Umnini kwi ilixa feudalism. Ixesha of feudalism eRashiya

Feudalism ebizwa inkqubo loluntu awayekho eYurophu V - XVII iinkulungwane. Kwilizwe ngalinye, sase iimpawu zaso, kodwa ngokubanzi, le meko iya kuqwalaselwa umzekelo eFransi naseJamani. ixesha feudalism eRashiya unalo ixesha isakhelo eyahlukileyo yaseYurophu. Iminyaka emininzi, ababhali-mbali ndikhanyele khona, kodwa engalunganga. Enyanisweni, amaziko feudal akazange ayisekho ngaphandle kuBukhosi baseByzantium.

A bit ngale kota

Le mbono "feudalism" livele zizazinzulu yaseYurophu olwandulela French Revolution. Ngoko ke, lo gama wavela nje xa feudalism Western eYurophu, enyanisweni, yaphela. Eli gama livela ngasekupheleni Latin «feodum« ( "feudal"). Le mbono isetyenziswa amaxwebhu ezisemthethweni kumaXesha Aphakathi kwaye limele ubunini enemiqathango ilizwe njengelifa, nto leyo ingumbuso ifumana ukusuka nene xa kuthe eyenza ngokunxulumene nayo nayiphi na imbopheleleko (le yokugqibela idla zibandakanya emkhosini).

Ngembali kwangoko nako ukuchonga iimpawu efanayo inkqubo loluntu. iinkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo azikhange zithathelwe ingqalelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kwinkulungwane xxi, ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo ngendlela, izazinzulu ziye ekugcineni ukwazi ukuba ukunika ingcaciso alupheli yale meko ezintsonkothileyo.

Iimpawu ze feudalism

Eyona Ixabiso yehlabathi pre-mveliso - it elizweni. Kodwa ke umnini-mhlaba (inkosi feudal) kwezolimo lutho. Waba enye imbopheleleko - inkonzo (okanye umthandazo). Umhlaba kulinywa umlimi. Nangona waba ekhayeni lakhe, imfuyo kunye nezixhobo, ilizwe elo akangowakhe. Kwaba ithembele inkosi yakhe, ngoko ke, babathwalela izibophelelo ezithile egameni layo. Sekunjalo, umlimi wayengekho likhoboka. A a ri ni ntshunxeko isalamane, nokuba ukulawula kubo, UYehova bazilungiselela iindlela ukunyanzela extra-qoqosho.

Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi abazange iklasi ngokulinganayo. Umnini kwi ilixa feudalism waba amalungelo ngakumbi umnini mhlaba, t. E. Umlimi. Xa imihlaba zabo wobukhosi ukumkani ekuzibonakaliseni. Waba kubohlwaya Xolela. Ngaloo ndlela, ubunini mhlaba kweli xesha zihlobene ngokusondeleyo amathuba yezopolitiko (power).

Kakade ke, ukuxhomekeka lwezoqoqosho mutual: enyanisweni, umfama kondliwa Nkosi, ngubani kodwa oko akuzange kuncede.

ileli wobukhosi

Indlela esakhiwe ngayo kwiklasi alawula ilixa feudalism inokuchazwa oluneqela elinegunya. Iinkosi wobukhosi ukuba babelingana, kodwa basebenzise abalimi. Ubudlelwane phakathi abanini belo lizwe zisekelwe phezu kwelinye. Xa uYehu ezinyukweni kanye waba ngukumkani feudal ngubani wazibeka ezo umhlaba kunye Zizi, kwaye kutshintshiselwano wafuna ukunyaniseka kubo. Iindwalutho kunye namacala, neliya, yabela zizigwili umhlaba (yeenkosi, iimboni ngeemboni, abadala), ngokunxulumene kuyo iNkosi. Le zizigwili waba namandla phezu Knights, amaqhawe - phezu squires. Ngenxa yoko, feudalists emi emazantsi ezinyukweni kanye, bakhonza eqondene inyathelo feudal ngasentla.

Kukho intetho ethi: "ingumbuso wayenguphum kwam - hayi wayenguphum wam". Oku kwakuthetha ukuba knight olunceda naliphi baron, akanyanzelekanga ukuba ukuthobela ukumkani. Ngenxa yoko, amandla yokumkani ngexesha sokonakalisa waba isalamane. Umnini ku feudalism - kwenkosi. ithuba yakhe yezopolitiko ukujonga ubungakanani kwisabelo.

Nesisekelo ubudlelwane feudal (V - leminyaka IX)

Uphuhliso Feudalism Lwenziwe kukuwa waseRoma, kwaye ukoyisa of the Western Roman Empire, izizwe zaseJamani (bakhona). Inkqubo entsha loluntu bavela isithethe wamaRoma (chaza indawo esembindini kumntu wonke, ubukhoboka, colonate, inkqubo jikelele lwemithetho) kunye iimpawu zezizwe zaseJamani (kweenkokheli namabhongo, ubutshantliziyo, nokungakwazi ukulawula le lizwe).

Ngexesha boyisa yaba inkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu: lonke ilizwe wesizwe aba kolawulo ekuhlaleni yahlulwe phakathi kwamalungu ayo. Ukufakwa amazwe ezintsha, iintloko ababefuneka ukuba nabo ngamnye yaye, ngaphezu koko, kugqitha kubo njengelifa. Ukongeza, abalimi abaninzi zawa, le lali phantsi ukudliwa. Ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukujonga ukuba ndiyinkosi, kuba umnini kweli xesha feudalism, hayi nje wabanika ithuba lokuba ukusebenza (kuquka ngokwawo), kodwa kwakhona ukuba yokuzithethelela neentshaba. Ngoko lokubanga kweeklasi phezulu komhlaba. Amafama ziye uthembele.

Le abenzi bemilingo of feudalism (X - leminyaka XV)

Nkqu ngenkulungwane IX kwakukho Ukuwa ubukhosi Karla Velikogo. kwisiphaluka nganye, mhlekazi, ilifa iye yaba uhlobo karhulumente. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'ukuqhekeka feudal ".

Ngeli xesha, i baseYurophu baqalisa ukuba ukuhlola amazwe amatsha. Ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali, ukususela abalimi kuma seengcibi. Ngenxa iingcibi kunye nabarhwebi kuvela nokukhulisa umzi. Kumazwe amaninzi (umz Italy kunye Germany), abalimi, ngaphambili overlords baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, bafumane inkululeko - isalamane okanye epheleleyo. knights abaninzi, ndisiya Yomnqamlezo, wakhululwa abalimi zabo simahla.

Ngelo xesha, ibandla liye laba umqulu abasemagunyeni, yaye amaKristu - le ngcinga kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngoko ke umnini kwi feudalism - yinto knight (Baron, Duke, Nkosi), kodwa ilungu abefundisi (Abbot, Bishop) nje kuphela.

Intlekele eyehlele i-ubudlelwane feudal (XV - leminyaka XVII)

Ukuphela kwexesha elidlulileyo wamiswa Sasungulwa yokuvukela. Baya kube ngumphumo ngezikhondo zamehlo zentlalo. Ukongeza, uphuhliso lorhwebo kunye yokufudukela kwiilali ukuya kwizixeko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba imeko abanini baqalisa ukuba buthathaka.

Ngamanye amazwi, iziseko zendalo kunye nezoqoqosho ziye phantsi yi ngokuvela basebukhosini. ukuphikisana kuxhotyiwe phakathi neenkosi wempangelo feudal kunye nabefundisi. Ngophuhliso inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko igunya yebandla phezu iingqondo zabantu saphela mda. Xa XVI-XVII kwiinkulungwane eYurophu kwakukho uHlaziyo. Kukho iintshukumo zonqulo ezitsha, nto leyo zafaka kuphuhliso loshishino yaye akazange amlahle ipropati yabucala.

EYurophu kwi ilixa feudalism emva kukho imfazwe phakathi kookumkani, hayi anelisekile amandla abo fanekisela, abefundisi, abasebukhosini baloo dolophu. ukuphikisana Social ziye zakhokelela revolutions XVII-XVIII eminyaka.

feudalism Russian

Kumaxesha Kievan Rus ngokwenene (VIII-XIII ngenkulungwane) feudalism wayengekho. ubunini bomhlaba kwesikhulu lwaqhutywa ngokusekelwe kuqala. Xa wafa omnye wamalungu osapho njengenkosana, amazwe akhe ahlala isalamane omncinci. Emva kwakhe a squad. Ekuliwa bafumana imivuzo, kodwa intsimi emva kubo ayikalungiswa yaye, ngokwayo, nto ilifa; ilizwe kwemfuneko, yaye akazange abe ixabiso okhethekileyo.

Ngenkulungwane XIII, ixesha le ngqo-prince of Russia. Lubonakala yiyantlukwano. Ukuphatha abathetheli (ilifa) esiyishiyelwe njengelifa. Abathetheli wafumana amandla buqu kunye nelungelo impahla yakhe (kunokuba generic). Iziqulatho udidi mhlaba ezinkulu - izinduna, ukuba ubuhlobo kwayo. Kodwa abalimi ayekhona free. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane XVI, ukuba incamathele kwi-lizwe. Ixesha of feudalism eRashiya yagqitywa ngexesha elinye, njengoko soyise ukuqhekeka. Kodwa amazwi enjalo kuye serfdom waze 1861.

bokuqonda

Zombini eYurophu eRashiya, laphela ixesha feudal ehlabathini ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kodwa ezinye iziqalelo nkqubo, ezifana ekuhlahlelweni Italy okanye serfdom kwi Russian uBukhosi, olwaqhubeka kwaze ngenkulungwane ye-19. Omnye umahluko ophambili phakathi feudalism yaseYurophu Russian kukuba amakhoboka abalimi baseRashiya kwenzeka kuphela xa villeins kwi West sele wafumana inkululeko isalamane.