Le mba we refraction sokukhanya - it ... Umthetho refraction sokukhanya

Le mba we refraction yokukhanya - yinto kwizimanga zendalo ezehla ngexesha ngalinye iliza ihamba ukusuka kwenye into ukuya kwenye, apho uqina bayo. Ngokweliso, kubonakala ukuba lutshintsha indlela andise.

Physics: refraction sokukhanya

Ukuba umqadi isehlo etshaya elilujongano phakathi eendaba ezimbini kwi-engile 90 °, ngoko akukho nto yenzekayo, siyaqhubeka sihambe ngendlela efanayo kwindawo esinekona sasekunene kujongano. Ukuba engile izehlo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka 90 °, isenzeko zokunganyangeki kwenzeka. Lo mzekelo imisebenzi ezingaqhelekanga ezifana okwakubonakala ezinjengokwaphuka into ngokupheleleyo emanzini okanye isanga ibonwe entlabathini entlango eshushu.

History of izovela

Xa BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala. e. ngokuma Greek kunye ngeenkwenkwezi uPtolemy wazama ukucacisa ngokwezibalo ke refraction, kodwa umthetho ocetywayo nguye kamva yajika elala neli ivuke neliya. Ekhulwini XVII. yezibalo Dutch WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS iphuhlise umthetho, nto leyo ebonisa isixa enxulumene umlinganiselo ngesiganeko engile refracted, eyathi kamva ogama kwisalathiso izinto refraction. Enyanisweni, kokukhona iziyobisi uyakwazi refract ukukhanya, kungona rate. Ipensile emanzini "baphuke" kuba kwimitha evela kuyo, utshintshe indlela zakho kwi-interface umoya-amanzi phambi kokuba afikelele iliso. Ukuze ukuphoxeka Snell, uye wakwazi ukufumana unobangela wale isiphumo.

Ngowe-1678, enye ingcali yenzululwazi Dutch Christiaan Huygens nolwalamano lwezibalo acacise imigqaliselo Snell waza wacebisa ukuba le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa refraction yokukhanya - kubangelwa angafaniyo nesantya apho umqadi udlula okungqongileyo ezimbini. Huygens wayezimisele ukuba engile sengqondo yokukhanya udlulayo izinto ezimbini kunye indices ezahlukeneyo refraction kufuneka ilingane lomlinganiselo Velocity zayo ezibonakalayo nganye. Ngenxa yoko, kuye izazi ukuba i medium kokuba ephakamileyo index zokunganyangeki, ukukhanya ihambisa ngokucothayo. Ngamanye amazwi, isantya ngazo izibonelelo bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo index zokunganyangeki. Nangona umthetho kamva kuqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo, kubaphandi abaninzi ngelo xesha ukuba ayicacanga, t. To. Akukho ndlela ethembekileyo yokulinganisa isantya ukukhanya. Izazinzulu babecinga ukuba akukho nto ixhomekeke isantya eziphathekayo. 150 Kuphela emva ngesantya Huygens 'lokufa ukukhanya lalibalwa ngokuchanileyo ezaneleyo, ebonakalalisa ukuba ekunene.

index Absolute of refraction

Absolute index zokunganyangeki n zokufunda ngaphaya okanye izinto uchazwa isantya ozalanayo apho ukukhanya sidlule kuthelekiswa therethrough ukuya uqina kwi vacuo: n = c / V, apho c - uqina zokukhanya emoyeni, yaye v - kulo mbandela.

Ngokucacileyo, le refraction zokukhanya emoyeni, abalwaziyo nayiphi na into engekho yaye kukho nani ingundoqo 1. Kuba nezinye izinto ezibonisa ngaphaya eli xabiso mkhulu 1. refraction zokukhanya emoyeni ingasetyenziswa ukubala izinto iparameters ayaziwa (1.0003).

umthetho Snell kaThixo

Sisithi thaca ezinye iinkcazelo:

• isiganeko umqadi - a umqadi okwelakho likufutshane medium;
• imenyu point - indawo ukwahlukana apho uwe;
• i ray refracted bephuma eendaba okuhlamba ukungcola;
• eqhelekileyo - umgca azotywe aa Incopho ukungcola kwindawo lweziganeko;
• engile lweziganeko - angela phakathi eziqhelekileyo kunye nomqadi nesiganeko;
• ukumisela le angle zokunganyangeki inokuba ekujikeni phakathi ray refracted kunye eziqhelekileyo.

Ngokutsho imithetho refraction:

1. Esi siganeko, ray refracted kwaye eziqhelekileyo na kwi indiza.
2. Umlinganiselo woviwo sines na engile lweziganeko refraction lulwahlulo ke okuza refraction medium wokuqala nowesibini: isono i / isono r = n r / n i.

Umthetho refraction sokukhanya (Snell) uchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwecala eliyi amaza ezimbini indices ze refraction eendaba ezimbini. Xa ngumtshangatshangiso udlula evela eliphakathi ngaphantsi zokunganyangeki (umz umoya) kwindawo zokunganyangeki (umz, amanzi), uqina yayo tsakisi. Kwelinye icala, xa ukukhanya udlula emanzini emoyeni, ezo isantya. I-engile izehlo ukuya isalamane yokuqala eliphakathi ukuya engile eqhelekileyo refraction kunye yesibini iya kwahluka ngokomlinganiselo umahluko kwisalathisi zokunganyangeki phakathi izinto ezimbini. Ukuba ngumtshangatshangiso edlula imidiyamu inomlingani ephantsi kwakhe koneshologu kunye aphezulu, oko Uyagoba isandla eqhelekileyo. Ukuba phezu koko, siya kususwa.

Isihlobo index zokunganyangeki

umthetho refraction Ukukhanya ibonisa ukuba lulwahlulo sine ngesiganeko engile refracted esilingana rhoqo ukuba lulwahlulo na sesiqhelo yokukhanya kumajelo eendaba ezimbini.

_{yesono i / r isono = n r} / n i = (c / v r) / (c / v i) = v i / v r

Relationship n _r / n _i kuthiwa index ekhoyo refraction ezi izinto.

A Inani ngezenzeko ukuba umphumo refraction kaninzi kubonwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umphumo ipensile "eyaphukileyo" - enye ixhaphakileyo. Amehlo kunye nobuchopho ulandele kwimitha emva emanzini ngokungathi na ukuba refracted, esiza evela into kumgca othe ngqo, ukudala umfanekiso virtual elivela kubunzulu engaphantsi.

kwiintsali

imilinganiselo Qaphela zibonisa ukuba refraction ye kwamaza ukukhanya ukukhutshwa okanye umbala zinempembelelo enkulu. Ngamanye amazwi, into baninzi isalathisi zokunganyangeki leyo ezingaguquguqukiyo kutshintshwe umbala okanye okukhanya.

Olo tshintsho lwenzeka kuzo zonke eendaba ngaphaya kwaye sibizwa kwiintsali. The degree of nokusasazeka umbandela ethile ixhomekeke kwindlela i index zokunganyangeki kuyahlukahlukana kunye neembono. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamaza kuba ngumkhuba ngaphantsi iqapheleka of refraction sokukhanya. Oku kungqinwe kukuba purple refract ngaphezu ebomvu, ngokuba kwamaza yalo imfutshane. Ngenxa kwiintsali kwi kwiglasi eqhelekileyo kwenzeka aziwa lwahlukane ukukhanya zibe kumacandelo yayo.

ukwandiswa ukukhanya

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII, Nkosi Isaak Nyuton yaqhuba uthotho experimenti ezakhokelela ukufunyanwa yakhe spectrum ezibonakalayo, kwaye lubonise ukuba ukukhanya emhlophe iquka uluhlu oda imibala ukusuka emfusa ngokuthi kubekho nokuyifeza aluhlaza, eluhlaza, etyheli,-orenji kunye ebomvu. Ukusebenza egumbini mnyama, Newton wabeka bemilo iglasi ibe singena umqadi elimxinwa ngokusebenzisa umngxuma nemivalo window. Xa edlula kwimilo kukukhanya refracted - iglasi project phezu screen kwi-malumga odwa.

Newton wagqiba ukuba ukukhanya emhlophe ngumxube imibala eyahlukeneyo, nokuba bemilo "ukuhamba" ukukhanya emhlophe, refracting umbala ngalinye kwinkalo eyahlukileyo. Newton ayikwazanga ukwabelana imibala ngokugqithisela kubo bemilo yesibini. Kodwa xa wabeka bemilo yesibini kusondele kakhulu kweyokuqala, khon 'ukuze zonke imibala saa kwaye baya kungena bemilo yesibini, abaphengululi bafumanisa ukuba imibala recombined kwakhona ukuba NdinguMenzi wokukhanya emhlophe. Le kwafunyaniswa ekholisayo kwaba ukwakhiwa ecacicleyo lokukhanya leyo kube lula hlanganyela iqhagamshele.

kwiintsali simo idlala indima ephambili inani elikhulu iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Rainbow nguye kusisiphumo refraction zokukhanya njengamathontsi emvula, ukwenza i emehlweni onomtsalane yokubola ecacicleyo, efana naleyo kwenzeka prizim.

I-engile ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuveza lwangaphakathi iyonke

Xa edlula imidiyamu index eliphezulu refraction kwi imidiyamu intshukumo indlela esezantsi amaza ezichazwe yi-engile izehlo ngokuphathelele ukungcola izinto ezimbini. Ukuba engile lweziganeko idlula ixabiso ethile (ngokuxhomekeke kwisalathiso refraction yezinto ezimbini), ifikelela kwindawo apho ukukhanya alikho refracted kwixesha eliphakathi kunye index ephantsi.

EzinguNdoqo (okanye mda) ekujikeni ichazwa engile izehlo, oko kukhokelele engile refraction of ° 90. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoko engile lweziganeko ngaphantsi kwe kwenzeka le refraction ebalulekileyo, yaye xa iyalingana kuyo, umqadi refracted ehamba isithuba ezohlula izinto ezimbini. Ukuba engile lweziganeko idlula amanqam, ukukhanya kubonakala umva. Le meko ke yaziwa ngokuba vangama lwangaphakathi iyonke. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwayo - iidayimani kunye nomsonto optic. Le diamond Imi ikhuthaza vangama lwangaphakathi iyonke. Uninzi umtha ungena encotsheni diamond, ziza kuboniswa de bafikelele kumgangatho ophezulu. Le nto inika diamonds zona zabo. Le ifayibha kokugcina yi iglasi "iinwele", zibhityile kangangokuba xa ukukhanya engena isiphelo omnye, kodwa ayikwazi kusinda. Kwaye kuphela xa umqadi ifikelela kwelinye icala, uya kuba nako ukuphuma ifayibha.

Qonda nokulawula

izixhobo Optical, ukusukela iimikroskopu kunye yerediyo, iikhamera, iiprojektha yokuzonwabisa, kwaye nkqu iliso babantu ungenakuxhomekeka yokuba ukukhanya swi, refracted yaye kubonakala.

Refraction velisa uluhlu olubanzi ngendalo, kuquka mirages, umnyama, ukukhohlisa ezamehlo. Ngenxa refraction ye iglasi zamafu-esibiyelwe yotywala kubonakala ukuba epheleleyo ngakumbi, yaye ilanga libuya phantsi imizuzwana embalwa kamva kunokuba ngempela. Izigidi zabantu zisebenzisa amandla zokunganyangeki ukulungisa iziphene mbono ngoncedo iindondo okanye lenses contact. Ngokuqonda ezi propati yokukhanya kunye nolawulo, sinako ukubona iinkcukacha ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba akwisilayidi ngemicroscope okanye Galaxy elikude.