Ukuze ubone inani kunye nezihlandlo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kakhulu ukudibana kunye yincutshe.