Ixabiso kwezityalo ebomini babantu kunye kwindalo. Indima kwezityalo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu

Izityalo basiphe, umambese, efudumeleyo, tsakisaka emehlweni kwi ingqokelela egumbini, amaqoqo kunye nokwenziwa zeentyantyambo. Iindidi ezakha umhombiso uhlaza iplanethi yethu, bayakwazi yokutshata oganikhi khompawundi kunye ukukhululwa oksijini emoyeni woMhlaba. ixabiso elikhulu kwezityalo ebomini babantu, kwindalo, umsebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu. Eyona ndlela yokusetyenziswa esebenzayo kunye nendima nasengqondweni eli qela elikhulu eziphilayo.

Green ummangaliso wendalo

Izityalo zingafunyanwa yonke; ehlathini, intsimi, phezu kolwandle, nethontsi lamanzi encotsheni yentaba. Phakathi kweli qela yezinto eziphilayo kuma kwiseli kunye multicellular. Isayensi lifunda izityalo, ubume babo, ukwabiwa, kunye KABLOOM - Botany. Ukuqokelelwa zonke iintlobo zezityalo zifumaneka kwindawo ethile - ukuba izihluma.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ebomini. Ahluke imbonakalo: imithi, amatyholo kunye nohlaza. Ezahlukeneyo kweminyaka yokuphila uphawu annuals, biennials kunye Perennials. Kukho ehlabathini iqela elikhulu eziphilayo ibihlungu-ukwakha - na ulele, ubulembu, ubulembu club, kumila. Ukuze imbewu gymnosperms, nezidubula. Ezi zityalo zisetyenziswa ngumntu ukusuka kudaladala.

Isazinzulu Russian K. A. Timiryazev wabhala ukuba iiseli eluhlaza benza njengoko "Prometheus, ngubani weba umlilo ezulwini." Ukuba reyi elanga ilondolozwe amandla eyenziwe izinto eziphilayo izityalo. Timiryazev, oye wafunda yiklorofili kunye nendima izityalo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu, ebizwa abemi uhlaza planethi, "abalamli phakathi wezulu nomhlaba." Scientific wayethetha inkqubo uluhlu kwiiseli eluhlaza iswekile nestatshi - photosynthesis. Eli gama lesiGrike lithetha "ambaxa ukukhanya 'yaye libhekisela ngendlela ethile ngokutya - autotrophic. Ukuphila izidalwa-autotrophs wenziwa inorganics khompawundi organic usebenzisa amandla ukukhanya (ukhanyiso elanga okanye eyenziweyo). Abantu nezilwanyana abalindelekanga lulungiselelwe ukuba lube inkqubo enjalo, ngoko, kufuneka izityalo.

photosynthesis

Iingcambu ukufunxa amanzi neetyuwa zomhlaba kunye nezimbiwa ngokusebenzisa nasemingxunyeni obungabonakaliyo amagqabi, okusaqhubekayo icarbon dioxide emoyeni. Ezi izinto ezingaphiliyo ngenxa ekudibaneni kwemichiza zefotosinthesis, ziyinxalenye iswekile nestatshi. Le nkqubo yakhokelela phambili ukubaluleka izityalo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu. IFotosinthesisi umongo ibonisa scheme 6Ngoko ₂ + 6H ₂ Owu → C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ + ₂ 6D. Kwenzeka izityalo kunye nezinye abasabela yemichiza benza izinto ezahlukeneyo (starch, kwincindi, iiprotheni, amafutha, lignin, iivithamini, nentlaka kunye nabanye abaninzi). Bona ndiyaphela sisityalo zibalulekile kwi ekutyeni kunye nonyango yabantu, abahlobo bakhe abane-inemilenze - izilwanyana.

Indima kwezityalo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu

zibalulekile zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni nezidalwa Autotrophic. Ixabiso kwezityalo kuxhomekeke mpawu zilandelayo lweenkqubo imichiza kwiiseli eluhlaza;

• supply indlela apho amandla wendele isetyenziselwa abasabela yokukhanya;
• Ukukhethwa oxygen olufunekayo ukuphefumla abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngokwabo;
• ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo;
• ukufunxeka carbon dioxide, enesiqulatho eziphakamileyo kuyingozi ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni.

On Earth, kukho ukutshintshiselana izinto kunye namandla kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo kwaye emhlabeni wonke. Kukho zingamakhamandela ukutya elifutshane elide, bakha mbane:

• ihlathi ingca → umvundla → Fox;
• umpe umungu iintyatyambo iinyosi → → pern (iinkuku);
• Clover ithole → → umntu.

Ixabiso uhlaza kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu - ukuthatha inxaxheba circulations emanzini, ioksijini, initrogen, icarbon dioxide kunye nezinye kusitsha. Ngokomzekelo, izinto eziphilileyo multicellular akanako zibuye ezo molekyuli nitrogen emoyeni kunye nomhlaba. Isiqalelo kufuneka ukudala neprothini - ezinkulu "izinto zokwakha" kunye kwezondlo.

Ngomhla iingcambu maqhuqhuva eziyimidumba wambumba eziquka intsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa. Anciphisa nitrogen equlethwe emoyeni, ukugcwalisa imigodi emhlabeni, oko iguqulelwa iikhompawundi ezikhoyo ukwenzela izityalo imidumba. Le ngokuncedisana - intsebenziswano luncedo ze eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Xa izityalo kufa, umhlaba natyetyiswa initrogen, ukuba agxile ezingcanjini ophilileyo. Kuba imidumba umntu - zingumthombo obalulekileyo protini. Kwezolimo, ukuba zisetyenziswa umgquba oluhlaza.

izityalo eziluhlaza kunye nokwakhiwa umoya

Ixabiso kwezityalo kwindalo kunye ubomi bomntu zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, photosynthesis, nitrogen nitrogen kunye transpiration (nokukhululwa amagqabi umphunga wamanzi) kuchaphazela nokwakhiwa zezulu. Komphunga umzimba eluhlaza ukunceda bazikhusele nobushushu. Ngenxa izityalo, umoya acocekileyo, upholile kwaye ufumile:

• iiseli eluhlaza ukufunxa ukukhanya uwabonisa icarbon dioxide ndimkhulule ioksijini;
• transpiration leaf bakwazi ukulawula isiqulatho umphunga wamanzi emoyeni voice;
• Izityalo kugcina uthuli, uthuthu lweziko kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi abantu;
• aziphethe eyabelwe ushiya nempembelelo embi kubume kwamagciwane.

ukubaluleka Cognitive kwezityalo ebomini bomntu

Fossil iintsalela imbewu, umungu, imizila amagqabi kunye neenkuni uvalo ukuba izazinzulu ukuba azi ukuba yintoni na izigidi uhlobo kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuba izigqibo malunga notshintsho ebomini on Earth. Ngokutsho emakhonkcweni yonyaka entshinyeleni yehlathi kunokubonwa kwimozulu kule minyaka. Kukho izityalo, barometers, ukuba okwentyatyambo ngosuku enelanga kwaye iintyatyambo kufutshane yemozulu embi. Emahlamvini calla, yebhalsam kuvela phambi amathontsi amanzi emvula. Izityalo idla ngokusetyenziswa abameli experiments amasebe ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Umzekelo, kwezenkolo, ukufunda ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali iiseli zomzimba kugwetywa nokusingqongileyo ekonakalisweni.

Izityalo bakhonza ngokuba izityalo lokuvelisa eziphathekayo, ukuze bafunde iindlela ukudluliselwa kolwazi zamafa. Kukho iimeko ukwazi, xa izityalo asikeke asetyenziswe yemifuniselo waza wenza yezinto ezibaluleke. Umzekelo, i-eliNgesi uRobert Boyle ngengozi wafumanisa izikhombisi iikhemikhali zivuza ibe ntyatyambo ngocelemba kwi ivazi. Izityalo kube prototype yokwenziwa izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zobugcisa, ababeqondisa izakhiwo (bionics).

Izityalo kunye Industry

iiseli Green benza neebhetri elanga. Igcinwe ndisezintanjeni eekhemikhali iimolekyuli. Le emahlathini wagubungela umhlaba kwi namathuba ezikude zejoloji, ndiyinike ukunyuka bekelelo amalahle. iimveliso Fossil photosynthesis nazo ziquka ioli, umgquba, igesi yendalo, ioli shale.

Plant iyantlukwano, ukubaluleka izityalo ebomini bomntu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwakundixhalabisa nokutya, amaplanga-imichiza, Intlama nePhepha, namalaphu, amayeza kunye namanye amashishini. iimveliso logging - owaziswa ekrwada ukulungiselela ukuveliswa ifenitshala, izixhobo zokwakha, utywala hydrolytic, camphor kunye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo. Ngokutsho oqikelelo angqingqwa, abantu uyazi amawaka-20. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni. Eyona yamandulo - ukutshisa sinokwenziwa shushu, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, iingcingo, ukuveliswa iphepha.

feedstocks uncedo izityalo ezinezikhondo (umqhaphu, neflakisi, jute, hemp, njalo njalo). Umthombo irabha yendalo ngumthi Hevea yetropiki. Iziqholo, izinto zokuthambisa azikho ngaphandle zizityalo ezinuka kamnandi.

WezoLimo kunye egadini

Ixabiso kwezityalo ebomini bomntu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ukutya, ukutya, umhombiso lweendawo zokuhlala kunye namaziko. La maqela alandelayo ezahlulwe sisithuba iintlobo ukusebenzisa yezolimo:

• ukutya okuziinkozo (ingqolowa, irayisi, nerhasi, irye, ingqolowa kunye nezinye);
• imidumba (ertyisi, iimbotyi zesoya, iimbotyi);
• iziqhamo (apile, icherry, currant, raspberry, njl);
• sweeteners (ummoba, sugar beet);
• imifuno (tomato, yemixoxozi, ipepile, njl);
• oli (zikajongilanga, ukudlwengula, neflakisi);
• zokuhombisa (Lilac, rose, ifildi, Aster, njalo njalo).

Yembewu kanye imidumba

ixabiso lesondlo izityalo ebomini babantu nemikhuba. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba malunga 2/3 we ezityiwa zoluntu kumazwe ahlukeneyo babumba iimveliso esintu. Zizinto luncedo ziquka iiprothini, isitatshi, amafutha, iivithamini, asidi organic.

Izityalo ezityiwa acocekileyo okanye ezokwenziwa lulonke okanye amalungu kuphela yalo. A ndzo ebonakalayo izondlo kwaphawuleka okuziinkozo. It is a umthombo ubhetyebhetye carbohydrate, iiprotheni namafutha. Ukususela imbewu ukufumana umgubo ngenxa ukubhaka iimveliso yokubhaka, ukuvelisa ipasta kunye cereal iimveliso. Ethandwa ukupheka kunye imbewu yokudla zezityalo imidumba.

Imifuno, iziqhamo kunye neswekile izityalo

Izityalo yande organic kwi reserve kwi iziqhamo, iibhalbhu kunye amatswele, ubuncinane - in neziqu, amagqabi kunye rhizomes. ubomi bezityalo Ixabiso nesondlo yabantu ichazwa yintlaninge iikhompawundi agcinwe kule ndawo zimnandi. Uninzi juice yeseli kunye iivithamini kunye nezinye izinto iqhawulwa equlethwe iziqhamo, iibhalbhu, amatswele kunye amagqabi, imifuno, imithi yeziqhamo kunye nezityalo berry.

Ngexesha ukupheka lutshabalalisa ezinye iikhompawundi ezixabisekileyo, ezifana iivithamini. Yiloo nto ambulensi Siyaleza kudla iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Kukho amaqela abantu, watshintshela ngokupheleleyo ukutyala ukutya - inyama kunye vegans.

Ixabiso kwezityalo ebomini bomntu ukuqhama vitamin elimisiweyo. Fruits, amagqabi, iingcambu kunye imbewu ziqulathe zinonxibelelwano ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Uninzi iivithamini kwi izityalo ezivela kumaqela A, B, C, E, kunye K. Ezi zizinto elawula yokucolwa emzimbeni eluhlaza, kwakunye emzimbeni womntu, isilwanyana. Ukungabikho okanye ukunqongophala ehlanganisa zebhayoloji kukhokelela sifo. Umzekelo, ukungabikho ivithamin C, nto leyo zizityebi kwemifuno kunye neziqhamo, ebangela iintsini umonakalo ngeenxa umzimba womntu - ukhwekhwe. Ukujongana iHypo-novithamini complex, kulula ukunqanda le meko abaxatyiswanga, odlayo iimveliso imifuno entsha.

Lima izityalo yande isixa esikhulu lwemizimba juice elithozamisayo; ukuba kuqwalasele, ngumphunga kunye neswekile. asidi ngamanqatha iimbewu kunye neziqhamo zibalulekile njengokuba amacandelo amafutha ezityiwayo. Iwayini, ibhiya, iti, ikofu, ekoko kunye incindi yeziqhamo wafumana ngeziqhamo, namaqunube, imifuno, iimbewu kunye namagqabi.

izityalo zamachiza

Ukongeza kwezi nkalo, nezibonakalisa indima izityalo ebomini bomntu, kukho enye i iyeza esebenzisa iintlobo zasendle kwaye belima. izityalo zamachiza ziqulethe ebalulekileyo ukusuka kwindawo ezinokubangwa imbono zo xhulumaniso:

• sezakhi kunye glycosides - kuba nempembelelo olawula phezu umsebenzi amalungu kunye neenkqubo;
• tannins - yokuhlanganisa, ilifa iipropati anti-eziphilayo;
• iivithamini kunye neeminerali - kubalulekile ukuba ukutya;
• neeoli ezixabisekileyo - neziphumo anti-ezithintela ukosuleleka kunye kubola;
• organic acid - ukusebenza ngomhla ukwetyisa, eluswini, unwele;
• Flavonoids - ukulawula amandla imithambo yegazi;
• aziphethe - ezimelene amagciwane.

Ngoko ke, indima izityalo ebomini bomntu ubuchule ahlanganise izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini. Imithi eyenziwe nezityalo, athambe, kunqabile uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, xa kuthelekiswa ne-iikhompawundi zokwenziwa. amayeza lokuba amakhulu iintlobo enezityalo, kakhulu kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• ezinde European (Amaqhina awo, amagqabi, amaxolo, incindi);
• rosehip cinnamaldehyde (iziqhamo zobuxoki);
• ngeplantain (amagqabi);
• Valeriana officinalis (ingcambu);
• chamomile (yokudubula);
• ikalika amancinci-zodonga (iintyatyambo).

Ngaphandle izityalo, ubukho boluntu akunakwenzeka, ngoko ke umhlaba iimfuno umhombiso oluhlaza eyiyo, intlonipho kunye nokuhlaziywa.