"Joy of All Ngubani Usizi" - icon ye nguMama kaThixo. meaning icon

Akukho nkonzo ngaphezulu kunokuba kunivuyisa isijwili. Igama elithi "buhlungu" ngemihla ubudala intsingiselo sibanzi namhlanje. Libhekisela amava nje buhlungu, kodwa ukubandezeleka emzimbeni sesi sifo, kwaye ukusilela kwesicwangciso zehlabathi, yaye yonke into ngoku ukubiza igama elithi "ezimbi". Oko ngokusebenzisa ezi zilingo neembandezelo zobomi, nto leyo ezele uxolo, uvuyo yaye nentuthuzelo icon ye Virgin "bonke beentsizi".

Grace kubonelelwa ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso

Phambi kokuba uqale ukuthetha ngayo, kufuneka bonisa enye into ebaluleke kakhulu - hayi icon ngokwayo isebenza imimangaliso kwaye izisa abantu ukuba ubabalo lukaThixo, njengoko kuboniswa kuyo nguMama kaThixo. Oku kukwadala yonke imifanekiso yakhe, ukuba ngaye sinyuse imithandazo yakhe. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi icon enkulu, leyo kuthiwa ngokungummangaliso. Oku kuthetha ukuba iKumkanikazi yamazulu phezu kwabo, yaye uyakholiswa ezi icon phantsi kobabalo. Kuba oku imbeko kubo, kodwa akazange athandazele, hayi iibhodi, legqunyiwe ngomaleko entle, kodwa omnye umfanekiso wakhe oyingcwele eyayikrolwe kubo.

Kuba isihloko kwe icon, ekuthethwa, thina wasebenzisa amazwi enye stichera Marian (itekisi zonqulo ezizodwa) - "Yonke Obandezelekileyo". Lady yethu ngalo gama livela eRashiya ngenkulungwane XVII. Abahlalutyi kubonisiwe iconography ifuthe layo obubonakalayo kwizikolo zaseNtshona. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe engekho ezihlaselwe ezininzi (Ukrainian lunee) isekethe elinye zizonke. Isiphumo kunokubonwa icons ngale gama umahluko omkhulu.

Ngokomzekelo, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso kuyo ingcwele. Xa recensions zokuqala la manani azifumaneki, yaye wabonakala kuphela ii icon, ebhaliweyo emva 1688. Le yokuchaza oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngonyaka wama-icon ye Virgin "bonke beentsizi" wazisa ukuphilisa ngokungummangaliso kwisigulo uBhishophu nguJoachim udade - Euphemia. Ukususela ngoko ke waqalisa nokuzukiswa yayo, nesakhiwo bemvelo baqalisa ukwenza umzobo ukubandezeleka, ngaloo ndlela egxininisa ngamandla aphilisayo mfanekiso.

Features yesiko efanayo iconographic

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, kukho isiko ezibonisa ubude ngokupheleleyo Virgin emi ekuthiwa mandorla - nkqo kokukhanya elimbhoxo. Inyaniso ukwazi: onjalo umfanekiso uphawu umKristu kunye dha art. Xa ukukhanya enjalo kukuveza amanani kaKristu, iNtombi uMariya Buddha. Xa iconography umKristu wayesoloko umfanekiso kaKristu mandorla kwi icon "wenziwa kumila kumbi kaKristu" yaye "yesiBini Uyeza ', yaye Marian iconography -". Kwingcingane ungowokubongwa Virgin uMariya "icon

Ukongezelela Virgin kunye namanani, ukubandezeleka izigulo, waba isithethe ngendlela i icon yeengelosi, abo benze izenzo zenceba egameni ukumkanikazi wezulu. Ukongeza, ungafumana kungcangcazelisa ezininzi imifanekiso abangcwele, simi ngasekunene, kwicala lasekhohlo lwe Virgin. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba icon "Our Lady of bonke beentsizi" wabonakala emva kwahlukahlukana ibandla, apho wakhonza njengonobangela ezaziwayo yotshintsho ka uBhishophu Nikon, kuqhelekile kakhulu Amakholwa Endala. Ingakumbi kakhulu kuyo kwakukho uluhlu eyenziwe kwilali Belarusian ka Vetka.

icons History nokuzukiswa

Kuyimfuneko ukuba zihlale phezu kwimbali icon. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kukuzukiswa kwaqala ngo-1688 kunye impiliso izifo udade solusapho Euphemia Papineau. Legend yokuba yena wayephethwe amanxeba unhealed ecaleni kwakhe. Ngenye imini ngoxa wayethandaza Euphemia weva ilizwi emangalisayo, bezishumayela ukuba iya kuzisa icon ukuphilisa Virgin "bonke beentsizi".

Ordynka ukuba yoTshintsho ibandla apho ungajonga lo icon. Emva komthandazo phambi yenzeka loo mmangaliso, kunye nokugula ikhefu lokugula. Voice kwakhona wongezelela ukuba Euphemia kuya kufuneka ukuba benze lo mmangaliso, bedumisa igama ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary. Kungekudala, lo icon waziswa ukubandezeleka, yaye emva komthandazo phambi inxeba lakhe aqala ukuphola ngokukhawuleza. Kwathi ngo-Oktobha 24. Ekwenzeni igunya ungowokubongwa Virgin (apho ababenazo ngezwi), Euphemia umzalwana - uBhishophu nguJoachim - umthetho ukwenza umfanekiso inkonzo ngomthandazo "bonke beentsizi". Icon ye nguMama uThixo uzukisiwe ukususela ngoko, kunye nezinye ii icon imimangaliso.

Phakathi abahlali eMoscow onke Russia, eli bali yaziwa ngokubanzi, ezo ke ayimangalisi - umlinganiswa olona udade uMphathi. akathist "Yonke Obandezelekileyo" yabhalwa. Ngaphandle iinkonzo esele zikhankanywe benze "I Tale of the icon", inikwe zonke iimeko ngesiganeko, yaye ukumkani inkosi-ngabapeyinti kwaqala imveliso kuluhlu yakhe. Ngelishwa, akuzange kube lula ukufumanisa ukusuka apho bawela Church of the icon Kumbi "bonke beentsizi". ixabiso layo kuba Russian iCawa yobuOthodoki inkulu, kunye nokungabikho kolwazi malunga ngembali yayo kudala isithuba esikhulu.

Yenza uludwe icons lokuhamba ukuya eSt Petersburg

iziganeko Eminye enxulumene icon ngokungummangaliso, yiya ku 1711. Ngeli xesha ikomkhulu Russian yasuka eMoscow ukuya eSt Petersburg. Ndafudukela khona kunye nentsapho yasebukhosini. Ukusuka amaxwebhu yembali kucacile ukuba udade Tsar Peter I - Princess Natalia A., eshiya ukuya kwikomkhulu entsha, wayalela ikopi icon "bonke beentsizi". UMama kaThixo icon waziswa eSt Petersburg. Kodwa apha kukho ukungavumelani kumaxwebhu - ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, phezu kweenxweme Neva waya ekukhupheleni isidumbu original e Moscow, neminye imithombo zithi ngenye indlela.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kukuzukiswa icon boMsindisi-yoTshintsho Church, leyo yamiselwa imbeko yakhe kumda, wabizwa ngabantu "Skorbjashchenskoj" okanye "bonke beentsizi 'ku Ordynka. Kukhuselekile ukuthi loo icon, leyo ushiye Muscovites Princess Natalia, owayephakathi kwalo ibandla de Revolution. Emva koko kuqale puzzle.

Emva kokuba revolution yavalwa ibandla, isakhiwo sayo yasetyenziselwa iimfuno karhulumente. Kukho uguqulelo ukuba agcinwe i icon unyamalale ebudeni beminyaka wakhathazeka libandla, nomfanekiso ngoku ebandleni ebuyiselweyo - unikwa kuye ngu uBhishophu Alexy I dwelisa ngenkulungwane XVIII. Kodwa ke kukho enye inguqulo ngokwendlela apho icon yokuqala asinda ngokungummangaliso iminyaka yemvukelo kwaye ngoku kwisiza yayo yoqobo.

Petersburg Icon ye Virgin

Noko ke, ukuzila phambili eSt Petersburg umkhondo emva kwalo icon, okunyusileyo apha evela eMoscow, udade yokumkani. Kuhleli akukacaci kunjalo, ubuzwe okanye ikopi nto, kodwa, nangona zonke, kunye icon eMoscow, yaye nodade wabo, eSt Petersburg ayeze ngokungummangaliso ngokulinganayo. Oku kungqinwe into yokuba, ukususela kweli phulo mfula ngo-1711, ukumkani wayalela ukuba amthathe naye njengesibambiso yokukhusela wasezulwini emkhosini.

Princess Natalia Alekseevna wabeka i icon kwaziswa kuye kwigumbi bebhotwe lakhe, nto leyo yayimi kwi Shpalernaya. Kuloo minyaka, kwabakho umntwana odumileyo kunye nomntakwabo - Foundry Yard, apho imipu cast umkhosi nangenxa iankile weenqanawa. Kwakukho zomkhosi wadala namandla kwezoqoqosho Russia.

Natalia Alekseevna wamsindisa kukha nobungcwele. icons Imivuzo, wayenza isilivere negolide wawutyabeka, edluliselwa zazihonjiswe ngamatye. Ngokutsho kwizithethe kuzinza, nto zabekwa esele abangcwele kunye nezinye zingcwele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkosazana uhlonipha kusengenziwa almshouse wakhe apho ebhotwe, apho ibandla wahamba emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1716.

Ukunqulwa kwemifanekiso yasebukhosini

Emva kwesiqingatha senkulungwane uCatherine II liphathwa ukumdumisa kumfanekiso ngokungummangaliso "Yonke Obandezelekileyo". Icon ye nguMama uThixo wabanika amandla ayo ngexesha bhubhane ingqakaqa eyaqalisa ngo-1768. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukumkanikazi waba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuba ukugonyelwa esi sifo kabuhlungu kwakunye yindlalifa kwitrone, ngokufaka ngumzekelo kwabanye.

Waba kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko ugonyo ngaloo minyaka zaba ezintsha ze zamkelwa kuluntu ngoloyiko incomprehension. Phambi kokuba isigqibo ukufuduka, uCatherine II waya kwigumbi le inkosazana Natalia. Umthandazo icon "bonke beentsizi" owafaka ukuzethemba kwakhe. Ngenxa yoko logonyo ezenziwe umzekelo wayo, wasindisa ubomi amakhulu abantu. Ukubonga, lo, nokuba izityebi ngakumbi icon umvuzo elitsha kungekudala kwenziwa.

Ngexesha lokulawula umzukulwana wakhe Alexander I, ecaweni indlu Shpalernaya ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo ngumzobi L. Ruska, ngokuba icons wadala zinendawo ekhethekileyo kwicala lasekunene iconostasis. Eli xesha kukudala entsha, kwesithathu imivuzo kumqolo lo icon.

Kwaye kwenziwe nesisa engaqhelekanga. Kuba imveliso yawo phantse ezisixhenxe eekhilogram zegolide. Ukongeza, kuba nohombisoa baye basebenzisa inani elikhulu ngamatye anqabileyo. Photo iselangeni nge icon, eyenziwe 1862, ingabonwa kweli nqaku. Imivuzo yavezwa izinto ezingcwele abangcwele ezininzi. Emva kokuba ubungcwele emisiweyo leyo lenziwe ngu Metropolitan UGrigory (Postnikov), umvuzo wathatha indawo yakhe.

izintlu ezintathu icons

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukongeza etempileni icons Shpalernaya ngawo, kwakukho emithathu esithathwe kuluhlu yakhe, kodwa zithathwa elahlekileyo. Siyazi kuphela ukuba omnye kubo phantse akukho mahluko iimpawu zazo iconographic oko wazisa Natalia Alekseevna. Wazihombisa umvuzo wakhe umangalisayo. Ngo-1847 i icon yadluliselwa ubunini Saint Euphrosyne loonongendi Polotsk, yaye indawo yayo yathathwa yi ikopi wenza opeyintayo PM Shamshina.

ezinye iikopi On ababini abaziwa ngokuba iimpawu zazo iconographic. ukwakhiwa kwawo kwakukho engumfuziselo ukubandezeleka uthetha esibhalwe ngayo kamva. Brushwork, apho aba, ixhaphake kakhulu esikolweni yasentshona. Enye i icon yi kwigumbi eliphezulu egalari. ubuqambi yayo yayanyaniswa kakuhle yaziwa ngexesha umzobi FA Bronnikov. Enye yenziwa imbeko isikhumbuzo yamashumi amahlanu ngokutsha itempile. Kubhaliwe kwathiwa yi wegcisa kwibhodi zobhedu, IA Tyurin.

Thile emva koko wenza ngokutsha ibandla, yaye ukususela ngoko kwathiwa Skorbyaschinskoy. Kwakhona yayibizwa ngokuba Church of "bonke beentsizi". Wawuqala de-1932, xa, kunye iicawa ezininzi Russian ivaliwe. Emva koko wanyamalala ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo, eqweba kwi icon engummangaliso - kokhokho Princess Natalia.

E St. Petersburg, kwi yoTshintsho Cathedral, kukho i icon abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba lowo ezilahlekileyo xa uvala itempile Shpalernaya. Kodwa oku, ngelishwa, i kahle. yenyani Old ezenziwe icons into Princess, ingqina zabo ezingezo-yesazisi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba oyiNgcwele yoTshintsho Cathedral luluhlu wamhlonipha, apho, njengoko waziwa, igcinwe izicwangciso anqabileyo icon ecaleni Natalia Alekseevna waza watshintshelwa Cathedral emva kokuvalwa kwalo ibandla yendlu.

Icon ne groshikami

kukho enye ngendlela yazo ekhethekileyo phakathi icons Petersburg Marian. Ibizwa ngokuba icon "bonke beentsizi" kunye groshikami. Kukho banentsomi yokuba ngenye imini, phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, iye kubethwa amaza Neva elunxwemeni ecaleni kwegama yonke yomrhwebi Kurakin. Bona i icon wegqitha kumaKanan Matveeva, ngubani prepodnos kuye njengesipho indlwana eyakhiwe imbeko Tikhvin Icon ye nguMama kaThixo kwi-Village madlavu kufuphi Petersburg. Kukho yingcwele ecaleni eSt Petersburg iglasi mveliso.

Udumo, lo icon waba emva uqhwithela olubi, ukugquma phezu isixeko Julayi 23, 1888. Amaxwebhu aseleyo ukususela ngelo xesha, kuyaziwa ukuba ugwayimbo umbane ukuba angene kwigumbi, yatsha iindonga ngaphakathi kwaye kukho icon. Kakhulu bahlupheka imagi-ngxowa - Waphulwa ngokupheleleyo. Wahlala esenjalo kuphela ecaweni i icon - umrhwebi isipho Matveeva. Ngaphezu koko, xa kusehla umbane bantinga ngaphandle iinkozo ngokuyinqaba ngokuqinileyo wanamathela kumphezulu icon.

Xa kuvulwa emva uqhwithela yonakele ecaweni, bafumana ukuba umfanekiselo Virgin ngoku- ngaphambili kwikona kwi umtya ngesibetho ezimbi yawa phantsi. Kodwa umxhelo kakhulu kukuba ubuso nguMama kaThixo, ubone ixesha ngokwayo bakhanyiselwa, zihlaziywe. Lo mmangaliso yaba eninzi nje elisingqongileyo lamangqina, yayingengomarhe athethwe ngaye lwanda ngokukhawuleza eSt Petersburg.

Baqalisa ekubhiyozeleni yokuba ngokuyalelwa zikabhishophu olawulayo, Metropolitan Isidor (Nikolsky) waqalisa inkonzo rhoqo umthandazo phambi kokuba icon. Ngeli xesha, yaye iingxelo yokuqala zeziphiliso ngokungummangaliso, wenza ukuze imithandazo phambi ngale ndlela entsha. Kwiirekhodi kucacile ukuba emva ngoDisemba 6, 1890 yenziwa i icon umthandazo "bonke beentsizi", inkwenkwe UNikolai Grachev kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala wafumana ukuphiliswa sokuwa. Ityala ilandelayo kubhalwa ngoFebruwari 1891, xa Vera Belonogova oneminyaka eli-26 ubudala yalahleka ngokupheleleyo ukuba bathethe ngenxa umqala obuhlungu, ngequbuliso wafumana ilizwi lakhe.

itempile zonakale "bonke beentsizi" (St. Petersburg)

umlawuli uhlonipha Alexander III ngo-1893 wabhiyozela inkonzo ngomthandazo phambi kwe icon. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, ngenxa ezinikelwe imali yabo kwindawo ezikhethiweyo ndiyakhele netempile yayo ilitye "bonke beentsizi". Ke waba mde kwi Neva River. Noko ke, ngo banesifo bakhe, ubunzima bayahlelwa efanayo ezininzi iintlafuno kwilizwe lethu - oko sachithwa. Ke kaloku, malunga kufana ummangaliso walondoloza ndlwana.

Ngethamsanqa, ndakwazi ngokwalo icon ngokungummangaliso, kwaye ngoku ikwafumaneka nayo kwi-kweenxweme Neva, ebandleni kaBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele, nto leyo kakhulu kuba iimpawu zayo ukwakheka ebizwa ngokuba "Easter ikeyiki Easter." Imbeko yale iseti icon yimini ekhethekileyo yokubhiyozela - 5 Agasti. Hi ndlela leyi, igama layo ezisemthethweni St. Petersburg icon "bonke beentsizi 'kunye groshikami efunyenweyo phezu imiyalelo lobuqu uBhishophu Alexy II ngo-1998. Zonke wenza naye ke iikopi ingqekembe kubonisiwe ngepeyinti.

Uluhlu, edume imimangaliso

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imimangaliso emininzi ziye malivakale icon kuphela, sele ikhankanyiwe kweli nqaku, kodwa benza kwizintlu. Ngokutsho hlobo yayo iconographic ezi icon badla uphinda eMoscow St Petersburg icon. Ba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kodwa isithethe imimangaliso wazityhila kuwonke-wonke.

Kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kule stop. Eyona idumileyo kwezi icon - Reshnovskaya. Igama layo livela kwilali Reshnov, apho yakhiwe ngokukodwa itempile "bonke beentsizi 'ukuba naye. Ngokutsho legend, i icon efunyenwe ebhadula seal mhlaba bahanahanisi natyebileyo - M. savic. Kwizibonelelo zalo itempile yakhiwa.

Isithethe uthi ngomhla yokuzahlula kwakhe kwenzeka ummangaliso - imithandazo koomama waphilisa umntwana, owayenesifo ukukhubazeka. kanye icon yahlukile kancinane kwezinye imifanekiso yalo hlobo. Kuyinto phantse ngokupheleleyo iikopi i "Iberian Virgin" Noko ke, balapha kanye phakathi abayithandayo bakhe babiza ngokuba icon "bonke beentsizi". Ixabiso amakholwa yayo imvakalelo ubunyani yeCawa kunye nokhathalelo, zithunyelwa phantsi Virgin oyiNgcwele.

Uluhlu icon ezanyulwa ezibhedlele nasezintolongweni

Kwiminyaka emininzi, i-icon ethi "Uvuyo lwabo bonke ababuhlungu" inceda izigulane ezilahlekelwe yiyo yonke ithemba lokubuyisela. Umzekelo wolu mfanekiso ukhona kwisibhedlele se-Kiev-Pechora Lavra. Inkolelo ithi umsunguli wesibhedlele, uNkosana Nikolai Svyatosha, owathi wabuzukiswa emfanekisweni wongcwele, wanika i-icon apho. Umxholo oqhubekayo ulandisa ukuba umlindi wesibhedlele ngaphezu kwesinye wabonelela ukutyelela esibhedlele kwindoda engaziwayo, kwaye ezo zigulane, ezaza kuye, kungekudala zabuyisela. Kwakhona kwakukho umonki omnye, othe wafumana izifo ezingenakuphilisa kwaye wayekulungele ukuqeda indlela yakhe yasemhlabeni. Kwaye ngolunye usuku umfanekiso ocacileyo weNtombikazi wabonakala phezu kwentloko yakhe ekukhanyeni kwenyanga. Isigulane sambona waza wamsindiswa.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo eVologda kwisibhedlele sasejele, kwakukho uphawu olungummangaliso oluthi "Uvuyo lwabo bonke ababuhlungu". Ixabiso layo lixabiso apho. Abantu abawela kwiiposiso zabo okanye ngokunyanzeliswa kweemeko ezithintela imivalo, ngokungabikho bani, badinga uncedo kunye nokuncenga kweNtombi Enyulukileyo. Abemi beli sixeko, banqula i-icon, bamenzele umvuzo wesilivere esiliva kwaye baqhutyelwa kuyo yonke indawo. Ngelishwa, lo mfanekiso omangalisayo awuzange usinde de iintsuku zethu, wanyamalala ngaphandle kokulandelwa kwiminyaka yokuguquka.

Icon ukusuka eVoronezh

I-Voronezh Theological Church nayo yaziwa ngokuba yinto engummangaliso. Kukho umxholo othi enye yePeter I-approximative I, ehamba ngesikebhe ecaleni kweMlambo iVoronezh, yenqabile ukunyamekela elunxwemeni kufuphi netempile kwaye iqubuda kwi-icon kuyo. Waye wavuma ukuba uyazikhukhumeza ngale nto. Nangona kunjalo, isiqhwithi esaphula ngokukhawuleza, esongela ubomi bobabini ubukhulu kunye nokubuyela kwakhe, samenza waphenduka ngamazwi akhe okugqithiseleyo kwaye, esondela ngaselunxwemeni, wuleza waya etempileni. Emva kokuba wamanga i icon, isiqhwithi sayeka ngokumangalisayo. Le icon ihlonishwa njengamangalisa. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuphilisa okwenzeka ngokuthandaza phambi kwakhe.

Kunzima ukuluhlu uluhlu olusebenzayo lokumangalisa kule icon ebusisiweyo. Babesoloko behlonishwa, kuba iithempeli kunye neempelesi zakhiwa. Le nqwawa "Yonke Injabulo Ejongene Nayo" yakhiwa eSt. Petersburg ngowe-1915. Kwakujoliswe ekuncedeni abantwana abagula ngengqondo kwaye yakhiwa phantsi kolawulo lwe-Impress Maria Feodorovna. Emva kwenguqulelo, yavalwa kwaye yahlanjululwa kuphela ngo-1990.

Omnye akanakunceda ukukhumbula uluhlu lweempawu kwiTobolsk. Kukho ulwazi oluthile malunga nokudalwa kwalo, kodwa ubugcisa beembali-mlando bakholelwa ukuba ukubhala kwayo kunokubanjelwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI. Ethempileni, le icon ibonakaliswe kumvuzo oyigugu kwaye ihlotshiswe ngamacangwana amaninzi, iminqamlezo kunye neengeniso, ezinikwa ngabafundisi beli xesha xa bethandazela uncedo. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuba ukuhlonipha okukhethekileyo kwababathengisi besixeko, phakathi kwabo kwakubhekwa njengesibambiso sezorhwebo ephumelelayo ukuyiqhuba ngeendlela zokurhweba. Ngelishwa, le icon ayizange isinde nanamhla. Njengamanye amaninzi, yanyamalala ngexesha leenguqulelo.

Amakholwa amaninzi kwiintlanganiso zabo zendlu ayenomfanekiso omhle. Iimpawu kwindawo yokuhlala zihlala zidala umoya okhethekileyo. Kwaye abantu abangaziqhelanga nqulo banomuva ovela kumandla avela kubo. Isebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwembono yethu. Kodwa ukuba intliziyo yomntu ifudumala ngokholo kuThixo, iimpawu ziyamangalisa ngokwenene.