Oko Kufuneka Ukwazi Ukudala IWebhusayithi

Oko kufuneka ukwazi ukudala iwebhusayithi
Umbhali: Biktimirov Nail

Kuze kube namhlanje, abaninzi abantu abasandul 'ukuza bayazibuza ukuba kufuneka yini ukwazi i-website yakho kunye nokudala iiwebhsayithi kwabanye, ngelizwi elinye libe ngongcali kulo msebenzi, ingcali kwiinkalo ze-intanethi. Kakade, yonke into ayifuni ephuma esibhakabhakeni, kubhetele ngakumbi, vumela umntu ngamnye ukuba azithathele esibhakabhakeni into ayifunayo ngokwenene, kunokuba yonke into engawa phantsi ivela ezulwini ekhanda. Ewe, ihlaya laphumela ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa kungekhona malunga nehlazo kumbuzo, kodwa malunga noko kufuneka ukwazi ukuze wenze amawebhusayithi.

Kule nqaku ndiya kukuxelela oku malunga nale nto. Ewe, abaninzi abantu baya kundityhola ngokutyhila imfihlelo, kuba abaninzi abaprogram abacebisa iiwebhsayithi baya kuthetha-kutheni uvula onke amakhadi kubaqalayo, bavumele ukuba bahambe, baqokelele yonke imikhosi endleleni yabo, njengokuba Nathi. Kwaye kutheni kwaye yintoni le, utsho? Kodwa ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu ufuna ukufunwa kwintsimi yabo kunye nabo bonke abantu, kulo mzekelo ngaba malunga neeprogram zobugcisa abadala iiwebhsayithi, bafihla inyaniso, zama ukudala ibhokhwe phambi komtsha ukuba lo mtsha angafuni ukudala iiwebhsayithi kwaye afunde zonke ezobuchwepheshe. Ndathi kwakungokufunda, kungekhona ukufundisa, okanye ngakumbi, ukugxotha, kuba inkqubo ayiyiyo i-zubre, yinto yokwakha, kodwa ubuchule abufundiyo, bufundiwe.

Emva kokuba ndandidla ngobugovu, kodwa ubomi bam buguqulwe ngokuphawulekayo, kubonakala izinto ezintsha kwizinto zakudala. Isisombululo sokuqala nesona sibalulekileyo sandiyifumene kwintsimi yokudala iiwebhsayithi yilo-kungekhona bonke abantu abadala iiwebhsayithi, abaqeqeshi kwintsimi yabo. Ewe bayimigaqo, kodwa abayizifundo. Kuba akuyena wonke umlimi onguchwepheshe. Abaninzi benza iWebhsayithi ngokwabo, omnye umntu, efunde olunye ulwimi lwe-hypertext markup, uqala ukudala iiwebhsayithi, ngelixa ekholelwa ukuba uyinkosi kule ntsimi. Yingakho kunzima ukuhlula umprofeti kwiprogram yomqeqeshi, kodwa kuphela ngamazwi, eqinisweni yonke into iyahluke ngokupheleleyo.

Icala ebomini. Kuofisi yethu, xa sisebenzela abasebenzi kwiofisi elitsha e-Ufa evulekileyo ukudala iziza, kwafika umfana othile. Wayefuna ukuphakamisa u-candidate njengomprogram oyintloko, ephikisana ngokuthi uphumelele kwiziko. Ewe, wayenomkhonto, onke amanye amaxwebhu ayekho. Kwaye xa ndambuza, yiziphi iilwimi ayezicwangcisile, waqala ukubalula malunga nesichazizwi sonke seDahl. Kuvela ukuba udala amasayithi ngeelwimi: i-HTML, i-CSS, iJavaScript, i-PHP, wayesazi i-PERL, kwaye wayesazi i-ActionScript, i-DHTML kunye neelwimi ezininzi kwiindawo zokudala iiwebhusayithi, kwaye ke zaya kuhlaziywa kweeprogram, kwakhona, ukudala amasayithi. Kwaye konke oku kumgangatho wobugcisa. Ewe kunjalo, ndiyichukumise kumlingane wam kunye ne-sneer, lo mfanekiso. Lo mntu uya kufaka isikhundla sabasebenzi bonke, ndathi mna!

Ukuze ndingamcaphukisi umntu, ndamcela iphothifoliyo, kodwa wazisa, kodwa xa sifaka i-flash drive kwi khompyutheni, kwafika ukuthula. Kwakuyimibhalo elula, ngolwimi olulula lwe-HTML, wayibiza ngokuba yiwebhusayithi, kodwa kwakungekho naluphi na uhlobo olulingqongileyo olulindele ukuba luvela kwizakhono ngamazwi akhe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, andinakuyinyamekela ingqalelo kwiphothifoliyo, kodwa ndikhangelelene nayo, ngoko satshintshela kuvavanyo. Bambalwa abantu abaya kukholwa, kodwa lo mntu akazange azi nokuba ngumsebenzi oyisisiseko kwi-PHP kunye neetaki zokuqala kwi-HTML. Ngelishwa, kwaye mhlawumbi ngethamsanqa, kodwa akuzange kuthatyathwe ukusebenza kwaye ayivunyelwe ukudala amasayithi.

Yintoni elandelayo apha? Ewe, le nsizwa inokukwazi kwaye inayo iitalente, kodwa ngaphandle kokuyihlakulela, ilahlekile. Ukwazi yonke into kunye nexesha elifanayo nantoni, apho iphosakelo enkulu. Ukuba uqale ukufunda ulwimi lweprogram, kufuneka ukwazi kuwo onke macala, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ubhale kwaye wenze iiwebhusayithi kuwo. Emva koko uya kufumana inkumbulo yakho, kwaye awuyi kukulibala ngonyaka kwaye ulungiselele ukusingqongileyo ngolunye ulwimi.

Abo bafunde lo mzekelo ebomini, mhlawumbi, bavelise uhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwiiphothifoliyo zabo, kodwa ndiyanitsho, akukho nto. Ungabi namahloni malunga nepototifoliyo yakho, kuba kuqala bonke abaqeshi abajongi kuye, kodwa kwezinye izinto ezikhoyo kuwo wonke umsebenzi, ubuncinane, ngoko kwenziwa kwinkampani yethu. Oku, kwindlela, kuhambelana neengqondo.

Kulo lonke uluntu, kwaye uluntu lenkampani, imimiselo yalo ikhula, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na kwaye yintoni imisebenzi yayo. Kwimeko yethu, le nkampani yokudala iiwebhusayithi, oko kukuthi, ngokukodwa isebenza ngeelwimi zenkqubo, kwaye sinemithetho yethu yokubhala iiwebhusayithi. Abaprojekthi basebenza kwiqela kwaye ngoko kufuneka bahambelane nabo ukuze bonke abasebenzi banokufunda ngokukhawuleza ikhowudi baze baqonde intsingiselo yayo. Kodwa oku akubangela ukuba wonke umsebenzi omtsha awazi yonke imigaqo kanye kanye, oku kunikwa ixesha lovavanyo.

Mhlawumbi, baninzi kuni, mhlawumbi nangoku ngoku, nikholelwa ukuba unokudala iwebhusayithi usebenzisa iinkqubo zesicelo. Futhi musa ukutyalombela kuyo nayiphi na inkcitho yengqondo, yomzimba okanye impahla. Ukunyaniseka, sele ndikhathele ukuthetha ngale nto kumntu wonke ukuba ukudala iiwebhsayithi usebenzisa iiprogram ayikho into ehlekisa ngayo yonke into ekhoyo. Njengoko abantu abayiqondi ukuba le yintsholongwane yeemplate, akuyena wena owadala isayithi, ngumyili weprogram yakho yesicelo owadala yona. Kwaye ubona ikhowudi yesayithi, egcinwa yile nkqubo? Oku kubi. Xa abenzi beprogram benza iisayithi, baqwalasela yonke into, ngumsebenzi wabo. Bala kunye nexesha lokulayisha loxwebhu kwikhompyuter yomsebenzisi, ngokusekelwe kwisantya soxhumo lwe-intanethi, kwaye inyaniso ihlala ihluke. Kwaye apha ubeka enye iphepha ngokulingana kwama-kilobytes angama 300, ungathwali naluphi na ulwazi oluxabisekileyo.

Isalathiso sesibini xa udala iiwebhusayithi kunye neenkqubo zesicelo yindlela yeethemplate. Ithemplate ayiphumeli nje ngaphandle, kodwa inobungozi. Ngokuqinisekileyo wena, njengomsunguli wewebhusayithi, uya kuba mnandi ukubona indawo yesibini ngokubonakala okufanayo, oko kukuthi, ukuyila, kunye neziza kwi-Intanethi zibawo, ulwandle lwabo. Inkqubo yokudala iiwebhsayithi ayidalwanga kumntu omnye kuphela, yenzelwe ukuphulaphula abantu abaninzi. Ukongezelela, amathuba enkqubo ezinjalo ekudalweni kweziza anqunywe ngama-95%.

Ngobuhlungu obungachulumanga, masithi sithi ugxininise le nkathazo kwaye uzilahlile ukuba i-site yakho ayiyena wokuqala ngolu hlobo kwaye ayiyiyo yokugqibela. Emva koko kwindawo yesibini kukho ukhuseleko lwe-intanethi yezinto ozenzayo. Inyani kukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zakhiwe kwizicelo ezinzulu ezenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo eziza kusebenza kwisayithi yakho kungekuphela kwendlela ekubonakala ngayo, kodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwanoma yiphi inkcazelo, umzekelo, ukuthumela i-imeyili kwi-site yakho. Xa kuziwa kwezicelo ezinzulu, ngoko-ke akukho mshicileli womsebenzisi ochaphazelekayo, kodwa kunye nomncedisi apho indawo yakho ihlala kuyo, ngamanye amazwi, yenza imisebenzi embi kunokuba uthumele loxwebhu kuphela.

Umncedisi akathumeli iikhowudi ezibalulekileyo kunoma ubani, oko kukuthi, uyaziqhuba, kwaye iziphumo zigqithisela kumsebenzisi, ngoko ke umlawuli wendawo kuphela ongabona iikhowudi zomthombo. Khawucinge ngolu hlobo, i-hacker yaqaphela inkqubo oyenzile ngayo indawo, akunzima kuye, uyifumene kwaye ifumene iikhowudi zomthombo zesicelo sakho ezandleni zakhe. Cinga ukuba isiza sakho siphelile, kwaye usengozini nje indawo yakho, kodwa yonke iseva. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ube ngabanye ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukudala iiwebhsayithi.

Kwakhona, iinkqubo zokudala iiwebhsayithi zirekhode ezininzi zolwazi olungadingekile kwiphepha, phakathi kolwazi olunjalo kukho izixhumanisi ezifihlakeleyo nakweminye imithombo. Ngaloo ndlela, unononophelo lwenkqubo yakho, uthabatha uncedo lwakho ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, uphendule imveliso yakho kwi-intanethi. Ndisoloko ndichasene nale nkqubo kwaye ndizama ukubhala iikhowudi kunye nokuyila mna, endikucebisa yona. Ukuthetha ngeenkqubo zokudala iiwebhsayithi, andinayo ingqondo ye-PhotoShop okanye i-Flash-teknoloji, ezi ezinye iinkqubo ezingenakuhanjiswa nazo, kunye nabo ngenye ibali.

Ngoko ufuna ntoni ukwazi ukudala iwebhusayithi? Kufuneka ukwazi inkqubo, ekuqaleni kungabonakala kunzima, iingcinga zingaphakama ukuba awukwazi ukuwunqoba. Kodwa oku akunjalo, into ephambili ekufuneka uyiqonde kukuba ezobuchwepheshe be-software zenziwe ngabantu abanjalo njengawe. Xa ndiqala ukwenza oku, ndandingenakuphikisana, kwaye ingqondo yam ingangivumi. Esikolweni ndandisondele kakhulu kwi-philology kunezibalo, kwaye apho, njengommiselo, ikusasa libekiwe. Kodwa ndisazi le nto, ukunyamezela akuzange kumdumise, kwaye wena, mhlawumbi akunakukuyeka, kwaye uya kuqala ukudala iiwebhsayithi.

Into yokuqala endincomayo kukuba ndifunde ulwimi lwe-hypertext markup, le HTML (emit-chti-enamel). Kulula kakhulu kwaye uya kuwuqonda ngeveki, okanye nangaphantsi, kuxhomekeke kwithuba ochithayo emva kweso saziso. Ndiyakholwa ukuba ngaphandle kwesi silwimi bekungekho intanethi nonke, kuba akukho olunye ulwimi olunezixhobo ezixhomekeke kwi-hypertext, ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukudala iwebhusayithi. Unokufunda izinto zokuqeqesha zikaNatalia Allenova, unencwadi enhle malunga ne-HTML, endiyifunayo ngomoya omnye, ndincoma ukuba afune kwi-intanethi. Emva kokuba ufunde olu lwimi oluhle ekudaleni iiwebhsayithi, uya kufuneka uzenze, ngoko kuthetha, udibanise ulwazi lwakho. Yakha iphepha lakho elincinci.

Emva koko, usenokuqala ngolunye ulwimi lwe-CSS (i-si-s okanye i-ts-ss). La magama amabini, mhlawumbi ayilona iilwimi zeeprogram, ezi ziilwimi zeelwimi, ngoko kuyazi ukuba nzima. Ngokubhekiselele kwiCSS, andinakukwazi ukunitshela uncwadi, kuba ndingenayo into ethile yemfundo, ndafumana ulwazi kwimithombo evulekile kwi-intanethi. Ngaphandle kweCSS, ngoku akukho ncedisi ye-intanethi, ngoko ke isasazwa, nangona kunjalo, kunye ne-HTML. Ungayifumana kalula incwadi ye-intanethi kwi-intanethi. Ezi ziilwimi zibini zixhunyiwe ngokuqinileyo, ngamanye amazwi, ziyancedisana. Emva kokuba uyaziqonda unganikwa isigxina, kuba ufanelekile kwaye uthathe isinyathelo sokuqala ekudaleni amasayithi.

Isinyathelo sesibini ekudaleni iiwebhsayithi sibi kakhulu, sele kukho izikhombisi ezimbini, iilwimi ezimbini zeeprogram zokudala iJavaScript (Java-Script) kunye ne-PHP (Pi-etch-pi okanye ip-ash-pi). Ziye zifana nomnye, kodwa ngelo xesha zihlukile kwaye kufuneka ukhethe enye yazo. Kodwa ukufumanisa oko kuza kuba ngowokuqala kuwe, kwaye yiyiphi enye yesibini kufuneka ibhekisise ngenyameko amathuba abo. Abantu abaninzi bathi i-PHP iyaziwa kangcono, kwaye ndicinga ukuba kunjalo, kuba isondele kum ngaphezu kweJavaScript. Kodwa ke, akuyena mna kwaye ngoko unayo indlela yakho, mhlawumbi ikhanya ngaphezu kwam.

Ngoko, i-PHP. Le yelwimi yeprogram engayi kusebenza kwikhompyutheni yakho, ukuze ingayi kusebenza kwi-browser. Ufuna umncedisi. Yaye yintoni umncedisi? Cishe ikhompyutha efanayo ohlala kuyo ngoku, kodwa ukwenza ikhomputha yakho ibe ngumncedisi wangempela, kufuneka ufake ifayile efanelekileyo. Le software ikhululekile kwaye uyayifumana kalula kwi-intanethi. Kodwa, ndingathanda ukunilumkisa, xa ndakuba kwindawo yakho kwaye ndazama ukwenza umncedisi kwikhompyutheni yam, ngelo xesha andingazi kakuhle kwaye ndakwazanga ukuyiqwalasela, andinayo nayiphi na inkqubo eyaziwayo enokundinceda. Lapha ndilahlekelwe inyanga ezintathu, ewe, ewe, ndazama ukuyifaka ngqo ixesha. Emva koko, kwi-intanethi, ndafumana incwadana, umlobi wayo onamandla ombane. Apha ndavuya kakhulu, kodwa ngoku ndiyenza ngokwam mizuzu embalwa. Fumana kwi-Intanethi le ncwadana, yonke into ichazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba uyayilanda njani nendlela yokufaka.

Ngokuphathelele uncwadi, ndinokucebisa izinto ezintle zemfundo, umbhali u-Kuharchik, obizwa ngokuba yi-PHP kwimimiselo. Oku, akunjalo, akusiyo incwadana epheleleyo, kodwa kukho iingcamango ezisisiseko kunye nayo yonke into yabaqalayo. Ekuqaleni le ncwadi ibonakala iyinkathazo, umbhali uthetha ngohlobo oluthile lwekhompyutha okanye ukulungelelaniswa komprofeti. Kusekhona izinto malunga nokusetha umncedisi, kodwa andisayi kucinga, i-manual ye-electrician yandinceda. Andikucebisi ukuba uhlule inxalenye kwezinye iindawo, ufunde ngokubanzi, kwaye awuyi kuzisola. Ndiyakufuna ukunilumkisa ukuba le ncwadi yinto engapheliyo kwaye ngelixa lingagqibekanga, zininzi ezingekho, kodwa akusilo nto, kodwa ukuba kubhalwe ngokucacileyo kwaye kukho iingcamango ezisisiseko onokuzifunda Ukufumana ulwazi olutsha kwi-Intanethi.

Masihlole ngoku JavaScript. Oku kukwaphulwa kolwimi, kodwa kunamandla amaninzi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-PHP. Akufuneki nayiphi na isofthiwe kwaye ukuze ukwazi ukuba ufuna uncwadi kuphela, isiphequluli esifanayo oye wafunda i-HTML kunye ne-CSS. Ngokuba wena, ndingathanda ukuyibala. Le yelwimi yeprogram eyenza ukubonakala ngeso siza, oko kukuthi, unokwenza amaphepha athile asebenzisane, yonke into ejikelezayo kwisayithi, ishiya imenyu, umzekelo, nokunye, ngakumbi. Ikhasi le-intanethi liphila. Ngokuphathelele uncwadi, kukho ezininzi kwi-Intanethi, kwaye ndicinga ukuba uya kufumanisa oko ufunayo ngokulula.

Ngoku siyakushwankathela. Xa udala iziza, i-HTML ne-CSS ziilwimi ezifunekayo. Ukuze i-site ibe yindawo ephilileyo, kufunekakile ukuba udibanise iJavaScript. Ukuba ufuna ukudala iwebhusayithi ebalulekileyo, oko kukuthi, engeza impendulo, ingxoxo, iforum okanye ubhaliso, kufuneka ukwazi ulwazi lweprogrammer ye-PHP. Ukunyaniseka, unokongeza enye iteknoloji kwi-PHP - ezi ngcaciso, ngokomzekelo we-MySQL (i-Moo-cheek). Nangona i database ingasebenza naluphi na ulwimi lomncedisi, oko kukuthi, yinkqubo ezimeleyo, kodwa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye ne-PHP.

Idatha iyakwazi ukugcina izigidi zeerekhodi, ngelixa kubhala kwayo nokufunda isantya akutshintshi. Kukho ininzi yolwazi, oluqhelekileyo yi-MySQL. Isebenzisa iteknoloji yemibuzo ye-SQL, ngamanye amagama, i-SQL yilwimi ehlukile. Kodwa ndikuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba uyazi i-PHP, i-MySQL iya kunikwa lula, kuba kwi-PHP kukho imisebenzi esebenzayo: ukufunda, ukubhala, ukudala, ukususa nokunye okunjalo.

Ukudalwa kweziza akupheli apha, oko ufunda apha ngentla kuphela isiseko, kukho ezininzi iilwimi zokufunda ezifana nePerl, Java, VBScript, Firebird, Linter, Oracle, i-MongoDB ... Ukongeza kwezi zinto kukho ubuchwepheshe, Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenza ngeemifanekiso (PhotoShop) okanye ukudala imifanekiso (i-Flash) kwi-animation yile nxalenye yesebe yenkqubo yolwimi ye-ActionScript (Action-Script), ngoncedo lwayo uza kuba lula ukudala imifanekiso. I-Java, iJavaScript kunye ne-ActionScript zifana kakhulu, ngokuba zinomgangatho omnye, ngamanye amagama, zinezimpande enye.

Ndingathanda ukukhankanya ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwazi konke oku ngasentla kwiqondo lobugcisa. Kubalulekile ukuphuhliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwintsimi yayo. Ukuba ungumprogram we-PHP kwaye kufuneka ukwazi i-HTML, i-CSS, i-PHP kunye ne-MySQL. Ukuba wenza isakhiwo ngoko kufuneka ufunde i-HTML, iCSS kunye neJavaScript. Ewe, ukuba ungumyili wewebhu, ngoko, kufuneka ube ne-HTML, CSS ne-PhotoShop. I-animator idinga ukwazi i-PhotoShop, i-Flash kunye ne-ActionScript.

Xa umqeshwa omtsha eza kwi-KAINS.RU yethu, sifuna kuye ulwazi oluthe ngqo kummandla wokudala iiwebhsayithi kunye nezinye izicelo ze-intanethi, ukuze kungapheli njengakuqala kweli nqaku. Ndiyazi yonke into kwaye akukho nto ngexesha elinye. Funda, ngokuba i-Intanethi isixhobo esinokubangela inzuzo kunye nokulimaza. Inhlanhla kuwe!

Disemba 2011

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