Karl Haushofer: engobomi, iifoto, ithiyori, imisebenzi ezinkulu

uyise Famous kunye edume of geopolitics German, uKarl Haushofer lo ungumzekeliso ozise usembindini olu qeqesho entsha, ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ngokusesikweni ngo-1924 kude kube 1945. ubudlelwane bakhe ulawulo lukaHitler yaba sisiphumo yohlolo mnye-enamehlo ngenxalenye elingachanekanga umsebenzi wakhe ukuba badlale indima yabo. Le meko namandla lonke ixesha post-imfazwe. Kwaye kuphela kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, ababhali ezininzi ziye ke liphuhlise nokulungelelana ngakumbi, hayi nokuvuselela,, okanye mbumbulu bakhe.

Karl Haushofer (ifoto thaca kweli nqaku) wazalelwa Agasti 27, 1869 eMunich kwintsapho wohlobo yeengcungcu kwaye idibanisa iitalente zobunzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nobuchule. uyisemkhulu, Max Haushofer (1811-1866), waba unjingalwazi landscape kwi Prague Academy of Arts. umalume wakhe, uCarl von Haushofer (1839-1895), emva kokuba lowo yena igama, wayengumzobi, umbhali inamaphepha enzululwazi, uNjingalwazi ka Mineralogy kunye noMlawuli we-Technical University of eMunich.

Karl Haushofer: biography

Carl wayengunyana kuphela Max (1840-1907) kunye Adelheid (1844-1872) Haushofer. Uyise unjingalwazi wezoqoqosho kwiyunivesithi efanayo. Loo bume nabanye ababa kodwa kuchaphazela Charles, ababa zokuzonwabisa ezininzi.

Emva kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ngowe-1887, Wacela kwi Prince Regent Luitpold yaseBavaria webutho. UKarl waba wayeligosa 1889 wajonga imfazwe njengovavanyo wongameleyo nesidima somntu kunye nesizwe.

ngendima enkulu edlalwa emtshatweni wakhe ngo-Agasti 1896 uMarta Mayer-Doss (1877-1946). abafazi Volitional abafunde kakhulu waba nempembelelo enkulu phezu zobungcali kunye zobuqu ubomi komyeni wakhe. Wakhuthaza ukuba ndibhenele kwimisebenzi zemfundo wamnceda naye emsebenzini wakhe. Isibakala sokuba uyise ungumYuda, Haushofer iza kudala iingxaki ebudeni bolawulo lwamaNazi.

Ngowe-1895-1897 gg. Carl wakhokela kuthotho lweekhosi kule akhademi wohlobo emkhosini, apho wayefundisa imbali zomkhosi mihla ngo-1894. Noko ke, kungekudala emva kopapasho lokuqala uhlalutyo kushenxa wamajoni, ugxeka enye yeenjengele zakhe, ngo-1907, Haushofer yadluliselwa kwicandelo wesithathu Andau.

Ukuhamba

Carl kulitsibela ithuba lokuqala ukuphuma apho, wavuma umphathiswa wohlobo emfazwe lezithuba eJapan. Ukuhlala e East Asia uye waba sisiqinisekiso geography lomsebenzi kunye geopolitics. Ukususela ku-Oktobha 19 ukuya kuFebruwari 18, 1909, wayehamba nomfazi bakhe eCeylon, iBurma, India ne-Japan. Apha Haushofer wathunyelwa nonozakuzaku waseJamani, uze emva koko kwiCandelo 16 e-Kyoto. Wahlangana kabini Mutsushito umlawuli, ngubani, njengezinye izinhanha yasekuhlaleni, wenza nomvakalelo womoya onamandla phezu kwakhe. Haushofer waseJapan wenza uhambo lweveki ezintathu ukuya Korea kunye neTshayina. NgoJuni 1910, wabuyela Munich on the Trans-Siberia kaloliwe. Olu tyelelo omnye Kwilizwe LaseJapan kunye intlanganiso kunye begazi wanceda ekwakheni iimbono zakhe yengxoxo yaye ekugqibeleni lixesha malunga eJapan.

Le ncwadi yokuqala

Nezibi xa uhamba, Haushofer wafundisa ngokufutshane kwi the wohlobo Military Academy, phambi kokuba bathathe ikhefu elingahlawulelwayo ngo-1912-1913. Matshi waphefumlela ukuba adale incwadi yabo yokuqala "Dai Nihon. Uhlalutyo amandla Great yaseJapan kwezomkhosi kwixesha elizayo "(1913). Kwiinyanga ngaphantsi kwe-4 Matshi bizela kwiphepha 400 lwesicatshulwa. Le ntsebenziswano echumayo ngcono kuphela xa eziliqela iincwadi ezilandelayo.

umsebenzi wokufunda

Inyathelo lokuqala eziphathekayo ukuze kwimisebenzi wezifundo Haushofer waye kokufumana eziphambili kunyaka-44 ubudala ngo-Apreli 1913 kwiYunivesithi Munich njengomfundi zobugqirha phantsi ko Professor UErich von Drygalski. Emva kweenyanga 7, wafumana ubugqirha kwiJografi, yokuma kunye imbali, kunye ithisisi othi "The inxaxheba German kuphuhliso isithuba yaseJapan kwendawo subyaponskogo. inkanuko kwempembelelo yakhe imfazwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo emkhosini "(1914).

umsebenzi wakhe waphazanyiswa inkonzo ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ikakhulu kwi-Western Front, koko wagqibezela kwisikhululo seeteksi sisahlula alimwi. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ebuyele eMunich ngoDisemba 1918, waqalisa ukusebenza phantsi kobunkokheli owayesakuba ithisisi "Imiyalelo ephambili yophuhliso geographical Empire of Japan" (1919), eyagqitywa ngeenyanga 4. ukhuseleko intetho elandelwayo Julayi 1919 malunga iilwandle Japanese elizweni kunye lonyuio kubahlohli (emva 1921 - i ngesiqu) kwiJografi. Ngo-Oktobha 1919 Karl Haushofer eneminyaka engama-50 babuyela elikwinqanaba jikelele ezinkulu waza waqalisa uhambo lwakhe lokuqala izifundo kwi "anthropogeography East Asia."

Nolwazi Hess

Ngowe-1919 Haushofer wadibana Rudolf Hess uzikhethele Ritter von Niedermeyer. Ngowe-1920, Hess waba umfundi wakhe kunye nomfundi onesidanga, waza wajoyina Socialist Party waseJamani Workers 'National. Rudolph wayevalelwe lukaHitler e Landsberg emva yazibandakanya behluleke ngo-1924. Haushofer watyelela umfundi wakhe kukho amaxesha-8 kwaye maxa wambi idibene elizayo uMlawuli. Emva kokuba amandla ngo-1933, Hess, isekela kaHitler, yaba umxhasi geopolitics, isiluleko sakhe zokhuselo ngokusebenzisana ulawulo lwamaNazi.

Ngowe-1919, von Niedermayer - zobugqirha Dryganski, umthetheli-mkhosi waseJamani yaye kamva uprofesa nenzululwazi yombutho i-University of Berlin - Haushofer umdla kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo Jamani ukuya Japan. Ngowe-1921, wamcenga ukuba alungise ingxelo eyimfihlo imicimbi East Asia ukuba German Ministry of Defence. Oku kuye kwabangela inxaxheba linguCarla kuthethathethwano emfihlekweni amathathu phakathi Jamani, Japan kunye yiSoviet Union ngoDisemba 1923, yaye ukuqondwa okukhulayo ngezangqa ezopolitiko njengoko ingcali kakuhle isiJamani kwi eJapan.

Karl Haushofer Geopolitics

Sipapasha amagama bakhe kuphawulwa Ngo-1924 kwincwadi ethi "The Geopolitics Pacific Ocean." Kulo nyaka, yaqala imveliso lo lindixesha "Geopolitics", umhleli ogama uKarl Haushofer. Imisebenzi ephambili enxulumene indima Isazinzulu Imida (1927), ipani-iingcamango (1931), kunye iinzame ukuseka iziseko wawalwela geopolitics (1932). Kodwa magazini ibisoloko wahlala isixhobo yakhe ephambili.

Yaba uhlobo ishishini losapho, okt. A. synovitis bakhe ababini unesiphiwo, Albrecht kunye ne-Heinz, ingakumbi nxaxheba yokugqibela, ebekho yalo. Omabini wafumana ubugqirha ngo-1028, baba ootitshala ngo-1930, naphantsi uHitler ahlala izithuba eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente: Albrecht - iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle, kunye ne-Heinz - i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Agriculture.

De 1931 Karl Haushofer epapashwe "geopolitics 'ngentsebenziswano ne zejografi abaselula Germanom Lautenzahom Otto Maullem kunye UErich Obst. Ngethuba lokudubula kweentyatyambo iphephandaba ngasekupheleni 1920, baye kwaprintwa intshayelelo jikelele inzululwazi "Components neAfrika" (1928). Kule ncwadi, ababhali ingqalelo ezi geopolitics yenzululwazi isicelo efanelekileyo kupolitiko wanamhla, leyo ijolise ekuchongeni iipateni yeenkqubo kwezopolitiko malunga zazo zibe nesithuba ukuzoba Ingxelo ezopolitiko. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, Noko ke, ukungavumelani ngendlela yabo kwijenali "lwenzululwazi" kufuneka ukuba nazo zizivandlakanye indlela inkqubo yangoku, kwakhokelela ukuphuma abahleli abancinane. Haushofer yaba umhleli kuphela ukususela 1932 de ukupheliswa ncwadi ngo-1944

ukukhula career

Emva kokuba uHitler wangumlawuli ngoJanuwari 1933 Career Geopolitics kunye nendima yayo ukukhula ngenxa nolwalamano olusondeleyo Rudolfom Gessom. Ekuhambeni kwexesha elifutshane ngayo uthabathe inani amanyathelo okuphucula ubume yayo ezifundweni. Ekuqaleni, kwezimilo yakhe utshintshelwe kwi "Germanism aphesheya, umda wokhuselo kunye nokwakheka." NgoJulayi 1933 ngesicelo ummeli ka Hitler eBavaria Franz Xavier Ritter von Epp, omnye Haushofer esikolweni kunye nomkhosi, wanikwa isihloko kunye namalungelo, kodwa hayi indawo kunye lomvuzo ngunjingalwazi. Ngaxeshanye, abameli ezahlukeneyo University of eMunich kunye wohlobo Ministry of Culture utyunjwe ngenxa isithuba Umphathi yunivesithi - linyathelo ethathwa ngenjongo yokuba ukusetyenziswa ngenxa ngasekunene uHitler ukuba akhusele iziko zazo lwamaNazi. Carl Hess wabongoza ukuba ayeke ezi nzame. Kwelinye icala, Hess wakhuthaza ukusekwa iSebe lezoKhuselo for Haushofer geography okanye geopolitics, kodwa uMphathiswa wohlobo of Culture namkhanyela kulo. Haushofer wahlala ilungu engabalulekanga Munich ulawulo ngokwezelizwe, nangona imeko yayo iye ikhule kakhulu emehlweni oluntu.

umhlaba German

Ebudeni bolawulo lwamaNazi, wayebambe izikhundla eziphezulu kule mibutho ezintathu inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni inkcubeko German kunye German phesheya. I Party lwamaNazi, akazange angene, ngenxa yokuba kukho iinkqubo ezininzi kunye nezenzo engamkelekanga. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, wazama ukuba badlale indima umlamli phakathi kwamalungu iqela and non-wesithathu, nangona ngaphandle impumelelo, ngenxa yokukhula nazification xi kunye nezopolitiko ukuxuba ukuvela ezazikhona iqela urhulumente kule minyaka yokuqala ulawulo lwamaNazi.

Ngowe-1933 Hess owayephethe kwemicimbi nobuhlanga eJamani, wadala iBhodi baseJamani yobuhlanga, intloko yayo yaba Haushofer. Council wayenamandla nokuqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo ukuya amaJamani yobuhlanga aphesheya. Haushofer yaba ngumsebenzi ophambili lokuqhagamshelana Hess kunye neminye imibutho zamaNazi. A conflict of interest kunye nabasemagunyeni iqela kukhokelele kokupheliswa yiBhodi ngo-1936

Kwakhona ngo-1933, i-Academy ngenxa yokoyika nazification, Haushofer wacela ukuba athathe isikhundla ebaluleke ngakumbi. Ilungu of the Academy ngowe-1925, uYesu wakhethwa mongameli ngo-1933 kunye nomongameli ngo-1934. Nangona Karl washiya isithuba ngenxa kwembambano kunye neenkokheli, wahlala lilungu lebhunga ephakathi njengommeli osisigxina Hess de 1941

Lo mbutho wesithathu ebalulekileyo, nalapho kwexesha elithile yaba okhokelwa zezenzululwazi, waba Union the People ukuze amaJamani kunye nenkcubeko German aphesheya. Xa liphulo Hess, Haushofer waba usihlalo wayo ngoDisemba 1938 yaye yabanjwa kule sikhundla de ngoSeptemba 1942, idlala indima yayibhalwe, njengoko kwaba kanye Union elizimeleyo waba sisixhobo ze ngezimvo enkulu Reich German.

Iingcinga kunye neengcamango

ukunyuka lwamaNazi amandla zashiya uphawu umsebenzi wenzululwazi, nangona ngakumbi uhlobo kunokuba umxholo. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi ngodaba yakhe emfutshane "ingcamango National Socialist kwimbono jikelele" (1933), nto leyo uthotho "New Empire 'Academy ngoMay. Xa kwiSocialism iNational baboniswa intshukumo lonke uhlaziyo kazwelonke, kunye uthsintsho othile lwendawo imibutho amahlwempu, apho umbhali ekuthini iJamani, Italy ne-Japan. Ngowe-1934 walandela luqhutywa ngokubanzi "Contemporary World Politics" (1934) - luginyo iingcamango ethandwayo yapapashwa ngaphambili ezixhasa imigaqo-nkqubo lwamaNazi amazwe, ukuba kude 1938 malunga kungqamane iimfuneko Haushofer. Phakathi iincwadi ezininzi eJapan, Central Yurophu neMicimbi International, ziprintwe emva 1933, "Ulwandle kunye namagunya ihlabathi" (1937) wadlala indima ekhethekileyo. Kuye simanyene theory neAfrika uKarl Haushofer, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa amandla amandla ulwandle, kubalulekile kakhulu.

ukulahleka Rapid yimpembelelo nokukhula imo unxunguphalo iimpawu kwiminyaka kamva, geopolitics emva kokumka kwakhe eyunivesithi. Kulo nyaka mnye yena ndihlazekile wabonisa ukunqongophala ifuthe lezopolitiko, inqanda uhlelo lwesibini ethi "Imida" (1927) emva kokuba Italian yoqhankqalazo karhulumente malunga nentsingiselo lakhe yohlanga German eMzantsi Tyrol. Ngaphezu koko, emva kokwenza imisebenzi kumcebisi kwi Nkomfa eMunich ngoSeptemba 1938, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nokudliwa le Sudetenland, uCarl wavuma ukuba icebiso lakhe uHitler ukuba ayeke lokunabisa ngokungaphaya ngasekhohlo bodwa nephulo uzwilakhe ukuze imfazwe yehlabathi.

Imfundiso ibloko lizwekazi Karla Hauskhofera waba ngomnye imiqondo yalo ibalulekileyo. Kuye ngokusekelwe ngesivumelwano phakathi eBerlin, eMoscow eTokyo. Le projekthi yaphunyezwa ukususela ngo-Agasti 1939 ukuya kuDisemba 1940, de kube wangcwatywa eJamani imfazwe USSR. Umbono malunga nekamva longquzulwano phakathi zaselwandle kunye kwamazwe zwekazi.

Karl Haushofer - umbhali e-worldwork theory of block lizwekazi - nzulu yaye uxabene kakhulu ePoland, nto leyo ikhokelele ngenkxaso yakhe ngomdla Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, ukuze kupheliswe lizwe.

crash

Ukususela kowe-1940, yaye uKarl Albrecht, kunye Hess uphando ithuba uxolo neBritani. Yaphela ukusabela Hess eScotland May 10, 1941, apho wathetha izisongelo, ufana ingako isicwangciso uxolo ebesiqulunqwe yi Albrecht. Ngenxa yoko, Haushofer yalahlekelwa kuphela nomondli wayo, oko kubalulekile, ucinga imvelaphi yamaYuda uMarta, kodwa waphakamisa ukukrokrelana kunye ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Carl wancinwa ngabecuphi, kunye Albrecht waqukumbela iiveki 8. Kulandelwe Haushofer nokunakekelwa zonke izikhundla ongenzi kwezopolitiko geqe okuzithandelayo ukususela kuSeptemba 1942 in a wohlobo Manor. imeko yakhe yaba mbi kakhulu emva ukuzama kokubulawa kwi Hitler ngoJulayi 20, 1944, njengoko Albrecht inxaxheba kwintshukumo, leyo umbutho. UCharles niwabekele iiveki 4 yaseDachau noonyana bakhe babanjwa eBerlin. Apho Albrecht bulawa SS April 23, 1945 Heinz wasinda imfazwe waza waba isazi ophum umgcini-akhayivi entsapho.

Emva kwemfazwe, ulawulo US Haushofer imibuzo ngokuphathelele umsebenzi wakhe kunye nemisebenzi kwezopolitiko, kodwa zange nomtsalane ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule Izilingo eNuremberg, njengoko indima yakhe kwakunzima ukungqina imfazwe. Wanyanzelwa ukwenza uxwebhu wayefanele ukuba ukusindisa izizukulwana ezizayo ukusuka geopolitics German. Emva kokuba umsebenzi obhalwayo emfutshane "Ukukhuselwa geopolitics isiJamani" (1946), apho kungekho ixesha elide ichaza nokuxhasa kukubulaleka kwakhe ngaphezu uxolo kubo, 10 ngoMatshi 1946, uKarl Haushofer kunye nomfazi wakhe wazibulala.