Ksantoproteinovaya yokusabela protein: iimpawu equation ifomula

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni zokutya ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ksantoproteinovaya sokusabela kwiproteni. Ukubakho asidi enuka acid kwingxubevange iza kutshintsha ngombala uvavanyo lwesampulu positive.

Yintoni protein

Libizwa ngokuba iproteni, nto leyo izinto zokwakha umzimba ophilileyo. Iiproteni ukugcina ubukhulu kwezihlunu, buyisela izakheko zeethishu woniweyo nabafileyo amasebe awohlukeneyo, nokuba iinwele, ulusu kunye nemisipha. Ne nxaxheba kwabo, kuvelisa corpuscles ebomvu igazi, ilawulwa yi ngokusebenza okuqhelekileyo hormone kunye neeseli amajoni omzimba.

Le molecule entsonkothileyo leyo polypeptide kokuba ubunzima ngakumbi kwe-6 ~ 10 ³ daltons. isakhiwo protein ngokwakha iintsalela asidi acid kwinani elikhulu kukhatshwa peptide iqhina.

Isakhiwo iiprotheni

Eyona ekhethekileyo kwezi zinto kuthelekiswa peptides ephantsi ubunzima molekyuli zona iqulunqe isakhiwo lwesithuba-ntathu, inkxaso iziphumo ezinamazinga ezahlukeneyo yomtsalane. Iiproteni ilifa-isakhiwo ezine. Ngokuba elowo kubo uneempawu zawo.

Njengesiseko bombutho ephambili molekyuli eyenziwe ukulandelana acid acid, isakhiwo neqaphela ksantoproteinovaya sokusabela kwiproteni. Esi sakhiwo a ngamaxesha ephindaphindayo peptide bond -HN-CH-NGEZEKHARITYHULAM, a radicals inxalenye uyakhetha ezi iintsontelo uhlangothi asidi acid. Ngokucacisa ezinye iimpawu ukwimo xa iyonke.

Ubume protein lokuqala kugqalwa namandla ngokwaneleyo, oku ngenxa yobukho leendibano covalent strong kwiibhondi peptide. Ukuqulunqwa amaqondo ezilandelayo lwenzeka kuxhomekeke iimpawu ezibekwe kwi isanda.

Ukwenziwa ubume zamabanga kunokwenzeka ngenxa linegunya ukulandelana acid acid kwindawo uwele, apho amaqhina hydrogen ayamiselwa phakathi Akubuya.

umbutho neliphezulu iimolekyuli akhiwa ngokusebenzisa mnye uwele kwi namanye amaceba lubandakanywe nezenzo zonke izinto oziqhagamsheleyo kunokwenzeka phakathi kwabo, hydrogen, disulfide, covalent okanye ezimbaxa ionic. Isiphumo lombutho ngohlobo globules.

Amalungiselelo lwamabala izakhiwo ephakamileyo ukuyilwa iibhondi imichiza phakathi kwabo ekhokelela kuseko kwefom lokugqibela kwemolekyuli okanye amazinga koqeqesho.

acid

Bakufikise iimpawu eekhemikhali iiprothini. Kukho malunga nama-20 asidi ezinkulu acid ukwenza i polypeptides ngolandelelwano eyahlukileyo. Oku ubizwa aminocarboxylic acid ezinqabileyo kwifomu hydroxyproline kunye hydroxylysine wathola peptide esisiseko.

Njengophawu ukuqondwa ksantoproteinovaya Iprothini reaction, ubukho asidi ezithile acid inika ukutshintsha umbala wezenzi, exela ubukho izakhiwo ezithile kumafa zabo.

Kwathi kanti, ukuba asidi carboxylic eye yenzeka endaweni hydrogen atom kwi qela acid le.

Umzekelo isakhiwo kwemolekyuli ingase ifomula noshowo glycine (HNH- HCH- COOH) njengoko acid acid zilula.

Kulo mzekelo omnye hydrogens CH ₂ - ingathathelwa indawo carbon elide ezinkulu equka umsesane benzene, acid, sulfo, carboxy.

Ntoni ksantoproteinovaya reaction

Uhlalutyo esemgangathweni iiprotheni besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka ukusabela:

• biuret kunye ukubonakala ozuba lombala;
• ninhydrin ukwenza isisombululo blue-Violet;
• formaldehyde ne ukusekwa umbala obomvu;
• Nogier ukuba kwenze umbala zizimvi omnyama.

Ekuphumezeni indlela ngamnye kwaba ubukho iiprothini kunye nobukho kumaqela athile ezisebenzayo kwi molecule zabo.

Kukho ksantoproteinovaya yokusabela kwiproteni. Kwakhona ngokuba ziindleko Mulder. Oku kubhekisela reactions umbala iiproteni, apho kukho acid ibhedolaki heterocyclic.

Uphawu zalenkqubo isampuli yi nitration acid nitric elibujikele acid acid iintsalela ingakumbi ukulawula yeqela nitro i ngekhonkco benzene.

Isiphumo sale nkqubo ukuyilwa iikhompawundi nitro, ezenze. Le esisiseko indlela uphawu ksantoproteinovaya.

Yintoni owabeka asidi acid

Asingabo bonke aminocarboxylic acid kungabonwa usebenzisa isampuli enjalo. Eyona inkalo ksantoproteinovaya Iprothini Ubhaqo reaction - ubukho ring benzene okanye isazinge heterocyclic kwi asidi molecule acid.

Ngenxa kwiproteni uyazimela asidi aminocarboxylic ezimbini enuka kamnandi, apho kukho iqela phenyl (ngokuba phenylalanine), kunye hydroxyphenyl ezinkulu (in tyrosine).

Nge ksantoproteinovaya reaction ugqibe heterocyclic acid acid tryptophan, indole nokuba nucleus enuka kamnandi. Ubukho le khompawundi ngasentla kwiproteni unika umbala utshintsho uphawu bume yokuhlolwa.

Yini wezenzi sebenzisa

Kuba enze indlela ksantoproteinovaya kufuneka ukulungiselela isisombululo of egg protein, okanye imvelaphi yemifuno-1%.

Ngokwesiqhelo kusetyenziswa iqanda, lwahlulwe ngenxa yokuzahlula ngakumbi kwiproteni ukusuka sac. Kuba nesisombululo protein-1% iye exutywe isixa phindene wamanzi nyulu. Emva ukunyibilika kwisiphumo ulwelo protein kufuneka kuhluzeka kwiiseli ezininzi cheesecloth. Le isisombululo kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo.

Kuyenzeka ukuba enze indlela kunye iproteni yemifuno. Ukulungiselela isisombululo isetyenziswa umgubo wengqolowa xa isixa-mali ka-0.04 kg. 0.16 l yamanzi nyulu. Izithako zaye ezixutywe igutyana apho ibotshelelwe iiyure ezingama-24 kwindawo epholileyo kubushushu omalunga + 1 ° C. Ekupheleni kosuku sisombululo ethe azanya zanyiswa, kulandele ukuhluza yawo yokuqala cotton wool uze - iphepha elisongiweyo icebo lokucoca. Ulwelo yahlaliswa igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo. Le isisombululo ikakhulu khona iqhezu albumin.

Kuba ekwenzeni ksantoproteinovaya reaction njengoko engundoqo reagent kusetyenziswa nitric acid conc. Eminye wezenzi sisisombululo ka-10% sodium hayidroksayidi okanye ammonia, umxube gelatin kunye phenol unconcentrated.

Indlela le

Kwityhubhu ecocekileyo wenziwa-1% isisombululo protein amaqanda -th okanye yomgubo isixa ml-2. Ukuze oku idityaniswa malunga 9 amathontsi ka-nitric acid wamandla ukuya flocculation wayeka. Lo mxube yahlaliswa liyavutha, leyo kwenze emthubi ngcembe shwaka kunye nombala wayo ingena isisombululo.

Xa ulwelo lwentaba- kwi ityhubhu owayame eludongeni yongezwe malunga 9 amathontsi sodium hayidroksayidi, ngokwendawo, apho nto ukuzibhubhisa ukutshekisha le nkqubo. Indlela abasabela medium uba obrak. Umxholo uba umbala orange kwi ityhubhu yovavanyo.

iimpawu ze

Ekubeni ksantoproteinovaya ebizwa asabela esemgangathweni ku-nitric acid yintshukumo iiproteni, isampuli lwenziwa phantsi ifakiwe yimisi tot. Qwalasela yonke imigqaliselo yokhuseleko xa usebenza zizinto kanzulu abuhlungu.

Ukukhululwa imixholo evela ityhubhu ngethuba lenkqubo ubushushu ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ukulungisa oko kumnini kwaye ukhethe tyekelo.

Ukufowuna of nitric acid wamandla kunye nesoda abuhlungu kufuneka usebenzisa kuphela iglasi sokukhetha umbala kunye namapere yerabha sokukhetha umbala akuvumelekanga ngomlomo.

indlela isihlobo phenol

Ecacileyo, inkqubo kunye nasekuziqiniseni kwam phambi amaqela phenyl lwenziwa nge hydroxybenzene isampula efanayo.

Ityhubhu ngokwenza 2 ml phenol axutywe namanzi, ngoko ngcembe owayame eludongeni, kongezwa ml-2 ka-nitric acid wamandla. Ewiliko yathotyelwa kubushushu, apho kuba omthubi. Siyaqondakala ke umgangatho phambi khonkcweni benzene.

Inkqubo hydroxybenzene nitrated ne-nitric acid kulandele ukuyilwa ngomxube p-nitrophenol kunye o-nitrophenol in ipesenti-15 ukuya kuma-35.

Ukuthelekisa test ne gelatin

Ukungqina ukuba ksantoproteinovaya sokusabela kwiproteni kutyhilwa iasidi acid kunye nesakhiwo esinevumba elimnandi, iiproteni ezingenawo iqela izakhi.

Kwityhubhu ecocekileyo wenziwa-1% gelatin isisombululo xa isixa ml-2. Ukuze oku idityaniswa malunga 9 amathontsi ka-nitric acid wamandla. Lo mxube ngenxa itshiswa. Ewiliko khange imibala etyheli, nto leyo ebonisa ukungabikho acid kunye nesakhiwo enuka kamnandi. Maxa wambi kukho yellowing kancinane yokusingqongileyo ngenxa yobukho ukungcola protein.

zibalo chemical

Xa ezimbini indlela inyathelo iqhuba ksantoproteinovaya iiprothini. Formula kuqala inkqubo nitration isigaba ichaza iimolekyuli acid acid usebenzisa kanzulu nitric acid.

Umzekelo kuthinjwe qela nitro ukuya tyrosine ukwenza nitrotyrosine kunye dinitrotirozina. Kwimeko ngekhonkco benzene sokuqala enye NO ₂ -radical iqhotyoshelweyo, kwaye kufuneka umchiza yesibini athom ezimbini hydrogen athathelwa indawo NO _2. Chemical ksantoproteinovaya ifomula tyrosine reaction emelwe ukusabela ne-nitric acid ukwenza nitrotyrosine mpilo.

inkqubo Nitration ihamba utshintsho imibala ezingenambala ngethoni yellow. Ekwenzeni indlela abasabela ngayo kunye kwiiproteni equlathe acid acid iintsalela phenylalanine okanye tryptophan, kunye nombala yokutshintsha isisombululo.

Inyathelo lesibini imveliso indlela le nitration neemolekyuli tyrosine, ingakumbi nitrotyrosine, kunye Ammonium okanye sodium hayidroksayidi. Isiphumo sodium okanye ammonium ityuwa apho umbala otyheli-orenji. Loo yokusabela lihlobene amathuba iimolekyuli nitrotyrosine ukuhamba ngendlela quinoid. Kamva ityuwa benziwa ngenxa yolo nitronic acid, nto leyo eye inkqubo quinone neentambo conjugated kabini.

Utsho iphela ksantoproteinovaya reaction kwiiproteni. Le equation uchazwe apha ngasentla Inyathelo lesibini.

iziphumo

Ngexesha uhlalutyo ulwelo eziqulethwe kwimibhobho ezintathu, umxube reference bungxengwe phenol. Izinto enemisesane benzene ukunika indlela umgangatho nitric acid. Ngenxa yoko, litshintsha umbala isicombululo.

Njengoko yaziwa, gelatin liquka uhlobo hydrolyzed of collagen. Neprothini ayiqulathanga isakhiwo enuka kamnandi le acid. Akukho inguqu umbala medium ukusabela kunye acid.

In ityhubhu uvavanyo wesithathu kukho indlela entle kwiiproteni ksantoproteinovaya. Isiphelo singa zotywa hlobo lulandelayo: zonke iiproteni kunye nesakhiwo esinevumba elimnandi, nokuba iqela phenyl okanye isangqa indole, banikwe utshintsho umbala isicombululo. Oku kungenxa ukuyilwa iikhompawundi nitro nge eyahlukileyo umbala omthubi.

Ukufeza umbala yokusabela ingqina ubukho izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ikhemikhali acid kunye neeproteni. UMZEKELO gelatin ubonisa ukuba nokubunjwa kwayo kuquka aminocarboxylic acid ungenayo iqela phenyl okanye isakhiwo elibujikele.

Nge ksantoproteinovaya yokusabela kunokucaciswa yellowing ulusu xa isicelo kuyo i-nitric acid enamandla. Umbala ofanayo ziya kuba ubisi angqindilli ngexesha uhlalutyo yakhe efanayo.

Xa waselebhu lwezonyango lo mbala sampuli ayisetyenziselwa ekufumanekeni iiprothini yokuchama. Oku kungenxa umbala emthubi lomchamo ngokwayo.

Ksantoproteinovaya basabela yaba isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa quantification ye asidi acid ezifana tryptophan kunye tyrosine, njengenxalenye iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo.