Njani ubomi baqala Earth imbali, ingakumbi ukuvela kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Njani ubomi baqalisa emhlabeni? Iinkcukacha bengaziwa uluntu, kodwa mgaqo uphambili lusekiwe. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili kunye abaninzi ezingephi. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho uguqulelo engundoqo, amacandelo eziphilayo ziye zafikelela Umhlaba evela emajukujukwini, kwelinye - zonke Kwathi Earth. Nantsi eminye ukuzilolonga athandwa kakhulu.

panspermia

Njani Umhlaba wethu? Biography of planethi ihamba yodwa, yaye abantu bazama ukuyisombulula ngayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ingcamango yokuba ubomi olukhoyo iphela, lithe laqhenqetha nge emkhathini (imizimba yasezulwini, intermediate ubukhulu phakathi omncane uthuli kunye izijikelezi), izijikelezi-langa. Kuthathwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ubomi ekwaziyo withstanding isithuba airless (radiation, lwepolitiki, iqondo elisezantsi, njl ..). Zibizwa extremophiles (kuquka iintsholongwane kunye ezincane).

Awela kobutyobo kunye nothuli ukuba ekukhutshelwe isithuba emva ukungqubana-langa, ngaloo ndlela kunokugcina, ubomi emva kokufa imizimba ezincinane langa. Iintsholongwane angahamba kuphumla ixesha elide de ingozi elandelayo ngengozi kunye nezinye iiplanethi.

Kananjalo ugalelwe kunye disk protoplanetary (ilifu igesi ezishinyeneyo kuwo wonke umhlaba abatsha). Ukuba indawo entsha "amajoni gqolo, kodwa sleepy" ngokuwa iimeko zivuma, zibe esebenzayo. Inkqubo ye zazivelela. Imbali eziphilayo emhlabeni ukusombulula encediswa ixhokonxa. Idatha evela izixhobo, ukuya ngaphakathi ezinomsila zibonisa: kwiimeko ezininzi yaqinisekisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuba sonke "yalapha omncinane" njengoko ezalwa lobomi - isithuba.

biopoeza

Nantsi enye imboniselo ubomi obaqala ngayo. On Earth, kukho ziyaphila noma. Abanye abiogenesis Bulisani nenzululwazi (biopoesis), echaza indlela ngexesha inguqu yendalo ubomi eziphilayo kuvele izinto ezingaphiliyo. Uninzi acid (likwabizwa kwiibloko zokwakha zonke izinto eziphilayo) ukuze kwakheke kusetyenziswa reactions zendalo imichiza ezingahambelaniyo ebomini.

Le experiment ingqina Mueller-Urey. Ngowe-1953, i-nzulu wadlula umbane umxube wegesi yaye ifumene acids ezininzi acid elabhoratri, simulating imiqathango Umhlaba ekuqaleni. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo bayaguquka acid iiprotheni phantsi kwempembelelo abagcini-inkumbulo yemfuza asidi acid.

Recent biochemically kuhlelwe ngokuzimeleyo, kunye neeproteni isantya (catalyze) inkqubo. Leliphi iimolekyuli yokuqala? Nendlela basebenzisana? Abiogenesis ikwinkqubo aziphendulele uphendlo.

trends cosmogonic

Le mfundiso na imvelaphi yobomi kwisithuba ongaphandle. Kwimeko ezithile inzululwazi isithuba kwaye ngeenkwenkwezi, eli gama libhekisela kwithiyori yendalo (nokufunda) yenkqubo elanga. Imizamo womxhuzulane cosmogony yendalo akemi ukuya ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Okokuqala, le mibono esele zenzululwazi abakwazi ukuchaza into eziphambili: njani indalo ngokwayo?

Okwesibini, akukho modeli ngokwasemzimbeni ukuchaza zihlandlo zokuqala iphela. Kulo mbono, akukho nto womxhuzulane quantum. Nangona umtya nkolelo (theory umtya ithi amasuntswana eziziziqalelo zibangelwa ukwahluka iindibano strings quantum), uphonononga imvelaphi kunye neziphumo ze-Big Bang (loop umyinge bathi), awuvumelani. Bakholelwa ukuba ifomula, uvumela ukuba ukuchaza model njengenxalenye kwizibalo yasendle.

Ngoncedo abantu yeengcinga cosmogonic ukuchaza ukufana yokuhamba nokwakhiwa imizimba yasezulwini. Kudala phambi kokuba kubekho ubomi emhlabeni, nto lugcwele yonke indawo, yaye savela.

endosymbiont

version Endosymbiotic laliqulunqwe kuqala yezityalo Russian uKonstantin Merezhkovsky ngo-1905 Wayekholelwa ukuba organelles ezithile ezaqala iintsholongwane free-ophilayo basiwa kwenye mpilo endosymbionts. Mitochondria eyenziwe proteobacteria (ngakumbi, Rickettsiales okanye izalamane olusondeleyo) of icyanobacteria kunye chloroplasts.

Oku kubonisa ukuba iintlobo ezininzi iintsholongwane ziye wangena ngokuncedisana ukuyilwa iiseli eukaryotic (eukaryotes - iiseli ze eziphilayo equlethe i kernel). ukudluliswa tyaba genetic material phakathi iintsholongwane kwakhona negalelo kulwalamano oluphakathi.

Ukuvela zezinto eziphilayo, mhlawumbi landulelwa ngukhokho eqhelekileyo lokugqibela (Lua) of eziphilayo mihla.

esizukulwaneni kulogo

Ide kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu bayaphika "Bamangaliswa" njengoko ingcaciso ngendlela ubomi baqalisa emhlabeni. Engalindelekanga kulogo iintlobo ezithile zobomi kwakubonakala Bamrhola engaphili. Kodwa bona bakholwa ubukho heterogenesis (ukutshintsha indlela yokuzala), apho omnye iifom ubomi ovela kwenye iintlobo (umzekelo, zibaleka iintyatyambo). Uluvo ezaziwa sizukulwana ezizenzekelayo yile ilandelayo: ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinzima wabonakala ngenxa yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ngokutsho Aristotle, kwaba yinyaniso ngokulula kuphawuleka ukusuka nombethe uwe phezu izityalo ezivela iintwala; iimpukane - ekutyeni ibhuqiwe, nempuku - ukusuka Hay elimdaka, iingwenya - ukusuka anokungenwa logs ezantsi imizimba zamanzi, njalo-njalo. Imfundiso isizukulwana ezizenzekelayo (wawancamisa ekuhleni ubuKristu) ezazikho ngasese ngaphezu kwekhulu.

Kukholelwa ukuba imfundiso ekugqibeleni lwabonisa amalinge kwinkulungwane XIX Lui Pastera. Scientist wafunda imvelaphi yobomi, wafundela ukuvela eziphilayo, ukuze sibe nako ukulwa nezifo ezosulelayo. Noko ke, wazimisa ephilile Pasteur bakaThixo saba impikiswano, kodwa zenzululwazi ngokungqongqo.

Theory of nodongwe nokudalwa ehambelana

Ukuvela ubomi ngenxa ngodongwe? Ngaba kunokwenzeka oko? usomachiza Scottish ogama AJ. Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow ngowe-1985, nguye umbhali wale mibono. Ukuthembela kokucingelwayo efanayo kwezinye izazinzulu, kusitshiwo ukuba amasuntswana eziphilayo ezibanjiswe phakathi maleko dongwe yokuxoxisana nabo wathabatha phezu indlela ukugcina ulwazi kunye nokukhula. Ngoko ke, lo nzulu ingqalelo i "gene nodongwe" zaseprayimari. Ekuqaleni, izimbiwa kunye nobomi abanazo ezazikho kunye, kwaye ngaxa lithile, "wabaleka".

Ingcamango intshabalalo (chaos) ehlabathini asakhulayo kwavula indlela kwithiyori catastrophism njengenye aziwa ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela. ukuchaza kwayo bakholelwa ukuba Earth kwixesha elidlulileyo bachaphazeleka yi iziganeko zobundlobongela ngesiquphe, waphila elifutshane, kwaye ngoku ngundoqo elidlulileyo. enye sihelegu nganye utshabalalisa ubomi okhoyo. indalo elandelayo evuselela eyahlukileyo sele yayo kowangaphambili.

Le mfundiso izinto ezibonakalayo

Kwaye nantsi enye inguqulo indlela ubomi baqalisa emhlabeni. materialists zalo eziphambili. Bakholelwa ukuba ubomi yavela ngenxa kwandiswa ngexesha kunye nendawo ye utshintshwano imichiza ngcembe ukuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakukho phantse 3.8 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Olu phuhliso kuthiwa eziphilayo, oko kuchaphazela indawo asidi ideoxyribonucleic kunye ribonucleic kunye neeproteni (iiprothini).

Njengoko imfundiso lwezenzululwazi eyaqala ngo-1960, xa kuqhutywa uphando olusebenzayo ebandakanya ezinto eziphilayo kwindaleko, genetics kwabantu. ke Izazinzulu wazama ukuqonda kwaye uqinisekise ezifunyaniswe kutshanje ngokuphathelele asidi acid kunye neeproteni.

Enye izihloko aphambili zafaka uphuhliso eli candelo lolwazi, waye ngendaleko komsebenzi transcriptase, ukusetyenziswa nucleic acid divergence njenge "iwashi eziphilayo." Disclosure negalelo ekuqondeni ngcono divergence (eyayizalwa) uhlobo.

imvelaphi organic

Malunga nendlela kwavela ubomi on Earth, sisetyenziswe le ngcamango baxabane ngale ndlela. Iifom Wezemfundo waqala ixesha elide - iminyaka engaphezu kwe-3.5 billion eyadlulayo (lo mzobo imele ixesha apho ebomini likhona). Mhlawumbi yokuqala yaba yinkqubo ecothayo ngokuthe ngcembe inguqu, waza waqalisa okukhawulezayo kwisigaba (ngaphakathi iphela) ukuphuculwa, utshintsho ukusuka kwimo enye ezingashukumiyo ukuya kwenye phantsi kwempembelelo iimeko yangoku.

Evolution, eyaziwa ngokuba zebhayoloji okanye organic, - inkqubo utshintsho phezu ngexesha elinye okanye ngaphezulu imikhwa ilifa efumaneka bakuyo eziphilayo. iimpawu Heritable - iimpawu ezithile, kuqukwa yokwakheka, kwemichiza nezokuziphatha, ezithi kudluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.

Evolution kukhokelele ezahlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso olubanzi zonke izinto eziphilayo (diversification). Ihlabathi lethu bala uCharles Darwin echazwa "iintlobo olungenasiphelo kakhulu ezintle kakhulu emangalisayo." Bacinge kukuba imvelaphi yobomi - ibali ngaphandle ekuqaleni okanye ekupheleni.

wendalo ekhethekile

Ngokwalo mbono, zonke iintlobo zobomi ezikhoyo namhlanje on Earth, wadalwa nguThixo. UAdam noEva - indoda nomfazi bokuqala nguSomandla. Ubomi Emhlabeni waqala nabo - bakholelwa amaKristu, amaSilamsi namaYuda. iinkolo Three ayavuma yokuba uThixo wadala indalo ngeentsuku ezisixhenxe, ukwenza Ngemini yesithandathu, eyincopho umsebenzi: ezenziwe ngothuli Adam noEva ubambo yakhe.

Ngomhla wesixhenxe uThixo waphumla. Emva koko umphefumlele ebomini babantu waza wathumela ukuba anyamekele igadi ebizwa Eden. Eli ziko wakhula uMthi woBomi kunye uMthi Knowledge of Good. UThixo wavumela ukuba nidle iziqhamo yonke imithi yomyezo ngaphandle umthi wokwazi ( "Kuba, mini ukuba ungadli kuwo, kufa").

Kodwa abantu akalalelanga. The Quran ithi ukuzama iapile Adam banikela. UThixo wanixolelayo aboni waza wathumela zombini emhlabeni njengoko kubameli bazo. Kodwa ... Apho kwakukho ubomi emhlabeni? Njengoko ubona, akukho impendulo enye. Nangona izazinzulu mihla kusiba uthambekele abiogenic (ezingaphiliyo) theory ngemvelaphi zonke izinto eziphilayo.