Scipio africanus umdala: ibhayografi emfutshane, iifoto

yezopolitiko elizayo antique kunye nenkokheli zomkhosi Scipio africanus wazalelwa eRoma ngowama-235 BC. e. U fanele ku cornelia - i indalo entle kunye nempembelelo ngayo imvelaphi Etruscan. Uninzi ookhokho bakhe baba consuls, kuquka uyise kaPubliyo walala. Nangona isibakala sokuba Scipio (isebe cornelia) baba nefuthe kwi kwezopolitiko, bazizityebi. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo kule ntsapho ellinizirovannost (sesichengeni inkcubeko yamaGrike), xa kunjalo akazange unxibe ngezinga elikhulu.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe wamajoni

Scipio africanus, ogama ubuntwana phantse ayaziwa, waqala iwele umlando Roman emva 218 BC. e. Wakhetha umsebenzi yasemkhosini. Oku kuchazwa lonke ikamva lakhe. Ukhetho wayengekho ngengozi. Nje eRoma kulo nyaka bavakalisa imfazwe nxamnye ummelwane wayo emazantsi Carthage. Le meko yaseFenike yaba okhuphisana ephambili kwiRiphabliki kwiMeditera. capital balo kumantla Afrika. Kwangaxeshanye, Carthage waba ngamathanga ezininzi esasiseSisili, eSardinia, Corsica kunye Spain (Iberia). Kungenxa kweli lizwe uyise wathunyelwa Scipio ka-- Consul linguPubliyo. nonyana oneminyaka eli-17 ubudala bahamba naye. ESpeyin, amaRoma kwafuneka nazo ithawula.

Ekupheleni konyaka 218 Scipio africanus wathabatha kuqala inxaxheba emfazweni enkulu. Yaba kwemfazwe Ticino. AmaRoma ndaphulukana nawo ngenxa yokuba phantsi utshaba lwakhe. Kodwa Scipio africanus e Ticino kuphela abe nendumasi. Emva kokuva ukuba uyise yahlaselwa wamahashe lutshaba, igorha oselula olunye-handedly wabalekiselwa uncedo lwe unozakuzaku. Mahashe babaleka. Emva kweso siganeko, Korneliy Stsipion africanus ukuba nesibindi wawongwa kunye ibhaso eluhlobo i enesidanga oki. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umfana nesibindi bembuza wala, esithi ukuba izenzo zenziwa hayi ingqalelo.

ngomfana ingcaciso engaphezulu iphikisana. Ekubeni wamiswa ngokupheleleyo, nokuba kwakunjalo kwidabi kuqhubana ngayo Carthage xesha. Ezi iimpazamo ezinxulumene ukuba era bamandulo wasishiya okuninzi kwimithombo, ebonisa ngqo enye. Nangona chroniclers amaninzi babhenela ubuqhophololo ukunyelisa iintshaba zabo, kunye nabanye, phezu koko, babebiza imali ekuhlengahlengiseni labathengi zabo. Kunjalo, kukho inguqulelo ukuba 216 BC. e. Scipio africanus waba nentlanganiso yamatyala, kwezomkhosi umkhosi wayesilwa Idabi Cannae. Ukuba oku kuyinyaniso, ngoko ke unethamsanqa kakhulu ukuba uyaphila kwaye uphephe capture kuba xa amaRoma boyiswa abendlu ka ithawula.

Scipio ezahlukeneyo ubhalo eyomeleleyo oludlamkileyo iimpawu zobunkokeli. Yinto eyaziwa episode xa efumanisa ngumnqweno ezinye bempi ukuba isiphako ngenxa ngokoyiswa weRiphabliki, zogqabhuka kungena ententeni, nabo abo babemenzele iyelenqe, ukusongela ngekrele, kunyanzeleka ukuba bafunge ukunqula eRoma.

umphindezeleli roman

uyise Scipio kunye nomyeni wakhe babulawa ngexesha elinye yeSibini Punic War. Olusapho yena kuphela umzalwana omdala noLukiyo (umama wakhe wafa zokubeleka). Ngo-211 BC. e. LinguPubliyo wavakalisa candidacy yakhe isikhundla sokuba curule aedile ukuxhasa Yingcambu iphulo yakhe yezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko, bobabini zinyulwe. Scipio africanus lo mdala umsebenzi yaso empini, kamva yayigcwele iimpumelelo ezininzi.

Nje phambi konyulo aediles emkhosini bathatha inxaxheba nasekuxinweni ngempumelelo eCapua. Emva kokuba kuthinjwe komzi ngabasemagunyeni baseRoma baqalisa ukucinga icebo phulo eSpeyin. Kweli lizwe ukusuka Carthaginians ibe ezininzi izixeko kunye namazibuko, nto leyo iba umthombo wokutya kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo ezifunekayo ukuze womkhosi owoyisileyo i ithawula kaThixo. Ukuze soyisa esi sicwangciso kude kube ngoku sele khange kubenako ukwenzeka, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amaRoma kwakufuneka isicwangciso esitsha.

Kuye kwagqitywa ukuthumela i uhambo lokuya eSpeyin, nto leyo ukuphucwa of ithawula uphathwe. Ngenxa ukoyiswa obungenasiphelo kwiNdibano the People kaThixo, akukho namnye iinjengele akazange abe nobuganga ukubaleka. Akukho namnye wayefuna ukuba kuAzazele emva kwenye amoyise. Ngeli xesha linzima, Scipio africanus wacela ukuba akhokele umkhosi. Wafa ngosuku olwandulela kayise wakhe. Kuba kwiphulo lomkhosi nxamnye Carthage waba zobuqu. Wanikela intetho lomlilo malunga revenge for kokoyiswa eRoma, emva koko wonyulwa libamba. Kuba umfana oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, yaba yimpumelelo ibonwe. Ngoku kuza kufuneka ukuzithethelela amathemba kunye neminqweno belizwe elinye.

umkhankaso Spanish

Ngo-210 BC. e. Scipio africanus lo mdala, kunye nomkhosi 11-okungqingqwa elwandle ukuya kwelaseSpani. Apho ke wazibandakanya imikhosi kunye propraetor umkhosi yasekuhlaleni. Ngoku 24 amawaka abantu esezandleni zakhe. Xa kuthelekiswa anokuvela Carthaginian kwi zasePyrenees yaba umkhosi okulula. In Spain kwakukho umkhosi ezintathu aseFenike. Balawuli baba abazalwana ithawula carmen kunye Hasdrubal, kunye Teska wokugqibela Hasdrubal Gisco. Ukuba ubuncinane ezimbini kwezi imikhosi beza kunye, ngoko Scipio babeza kujamelana lahluleka kungekudala.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mphathi waba nako ukusebenzisa zonke izinto zayo ezincinane. Indlela yakhe eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo oko nindilandeleyo ngamalungu alo, amaxhoba ngokoyiswa Carthaginian. Okokuqala, umkhosi wamaRoma njengoko neziseko zazo wasebenzisa isixeko kumntla bezithanga Iber River, kanye esekelwe isiGrike. Kule Scipio Afrika ingakumbi waphikelela. Esifutshane biography zephephandaba episode ngokupheleleyo, xa athe wathabatha izisombululo ezingaqhelekanga. iphulo Iberia nje ityala elinjalo. Scipio waqonda ukuba ayenzi ingqiqo kumhlaba ezantsi, apho indawo utshaba womelele ngakumbi.

Okwesibini, jikelele wamaRoma icele uncedo kubemi bezo ndawo, aneliseke kulawula bamathanga Carthaginian. Ngabo abo Celtiberians kunye Iberians wasentla. I Army weRiphabliki ukuze sisebenze kumboniso kunye luqalile, owayeyazi kwiindlela ndawo kunye apho.

Okwesithathu, Scipio ugqibe ekubeni angakuniki idabi jikelele ngoko nangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe banxibe phantsi kotshaba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, koko wabhenela kwamarhata abatheni. ziye ezine. Xa umkhosi rhoqo bahlulwa Carthaginians, amaRoma babuyela kwisigqu- zabo, apho amandla nokubuyisela, wabuya wangena edabini. Ingqwayi-ngqwayi wazama ukuba kumka kude kakhulu ukusuka kwizikhundla zabo ukuze ukuba bonqanyulwa bangabikho ngasemva. Ukuba nidibanisa onke la migaqo-qhinga, unako ukuyiqonda indlela odumileyo Scipio africanus mdala. Wayesazi ukuba ayinonophele njani simse, kwaye usoloko kunye nokusebenzisa ngeyona ndlela intle amancedo zabo kwanobuthathaka kumdlali welinye icala.

Ekoyiswa Iberia

Impumelelo enkulu yokuqala ka Scipio e iSpain kuthinjwe New Carthage - izibuko enkulu, nto leyo eye yaba undoqo ukongamela wengingqi kufika Afrika. Xa imithombo yamandulo imbali kuloyiso sesixeko zincediswa sebali, eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Ukupha Scipio africanus."

Omnye umphathi wakhokelela nabafo abazizibambiso 300 intsapho Iberia amanene. Kwakhona, amajoni amaRoma wanika Scipio isipho umbanjwa oselula, inikeza ubuhle esinqabileyo. Ukususela umphathi wakhe ndafumanisa ukuba le ntombazana iza umtshakazi omnye nabafo. Ngoko ke inkokheli lamaRoma wayalela ukuba umyeni wakhe. Ibanjwa wambulela Scipio okwaye kwakhokelela ezinkulu yayo ibutho umkhosi owamahashe, ukususela waba ntiyiso lizwe. Eli bali yaziwa ngokubanzi enkosi amagcisa le Renaissance kunye namaxesha mihla. ngabafundisi abaninzi European (Nikola Pussen, noNiccolò dell'Abbate njalo njalo. D.) buboniswa imifanekiso yabo eli bali lamandulo.

A uloyiso sobudoda Spain Scipio iphumelele idabi ILIP ngo-206 BC. e. Commander in oyintloko Hasdrubal Gisco wabaleka ekhaya. Emva kokoyiswa Carthage wagqiba ukushiya izinto Iberia. ESpeyin, amandla wamaRoma yasekwa ngenqindi phantsi.

Amazing

Ekupheleni kuka-206 BC. e. ERoma ngoloyiso wabuyela Scipio africanus mdala. LinguPubliyo Cornelius wathetha phambi kweNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye ulutyhilile usindiso lwakhe - wakwazi betha ezine utshaba yomkhosi amgxothe Carthaginians eSpeyin. Ngexesha lokungabikho umphathi kwi capital amandla Imelwe oluninzi iintshaba onekhwele zazingathandanga lokulwa isuka yezopolitiko. Le inkcaso yokuqala eyayikhokelwa Mangcu Fulvius Flaccus. INdlu Yeengwevu wala Scipio kwezi zithethe esesikweni lobungangamsha. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele umphathi-mkhosi ukuba iqhawe lesizwe oyinyaniso. Simple amaRoma ngolangazelelo kubulisa ophumeleleyo.

Nangona kunjalo, i imfazwe Carthage alikapheli okwangoku. Nangona puniyskaya amandla e-Spain kwixa elidlulileyo, iintshaba eRoma nangoku kulawulwa North Afrika yaye ezinye iziqithi lweMeditera. Scipio waqhubeka eSisili. Ukuba ilizwe unako ukuphumelela le siqithi, bekuya kuba isiseko esihle ukuze ekhubekisayo ngakumbi kuMntla Afrika. Emva kokufika esasiseSisili, kunye mkhosi encinane yakwazi ukuba acele inkxaso basekuhlaleni (bezithanga ikakhulu Greek), emthembisa ukuba abuyele yonke impahla zasishiya ebudeni bemfazwe eqhubekayo.

mkhankaso

Ngehlobo lowe-204 BC. e. Scipio, kunye nomkhosi ubungakanani babantu 35 amawaka washiya unxweme blood waza waya Afrika. kwakufuneka kubekho isigqibo ukuba kukho amandla isitshixo yamaRoma Republic kwi kwiMeditera yamandulo. Yeyona impumelelo athethwe yingqwayi-ngqwayi eAfrika yaye senze eyaziwa ngokuba Scipio africanus. Photo of kwengeniso yakhe eqingqiweyo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yombuso waseRoma zibonisa ukuba ngokwenene abantu bakubo ngokomzekeliso kaHomer.

Lilinge lokuqala ukuthatha Utica (kwidolophu enkulu kumntla-mpuma Carthage) weza nto. Scipio nempi yakhe ubusika ngqo kunxweme Afrika, hayi ekubeni ubuncinane ezithile zokuhlala ebalulekileyo. Ngeli xesha, i Carthaginians wathumela inkokeli yomkhosi ithawula ileta yakhe waziwayo, leyo efunisa ukuba abuyele ukusuka eYurophu kwilizwe labo nokukhusela ilizwe labo. Ubunokwazi yolula ixesha Punicians waqalisa ukuqhuba kunye Scipio iintetho yoxolo, Noko ke, leyo, weza nto.

Xa ithawula, bafika e-Afrika, yazisa kwakhona waququzelela intlanganiso kunye jikelele waseRoma. Ilandelwa yi sivakalisi silandelayo - Carthaginians ushiye Corsica, eSardinia, yeSisili Spain sisananelo isivumelwano soxolo. Noko ke, linguPubliyo uKorneli wala ukwamkela iimeko ezinjalo. Wathi ukuba ilizwe sele kakuhle ulawula lonke ilizwe. Scipio, ngokuba yena wacebisa inguqulelo umbodamo isivumelwano. Ithawula wala. Kuye kwacaca ukuba igazi yonke into. Okumiselwe ithawula kunye Scipio africanus wayeza kugqitywe kwaphikisayo lwangaphakathi.

Battle of Zama

Kwidabi of Zama kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 19 202 BC. e. Kwicala waseRoma Republic nazo ezenziwe Numidians - abemi zomthonyama kwelizwekazi leAfrika. uncedo yabo iye yandinceda ukuba Latins. Eneneni ukuba amaRoma ixesha elide axakwe njengoko ukupholisa sixhobo eziyingozi ithawula - iindlovu. Ezi zilwanyana enkulu uyothuka baseYurophu abangazange kwafuneka ukuba basingathe ezi izinto eziphilileyo. Indlovu wahlala abatoli nabakhweli ukudubula iintshaba zawo. Oku "ihashe" sele wabonisa ukusebenza kwayo ngexesha kuhlaselwa Italy of ithawula. Wachitha iindlovu ngokusebenzisa Alps omkhulu ngaphezu amaRoma kukhokelele ukudideka ngakumbi.

Numidians Wayeqinisekile kakuhle imikhwa iindlovu. Babesazi ukuba Nokwethisa njani. Ukuba ezi zilwanyana kunye amaAfrika, ekugqibeleni ezifundisa esi sicwangciso ilungileyo kwabaseRoma (ngayo ngezantsi). Ngokumalunga umlinganiselo lwamanani, banolwahlulo ibe malunga nama efanayo. Scipio africanus, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane eye yayiquka amaphulo amaninzi, kwaziswa Afrika kakuhle nemanyeneyo kwaye umkhosi ecacileyo, leyo ngokukweka uzalisekisa imiyalelo inkokeli yabo ixesha elide. Loo mkhosi waseRoma yayibandakanya 33 lamawaka nomkhosi kwaye 8000 amahashe, ngelixa evela Carthaginians waba 34.000 nomkhosi kunye 3000th mahashe.

Victory phezu ithawula

Elephant kuhlaselwa Publiya Korneliya wadibana umkhosi umbutho. Elihamba wanika indlela phambi kokuba izilwanyana. Abo ngesantya esiphezulu lanwenwela neekhorido afundile, ngaphandle ibetha nabani. Emva kwabo walinda abatoli ezininzi ashinyeneyo izilwanyana bavele umlilo. A indima ebidlalwe yi abakhwele waseRoma. Kuqala yena woyisa amahashe Carthaginian, kwaye ke hit ngasemva elihamba. Imiqolo Carthaginians waziqhekeza waza ke wabaleka. Bazama ukumisa ithawula. Scipio africanus, Noko ke, iye ukufezekisile oko ikufunayo. Yayinguye lowo uphumeleleyo. umkhosi Carthaginian ezilahlekileyo 20,000 babulawa, kwakunye yamaRoma - 5000.

Ithawula, waba unguGxothiwe wabaleka wemka waya empuma. Carthage wavuma bahlulwa. I-Roman Republic ukuba zonke izinto zakhe yaseYurophu Insular. Ulongamo nolo lwamazwe ase sele layitshabalalisa kakhulu. Ukongeza, i-inkululeko Numibiya, waba ally othembekileyo eRoma. uloyiso Scipio kaThixo kuqinisekise indawo okuvelelayo kwiRiphabliki kwiMeditera. A eminyaka embalwa emva kokufa kwakhe ayaphula yesiThathu Punic War, emva koko Carthage yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo wayicola amanxuwa.

Imfazwe ne kaSeleucus

Iminyaka elishumi ezayo baba uxolo umphathi. Uye baphendule umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko apho akazange waba ixesha ngenxa amaphulo rhoqo zobuntlola. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na Scipio africanus-yakhe omkhulu kubo, kwanele ukudwelisa kwizikhundla umphakathi kunye nezihloko. Waba Unozakuzaku, kumhloli karhulumente, pritsepsom Yeengwevu kunye inxusa. Figure Scipio kakhulu ebonakalayo kwezopolitiko baseRoma ngexesha lakhe. Kodwa iintshaba zakhe kobuso inkcaso yeengcungcu.

Ngo-191 BC. e. jikelele kwakhona waya emfazweni. Eli xesha ke waya empuma apho ungquzulwano kwaqhambuka eRoma kunye uBukhosi kaSeleucus. Kwidabi senzeka ebusika ka 190 - engama-189. BC. e. (Ngenxa imithombo ukungahambisalani ngqo umhla ayaziwa). Ngokutsho iziphumo ukumkani waseSiriya uAntiochus imfazwe iye kuhlawulwa indemnity ilizwe enkulu amawaka 15 eetalente, wamnika ilizwe ngamini langoku-ntshona Turkey.

Trial nokufa

Emva kokubuyela ekhaya Scipio kudingeka ingxaki enkulu. abachasi bakhe kwi yeeNgwevu nxamnye naye uqalise isimangalo. Warlord (kunye noLukiyo umzalwana wakhe) watyholwa ngokungaziphathi mali, imali njalo njalo. Ikhomishini D. State sele lityunjiwe, nto leyo yenza Scipio ukuhlawula isohlwayo enkulu.

Emva koko kulandele ithuba yomzabalazo elihlebo abachasi Publiya Korneliya kwi Yeengwevu. main ochasene wakhe waba yaseCato, ababefuna ukufumana ofisi censorial waza wafuna ukuba atshabalalise abaxhasi iqembu le warlord odumileyo. Ngenxa yoko, Scipio waphulukana zonke izithuba zakhe. Wahamba waya ekuthinjweni self-ebekwe kwilifa lakhe Campania. Apho linguPubliyo Cornelius wachitha kunyaka ophelileyo yobomi bakhe. Wafa 183 BC. e. eneminyaka engama-52. Nhlanhla leyo, ngelo xesha wabulawa yena lakhe eliyintloko iqela yomkhosi ithawula, naye owayephila bethinjiwe empumalanga. Scipio wayengomnye wabantu ongasoze ulityalwe ngexesha lakhe. Wakwazi yokoyisa Carthage namaPersi, ngokunjalo wenze umsebenzi obalaseleyo kwezopolitiko.