Qin Dynasty: umlawuli wokuqala enobunye China

Chinese qin ubukhosi wahlala ngamandla eminyaka kuphela enye enesiqingatha. Noko ke, oko kuyo; kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke umlawuli wokuqala eli gama - qin Shi Huang, wayemiselwe ukuba aye phantsi kwimbali njengoko unifier izikumkani saa Chinese ibe ubukhosi enye ndawonye, wazibeka iziseko zophuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho, yolawulo kunye kwezopolitiko China kangangeenkulungwane emininzi ezayo.

Imvelaphi ye bukhosi e China yamandulo

Ebudeni yesihlanu kangangeenkulungwane lesithathu BC, izikumkani yamandulo China kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe omnye nomnye ukuba ubukhulu. Kwezi meko, kwixesha elizayo anokunika nje ezitshatileyo ezikhoyo ezahlukeneyo zibe namandla kakhulu olunye, unako ukukhusela imida yayo kwiintshaba zangaphandle kunye ukufaka amakhoboka kwiindawo ezikufutshane kunye nomhlaba omtsha. Ngenxa yobutshaba okokoko oozilawuli Chinese umbutho meko kufuneka zenziwe kuphela amandla phantsi kwephiko kwabatyebileyo babo, neyenzeke ekugqibeleni.

Ixesha lokuphumla ukususela 255 222 kwiminyaka. BC wangena imbali Chinese njengoko ngexesha States elwa - "ukulwa (okanye lwa) izikumkani". Anamandla kakhulu kula ubulawuli of qin (yanamhlanje-Shanxi). umlawuli walo, ying Zheng wenyuka etroneni xa eneminyaka elishumi, kodwa wazibalula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu yena abe ngumlawuli onamandla ukhohlakele. Ngaphambi kokuba yobudala bakhe olawulwa ngurhulumente ka qin Lu Bu-wei, i umrhwebi anempembelelo lakomkhulu. Kodwa kamsinya nje ngumlawuli qin wayeneminyaka emashumi mabini ananye, waza ngoko nangoko wathabatha amandla ezandleni zabo, ufekethe kokulahla Lu Bu-wei, wazama ukuba abawise kuye.

Ngenxa yoko iminyaka emininzi yomzabalazo ukuya 221 BC, ying Zheng unamandla okumdambisa zonke "elwa States", omnye emva komnye: i Han, Mark, Wei, Chu, Yan no Qi. Ukuma emantloko ngamandla amakhulu, ying Zheng wathabatha isihloko entsha yena nenzala yakhe - ". Umlawuli" "Huangdi", nto leyo eyayithetha

Qin Shi Huang - umlawuli wokuqala China

Qin Empire kwathatha kwintsimi enkulu - evela Sichuan kunye Guangdong kwi-South naseManchuria. Ekubeni wanyukela etroneni phantsi igama qin Shi Huang, "umlawuli yokuqala qin Dynasty," ying Zheng kwindawo yokuqala watshabalalisa le-geqe ilawulwe izisa. Urhulumente yayahlulwe kwimimandla ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, nganye nayo District Military. Xa intloko kummandla ngamnye loMlawuli of China wamisa abalawuli ezimbini - 'iliso kunye emkhosini.

Kuye kakhulu ngenxa ngamandla basebukhosini. izihloko Ababesakuba ahlukile ziye zapheliswa - ngoku kwingongoma nganye yezikhulu baba inqanaba ubutyebi kunye neenkonzo kurhulumente. Amagosa izixhobo karhulumente ezisindayo emhlabeni ngoku phantsi kolawulo ulawulo engundoqo, oku lula yi ukuqaliswa Institute of abahloli esweni imisebenzi yabo.

Qin Shi Huang yayineqela ezinye iinguqu, eyaba odumileyo qin Dynasty: yena nobunye inkqubo yemali, yaqalisa inkqubo ohlangeneyo ubunzima, umthamo kunye nobude kulo lonke eli lizwe, kukho uludwe lwemithetho, uyimisele kusini na inkqubo yelizwe ngokubanzi enye yokubhala.

Ukongeza, ukuba enemvume ngokusemthethweni ilungelo yorhwebo umhlaba simahla, nto leyo ebangela ibonwe zophuculo kwada wabanumzana, kunye enkulukazi wabanumzana. A ukwanda okubonakalayo kwingcinezelo irhafu kunye nabasebenzi izibophelelo, kwakunye nemithetho engqongqo kakhulu entsha ukulungiselela sinoxanduva, yakhokelela urhwebo ngamakhoboka kwande. azi New - zizityebi amagcisa, ababolekisa ezinkulu abarhwebi - kuxhaswa ngamandla yeenguqulelo waqhuba qin ubukhosi, kodwa basebukhosini endala wayengonwabanga kakhulu nabo. Confucians, eveza isimo yokugqibela, waqalisa ukuba bagxeke ngokuphandle kurhulumente ukuqikelela ubukhosi ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwemiyalelo qin Shi Huang, i Confucians babewiselwe ingcinezelo bumandundu.

Imisebenzi yokwakha uBukhosi Qin

Ebudeni bolawulo qin Shi Huang kuthwalelwa phandle umntu omkhulu yokwakha uthungelwano lwezibonelelo zonkcenkceshelo kunye neendlela, basasazeke lizwe. Kwiminyaka 214-213 BC waqala ukwakha inqaba wamazwi - Enkulu Wall of China - ukukhusela imida yomntla bukhosi evela mbuya.

Ukongeza, kwisiqingatha sesibini abembi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela abeyifumene engcwabeni amakhulu qin Shi Huang. Xa crypt enkulu kwathiwa immured wonke "ubumba mkhosi" - ezigqityiweyo amanani amawaka amathandathu ubomi ubungakanani amajoni eenqwelo zokulwa, namahashe, "olinda 'uxolo yanaphakade * uKhesare.

Unqulo kuBukhosi Qin

Ixesha xa abasemagunyeni eChina ubukhosi qin, yaba lixesha kobunganga epheleleyo yonqulo. Onke amacandelo oluntu yakholwa ngendlela amakhulu zehlabathi. Ngokutsho izimvo ezithe zavela kudala ngaphambi kokuba uBukhosi qin, ubukho ihlabathi ugqibe impefumlelwano siseko emibini yesiqalo - yin yang. ahlobene oku ingcamango yemibongo ezintlanu ehlabathini. I koMlawuli wathi being angaphezu abehle evela ezulwini. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba yena phantsi ukhuseleko lwazo zonke izinto, yaye "elilingana 'ilanga lakhe wasezulwini wenza.

Qin Shi Huang ngokwakhe zizakubalulwa yenkolo kakhulu, kuyehla kube fetishism abangekaphuhli kunye neenkolelo. Wayedla wabhenela ezahlukeneyo yomabophe, ubugqwirha, ndandichitha ixesha elininzi neenzame ukufuna "lichiza ukungafi", nkqu ezi kweqokobhe ukuba uhambo enkulu kwiziqithi Japanese.

Qin Dynasty: ukuwa

Ngo-210 BC, ngoxa kwelinye yeendwendwelo uhlolo eli lizwe, umlawuli qin Shi Huang wafa ngesiquphe (mbali bakholelwa ukuba ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ananye). Yena Enyuka unyana wakhe, Er Shi Huang, awayezama ukuqhubeka umgaqo sikayise kwetrone. Noko ke, wakwazi ukuhlala ngamandla iminyaka emibini kuphela. Ukunganeliseki kunye inxalenye ezahlukeneyo zoluntu ukuze umthetho loMlawuli qin ubukhosi, lakhula laba imfazwe yamakhaya. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala we abalimi phantsi kobunkokheli Chen Sheng (209-208 BCE). abanini ezinkulu, kwakunye kwinzala, wabanumzana endala ubudala yaye nawuphikisa norhulumente kazwelonke, ngaxeshanye bathwele nabavukeli abalimi.

Ngo-207 BC Er Shi Huang wabulawa. A Mark Gao, iindwalutho langutana kunye nezalamane soMhlekazi, owakukhupha laya kuye, wamfaka etroneni ngobume, unyana wakhe - Tszy Ina. Noko ke, umlawuli omtsha akazange umiselwe ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone. Akukho ngaphezu kwenyanga Zi ying noyise babulawa iingangamsha zaneliswe. Bona baba ngamadoda yokugqibela abo bahlobene ngokwegazi ukuya qin Shi Huang. Ngenxa yoko, i-qin Dynasty e China wawa, zona ubuqale wanazo iminyaka engamashumi amabini.

Intsingiselo yembali i Qin Dynasty

Dala e China uMbuso enye womelele esembindini wadlala indima ebalulekileyo nophuhliso zembali kweli lizwe. Kumanyano lwezopolitiko bala mazwe, ukuba semthethweni ilungelo kwipropati yabucala, iyantlukwano yabantu kumgaqo impahla kunye nomiliselo amanyathelo ezixhasa ukukhula borhwebo - konke oku kube negalelo kuphuhliso ubudlelwane lwentlalo kunye noqoqosho kweli lizwe, lwandlale iziseko iinguqulelo engaphezulu.

Noko ke, imilinganiselo engqongqo kakhulu ukuba qin Dynasty wenza ndawonye ukuze urhulumente, ukutshatyalaliswa begazi omdala, ingcinezelo irhafu, amaxabiso aphezulu kunye nemisebenzi, bonakalisa abavelisi amancinci naphakathi-ertyisi, kwakhokelela flash enamandla yemvukelo owaphela ngukumkani kwakhe.