Njengobungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela. Embryology, cytology, ubungqina biogeographic: imizekelo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isayensi eninzi ubungqina ukuxhasa ubunyani iinkqubo mvelo. Yintoni na ubungqina ibalulekileyo bokuba izinto eziphilayo zazivelela? Embryological, ezinto, yokwakheka, biogeographical kunye nobunye ubungqina ngokutsha kweli nqaku.

imvelaphi Common zehlabathi eziphilayo

Kunzima ukuqinisekisa, kodwa zonke izinto eziphilayo (iintsholongwane, nomngundo, izityalo, izilwanyana) kufuneka phantse umchiza kuqamba efanayo. Emzimbeni, ummeli ngalinye yehlabathi eziphilayo asidi ezibalulekileyo acid kunye neeproteni. Xa oku kwenzeka kuphela hayi ukufana kwi sakhiwo, kodwa ngokusebenza iiseli zomzimba. Njengobungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela (embryology, biogeographic, imizekelo yokwakheka zingafumaneka kweli nqaku) - oku ngumba obalulekileyo, nto leyo kufuneka bakhokelwe zonke.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni iqanjwa iiseli, amancinane, "izitena 'ubomi enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wabo kunye nesakhiwo ziyafana kakhulu kungakhathaliseki uhlobo eziphilayo.

ubungqina Embryological kwemvelo: ngokufutshane

Kukho inani ubungqina embryological ukuxhasa ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela. Abaninzi kubo esafunyanwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Abaphengululi Modern babe nazo nje akazange abagatye, kodwa yomelezwa nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Embryology - inzululwazi ochaphazelekayo kunye isifundo sophuhliso osandul zezinto eziphilayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke isilwanyana multicellular sibangelwa iqanda. Nokuba ukufana nisaqala lophuhliso Umbungu womyoleli ku banemvelaphi eyodwa.

Ubungqina Karla Bera

Le nzulu esidumileyo, owenza amalinge amaninzi, yakwazi ukubona ukuba zonke chordates babe ukufana ngokupheleleyo lokuqala lophuhliso. Umzekelo, eyokuqala kwi umbungu imisindo, ngoko ke uvaleke kunye iigilizi. Kuyinto ukufana ngokupheleleyo ngeembumba kusekwangoko kwaye sithetha ubunye imvelaphi yazo zonke chordates.

Kakade phakathi izigaba kamva umahluko olubonakalayo iimpawu. Scientist Carl Baer akwazi ukubona ukuba kuphela imiqondiso uhlobo nga kumiselwa sikwinqanaba lokuqala yemveku osandul, apho eziphilayo. Kuphela emva kubonakala iimpawu uphawu eklasini, kunye neentlobo ekugqibeleni kwecala.

Ubungqina Haeckel-Müller

Bubungqina embryological kwemvelo ziquka umthetho Haeckel-Müller, ibonisa ukuzalana zophuhliso zomntu ngamnye kunye nembali. Izazinzulu ziye ingqalelo into yokuba zonke izilwanyana multicellular liphuhlisa, uqhuba omnye kwinqanaba iseli, oko kukuthi i-elilodwa. Ngokomzekelo, ngamnye eziphilayo multicellular xa nisaqala zophuhliso elivelayo imisindo, apho kamva indawo kwalapho. Noko ke, ookhokho isilwanyana mihla le yinxalenye yenkqubo musculoskeletal akazange.

Bubungqina embryological kwemvelo ziquka uphuhliso slits kumculo in ezincancisayo neentaka. Oku kungqina imvelaphi yokugqibela esivela kwizinyanya beklasi Pisces.

umthetho Haeckel-Müller uthi, zonke izilwanyana multicellular ngexesha kuphuhliso yayo osandul yomntu uhamba onke amanqanaba phylogeny (uphuhliso yembali, kwemvelo).

ubungqina yokwakheka ukuba zazivelela

Kukho ubungqina ezintathu ezinkulu yokwakheka ukuba izinto zazivelela. Ezi ziquka:

1. Ubukho kweempawu abafumanekayo iminyanya izilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, amanye iminenga angakhula ngemilenze kunye namahashe - iimpuphu ezincinane. Ezi mpawu nabo zenzeka ebantwini. Umzekelo, kukho iimeko zokuba usana kunye nomsila, okanye obukhulu emzimbeni. atavisms enjalo ingqalelo ubungqina eziphilayo abadala.
2. Ukubakho kwi enezityalo nezilwanyana zonke iintlobo yenguqu eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela evglenu eluhlaza. Yena ngelo xesha kukho iimpawu lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Ubukho kweefom sethutyana kuthiwa-siqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela.
3. Zakuqala - amalungu ngokwaneleyo okanye amalungu omzimba, apho namhlanje musa ukuba eziphilayo kubalulekile. Ezi zithinteli baqale ukwakha kwasekuqaleni nexesha osandul, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha Genesis wabo iyeka, bahlala ngokwaneleyo. imizekelo yokwakheka ebubungqina kwemvelo kunokuthathwa ekufundeni, ezifana neminenga okanye iintaka. Xa abantu bokuqala babe umbhinqo zangasese, ngoxa yesibini - le lesiquluba encinane ngokungeyomfuneko. Kakhulu umzekelo ocacileyo ithathwa njengokuba ubukho lweliso sekukubi kwi eyimfama.

izizathu biogeographical

Phambi kokuqwalasela obu bungqina, kubalulekile ukuqonda oko ukufunda biogeography. Le isayensi isifundo lweepateni ze sisasazeke eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ulwazi lokuqala buqu kwaqala ukuvela kwi BC kweyeshumi elinesibhozo.

ubungqina Biogeographic kwemvelo na kufundwa ngokuqwalasela ikhadi zoogeographical. Izazinzulu ziye ezichongiweyo kwimimandla emithandathu enkulu ezahlukeneyo enkulu abahlala kubameli bazo.

Nangona umahluko enezityalo nezilwanyana, abameli kwimimandla zoogeographic kusekho ezineefitsha ezininzi ezifanayo. Okanye, phezu koko, udlula uzibalulele amazwekazi, kokukhona ezahlukeneyo abemi babo. Umzekelo, kwi kummandla Eurasia nakuMntla Melika kunokubonwa fauna kakhulu zifana, ngokuba ezi amazwekazi yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye hayi kudala. Kodwa Australia, nto leyo siyahlukana kwamanye amazwekazi izigidi ezininzi kwiminyaka ngaphambili, lubonakala ngokuba izilwanyana esikhethekileyo kakhulu.

Iimpawu enezityalo nezilwanyana kwiziqithi

ubungqina Biogeographic kwemvelo Ndifuna ukufunda, ngokuhlola ezinye siqithi. Ngokomzekelo, izinto eziphilayo kwezi ziqithi, kodwa kutshanje ezahlulwe evela emhlabeni nomsinga, musa kwahluka kakhulu ehlabathini zezilwanyana ngokwabo amazwekazi. Kodwa island elide, sise kude omkhulu wanyamalala ezininzi umahluko kwemfuyo kunye nezityalo ehlabathini.

Ubungqina kwicandelo kwesayensi

Palaeontogy - isayensi lifunda iintsalela eziphilayo extinct. Izazinzulu abaziingcali kule ndawo, ngokuzithemba na kuthi, ukuba izinto eziphilayo zangaphambili kunye langoku zombini ezifanayo ezininzi nezahlukileyo. Kwakhona njengobungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela. Embryological, biogeographic, yokwakheka kunye neengxoxo ngezidalwa zamandulo sele ingqalelo.

ulwazi phylogenetic

idatha efana umzekelo enkulu isiqinisekiso yokuzivelela, njengoko abavumela ukuba baqonde awohluke zamaqela ngamnye eziphilayo.

Umzekelo, i-nzulu IVOTI odumileyo Kovalevsky wakwazi ukubonisa ngexesha ngendaleko zamahashe umzekelo. Ungqinile ukuba ezi zilwanyana bavela odnopalye izinyanya-fingered amahlanu omiweyo umhlaba wethu malunga nezigidi asixhenxe kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ezi zilwanyana izidla-ahlale ehlathini. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho kwimozulu zikhokelele ukuhla elibukhali kwingingqi ehlathini kunye nokwandiswa bommandla emathafeni. Ukuze nokuchuma nokuhlala kwiimeko ezintsha, ezi zilwanyana kwafuneka afunde ukuze sisinde kuzo. Imfuneko ukufumana utyani elungileyo kunye nokhuselo kumarhamncwa kuye kwabangela ukuba zazivelela. Ukutyhubela izizukulwana ezininzi, oku kuye kwakhokelela utshintsho kwiziphelo. Inani phalanges kuncitshiswa ukususela ezintlanu ukuya kwenye. Waba ezahlukeneyo kunye nesakhiwo lonke eziphilayo.

Njengobungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela (embryology, biogeographical kunye neminye imizekelo ekuthethwe ngayo kweli nqaku), uyakwazi ukuqwalasela umzekelo eziphilayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ngcamango yokuzivelela busaviwa phambili. Izazinzulu ezivela ehlabathini lonke azama ukufumana inkcazelo engakumbi malunga nophuhliso kunye notshintsho eziphilayo.