Nombindi kwenyikima - wukulu yenyikima ...

Tsalela nayiphi na inyikima vuthululani ngaphantsi planet, nto leyo eyenzeka ngequbuliso. Kungenxa kugqitha ngumonzakalo kwamaza wenyikima. Le nombindi wenyikima - kuba yindawo apho kwaye liqalisa ukungcangcazela. Ukusuka kuyo yonke imiyalelo iya kusasazwa ukuhla, rhoqo kubahlangula iingxaki ezininzi uluntu.

Uninzi neenyikima kunqabile kakhulu, kodwa ke oku kuyenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, kukho amaxhoba abantu, ngokunjalo zitshatyalaliswe okanye zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo impahla. Amazwe kufuneka achithe imali eninzi ukwakha isixeko yonakele.

iintlobo komhlaba

Kwixesha elidlulileyo langoku yakutshanje (ngenkulungwane yokugqibela) ziintshukumo zenyikima Kungaba ngenxa izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo:

1. izenzakalo zemvelo. Kusenokuba ngamaqela amacwecwe zomhlaba, iziphene zejoloji, kunye mlilo. Njengomthetho jikelele, ukuqikelela nini yaye phi kwenzeka isiganeko esinjalo, akunakwenzeka. Kwaye nkqu ne izixhobo zobugcisa kakhulu mihla. Izazinzulu izigqibo ezisekelwe kuphela kwidatha lomsebenzi elidlulileyo seismic.
2. Simanga okubangelwa ezenziwa ngabantu. Oku kuba njalo ke ukutshatyalaliswa imigodi okanye zezimbiwa, udubulo zenyukliya okanye imifuniselo.

Ngoko nangoko kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ngqo ukuba oonobangela zendalo zinqabile, kodwa ecaleni ngokupheleleyo kubo, Kakade ke, akunakwenzeka. Ngokumalunga nemisebenzi yabantu, oko kudla kuchaphazela imeko umhlaba, osixelela ukuba iintlekele ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iinyikima.

Guquka kwaqala

Zivuthulule planethi kwenzeka phantse yonke imihla, kodwa sakugcina kangangokuba omnye phantse akakwazi va kuzo. Ngoko kube nzima kakhulu ukufumanisa ngqo apho nombindi wenyikima. Oku kwenziwa ngokusekelwe data efunyenwe geophones ezifakwe kwizikhululo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Enoba zezi zixhobo zingasetyenziswa kwelinye lweshishini zenzululwazi.

Enyanisweni, izazinzulu efanelekileyo namhlanje baziwa zonke ibhanti ezikhoyo seismic. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuze esi sikhululo ukuze bekusoloko ukukwazi ukufumanisa ngokukhawuleza yalapho. Kalula ukumelana nalo msebenzi kunokuba njalo kuphela xa kwabakho inyikima, agila kwintsimi enkulu.

Le nkcazelo ngqo epicenters - umsebenzi obalulekileyo seismographs. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuba phindwa amaxesha ngamaxesha. Ngoko ke, wafumana ngqo ngakumbi data, ngcono kuya kuba lula ukubala amathuba loo oscillation elandelayo.

le nyikima

Ukuze kumiselwe ukomelela amacwecwe oscillation le planethi, amaxabiso amabini kufuneka:

1. Ubukhulu.
2. Ngamandla.

Ubukhulu yenyikima umiselwa seismograph. Kubonakala, ngokusekelwe amandla ngayo le webhokisi nembasa, kunye namandla awo. Isalathisi yesibini, kwaye kuya kuxhomekeka amandla yenyikima. Nezinye iparameters kuchaphazele i yonakele okanye itshatyalalisiwe, kodwa ubukhulu engaphantsi.

Ngobunzulu komhlaba umhlaba inyikima ngqo phezu komhlaba. Oko kukuthi, wenyikima sise nzulu ngaphantsi amaxolo. Kwaye xa intlokoma zizehlela ngaphandle, baphelelwe ngamandla abo. Ngoko ke, inyikima ukuze nomelele, kodwa kuya kuncipha de ifikelela indawo yokuhlala uluntu.

Ke ukuba amandla, ngoko kukho isikali lamanqaku 12. Okokuqala akukho mntu apho. Ukususela amanqaku 4, umntu uziva nje kwenyikima, kodwa ezonakeleyo izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana izitya okanye iindondo. Kwaye kukho kwinqanaba oluluqilima 11-12 ukususela yonke into eyake yakhiwa abantu.

Indlela yokufumana yalapho

Njengoko nombindi wenyikima - yaqalisa uyangcangcazela kunye intlokoma, wayifumana ayikwazi akusoloko ukuzila. Yonke into iza kuxhomekeka kwindlela ngayo seismograph mihla ezifakwe kwisikhululo. It uyabandakanyeka kumsebenzi entengo. Ekuqaleni rivaleleke P yomtshangatshangiso, kulandele S. wathumela zakutshanje fixed L. Ezi amaza zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwizinga umonakalo. Ngako oko, le seismograph olubuthathaka kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza kuya kuba lula ukubamba intlokoma, mhlawumbi inkoliso yabantu bakhutshwe.

Izazinzulu basazama ukuba uphendule umbuzo malunga apho inyikima elandelayo kuya kwenzeka. Noko ke, kunzima ukubala, rhoqo akwenzeki. Ubuncinane de ngoko, ude aye aqamba seismographs sensitive kakhulu ngoku.

Le nyikima kakhulu buhlungu zenkulungwane yama-21

Ngelishwa, kwindalo kukho iinyikima, ukubonakala eya kuqulatha neziphumo ezibi. Kwathi Japan ngo-2011. Koko ngoMatshi 11, ndaqalisa uyangcangcazela amanqaku 9. Wathabatha nje ubomi amawaka abantu; kodwa ukuba ngozi isityalo wenyukliya Fukushima-1. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, oko kwaba bantu okuninzi ngaphezu inyikima kunesiqhelo ezinjalo.

A kancinane ngaphambili, njengoko kwakukho Abokuhlunguzelelwa enogonyamelo (amanqaku 7) ngo-2010 kwisiqithi Haiti. Ngokutsho data yakutshanje, wabulala amawaka-200. Abantu, yaza yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ingqukuva.

Ngo-2008, intlekele eyenzeka e-China. Ke seismographs ezirekhodiweyo amanqaku 8. Amaxhoba malunga 70 lamawaka. Man, kodwa kuphela kuba kuthula yaqala kweli phondo. Ukuba yayisisixeko esikhulu, ngoko kokubulawa bekuya kuba ngabantu okuninzi.

iinyikima zomhlaba ezinkulu zinqabile, hayi ngaphezulu kanye ngonyaka. Kodwa Barr ezincinane abhalwe seismographs ingakumbi ethe phantse yonke imihla.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, lo nombindi wenyikima - oku kwinqanaba ezinokukhokelela ekuchithekeni intlokoma wenyikima. izixhobo Modern zikuvumela ukuba ufumane ngokukhawuleza indawo ingqalelo. Ukuqokelelwa ulwazi olunjalo luyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba izazinzulu nga kamva seismographs ukubona kukuvela neenyikima. Ngako oko, le datha kuya kuvumela ukuba alumkise abantu ukuba bathathe amanyathelo ukwehlisa abantu kunye nepropati amaxhoba.