"Island of the Dead" - umfanekiso Arnolda Boklina. Inkcazelo kanye photo

Ngowe-1827 kwisixeko Swiss ye Basel wazalwa opeyintayo umsebenzi wakhe waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lobugcisa nenkcubeko ngokubanzi. Igama Arnolda Beklina yaba igama indlu kwi kwizangqa ze ngabapeyinti Symbolist nokupeyinta adumileyo Böcklin "I Isiqithi of the Dead" yaba yashukumisa inani amanani abanempembelelo kwihlabathi zobugcisa.

Arnold Böcklin

Umsunguli elizayo kwemiYalezo wazalelwa unyana ka sesilika nomi Kristjan Fridriha Beklina. Arnold Böcklin wafumana uqeqesho ubugcisa e Dusseldorf kunye, nangona isimbo yawo eyodwa kunye iintlobo zobuchule, mayidluliselwe esikolweni Dusseldorf yokudweba.

Ootitshala kakhulu Böcklin njengomfundi ethembisa kakhulu yaye ngenxa yoko, lo gama kusekho umfundi, ngokufuthi Arnold waya phesheya, ezizezi eBrussels kunye Antwerp, apho igcisa oselula zikhutshelwa imisebenzi emikhulu yeenkosi Dutch kunye Flemish. Enye uhambo professional njengomfundi bakhokelwa Beklin eParis, apho igcisa wachitha ngonyaka Louvre.

Ngowe-1850 umzobi waya eRoma, apho izakhiwo classical, imozulu wobulali nenkcubeko usisityebi bamrholela ukuba ahlale iminyaka esixhenxe. E Italy Böcklin watshata intombazana yasekuhlaleni. Baye nentsapho enkulu - abantwana-14, apho ezintandathu kuphela yafikelela ebudaleni. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, igcisa kunye nentsapho yakhe bafudukela rhoqo, kuba ixesha elithile ayichitha Weimar, apho wayefundisa ukupeyinta kule Akhademi. E Basel, Böcklin wafunda painting omkhulu uku-oda, kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo umzobi wachitha eItali, xa villa kwakhe kufutshane Florence.

Lo umqondiso kunye "Isle of Abafileyo"

At kwasekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe Bocklin beqabe imihlaba kunye bokwakha lwedolophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umsebenzi wakhe uye wafumana orientation wentsomi, kodwa imisebenzi edume ngomzobi Swiss phakathi uhlobo yokomfuziselo. Noko ke, ukukhuthalele phezu komhlaba kunye ngeentyatya- kwiintsomi yamandulo. Umzekelo, umsebenzi edume Arnolda Beklina "I Isiqithi of the Dead" - umfanekiso yi zombini landscape nezifundo wasentsomini, kunye nomsebenzi ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo, imiqondiso enzima inani elininzi weemfihlelo.

Kulo mfanekiso kwisiqalo zezulu welifu ubonisa kwesiqithana esithile, akramnceleyo yi komhlaba ngamanzi esipilini. Kwi siqithi kukhula imithi emide nemisipres emnyama, namawa yimingxunyana ezibonakalayo buxande, okufana emangcwabeni. Phezu kwamanzi kwi siqithi wathumela isikhephe ngokubanzi, apho kukho ezimbini. Enye amanani isongelwe ezingutyeni emhlophe, ngokungathi kwilinen, kwaye uya kuma phambi kwibhokisi emhlophe luxande, ngathi ebhokisini.

Phakathi utoliko ezininzi kuguqulelo kakhulu ethandwayo luhlobo lomdlalo kwiintsomi zamaGrike. Ngokutsho kwakhe, imiphefumlo amaqhawe wemka, umnyulwa koothixo nobuntu abadumileyo ufumane indawo kwisiqithi esitheleyo embindini emlanjeni Styx. A nani emhlophe udla ngokubizwa ukuba siphelekwe elinye ihlabathi Charon.

Lo mxholo wokufa wayengomnye kakhulu rhoqo ngemisebenzi Böcklin. Ibangel 'umdla into yokuba phambi kokuba "Isle of Abafileyo" Arnold Beklin akazange amagama ngemizobo yakhe, kodwa imbalelwano kunye umthengi, iinguqulelo yokuqala womzobo yena wabiza umsebenzi wakhe Die Toteninsel. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, igcisa beqabe iinguqulelo ezintandathu womzobo, apho ezintlanu zabhalwa Beklin, yaye yesithandathu wabhala kunye nonyana wakhe Carlo kunyaka ophelileyo yobomi bakhe.

I ukhetho lokuqala

EsinguMyalelo weNkundla 'Isiqithi Abafileyo "Böcklin ezivela umxhasi wakhe, van'wankumi uAleksa Gyuntera. Inguqulelo yokuqala ifilimu kubhaliwe studio umzobi sale ngayo. Böcklin ukupeyinta kwaphela ngo-1880, kodwa ke, njengokuba kunye Leonardo "Dzhokkondoy" akazange afune ukuba ahlukane nayo. I "Island Abafileyo" yokuqala wahlala elifeni umseki wayo de ukufa kwakhe.

Isizathu soku uncamathiselo emfanekisweni, abahlalutyi abaninzi ekuthiwa ukufa Beklin intombi. Umntwana wafa ngo-1877 waza wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni IsiNgesi kwisixeko Italian ka Florence. Le amangcwaba ityalwe imithi ngemisipres emide, koko abafundi kwihi symbolist capture Swiss kunye womzobo.

"Lo mfanekiso amaphupho"

Ngoxa ukusebenza kwinguqulelo yokuqala studio ukupeyinta sale Beklin watyelela Maria Bern, umhlolokazi azizityebi le wezimali uGeorge von Bern. Mhlawumbi ngokukhuthazwa ngelaphu engagqitywanga, umfazi wayalela ukuba umzobi, "ukupeyinta eliphupha." Kuba kuyo Bocklin wabhala uguqulelo wesibini "kwisiqithi", leyo ezincinane ubukhulu, ebhalwe iqela ngomthi kwaye yenziwe ngendlela imibala eyahlukileyo, siyakhuthaza ngakumbi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba element kunazo zonke womzobo "I-Isle of Abafileyo", oko kukuthi isikhephe nomfuziselo Charon, Kongezelelwa ubume ngokucelwa Marii Berna, zokuzila umyeni wakhe. Kamva Böcklin iphenyane dorisoval hayi kuphela uguqulelo wesibini lo mfanekiso, kodwa kwakhona emhlabeni.

Emva kokufa inkosikazi nenguqulelo yesibini "Island of the Dead" ukupeyinta wanikwa kwigalari kwisixeko Lucerne, apho wathenga Gotfrida Kellera Foundation. Namhlanje, kulo mfanekiso idumileyo oluboniswe kwi-New York Museum "Metropolitan".

Mural Fritz Gurlita

Okwesithathu, inguqulelo ithandwayo womzobo eyalwa umqokeleli Fritz Gurlitom. Nguye kanye ezimbini zokuqala, lwalupayintiwe e Florence kunye yaphela ngo-1883. Kuyinto ukukhanya kwefom ekhoyo lo mfanekiso. Ngaphandle isikali lula, inguqulelo sesithathu "Islands" luphawulwa uthsintsho - iincopho emalunga neyi imithi ngemisipres begoba ngumoya, yaye kwamanzi ayikho nje isipili.

Le nguqulelo ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuba naye wenziwa Maksom Klingerom umgangatho ngasekhohlo, ngayo Frits Gurlit eprintiweyo yakhiwe. Ekupheleni XIX - kwekhulu XX, ezi yakhiwe baba ethandwa kakhulu eJamani, apho fashion kubo wafika kwamanye amazwe. Namhlanje Old National Gallery e Berlin ebonisa Imizobo original yokuqokelelwa ngokusisigxina.

ziingxaki zemali, kunye nenguqulelo yesine womfanekiso

Konyaka emva kokugqitywa ngumfuziselo wesithathu "Island of Abafileyo" Beklin usapho eziliqela wabaleka ezingxakini zemali, nto leyo eyabangela igcisa ukubhala olunye uhlelo lwemizobo zayo othandwa kakhulu, nto wathengisa ngayo sokuqokelela odumileyo Baron Hans Thyssen-Bornemisza de Cason.

Njengoko izinto yoguqulelo yesine Bocklin wasebenzisa ubhedu neoli ipeyinti. Uxolo, lo mfanekiso akakwazanga ukumelana Second World War yaye yatshatyalaliswa, mhlawumbi eBerlin okanye Rotterdam. Yaba kuphela nokufota emnyama namhlophe.

Ngelaphu for Arts Fine Museum e Leipzig

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Böcklin wabuyela i "Isiqithi Abafileyo." Womzobo eyagunyaziswa Museum of Arts Omhle, isixeko waseJamani ka Leipzig. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba eli xesha umzobi bakhetha iipeyinti oyile tempera.

Kulo mfanekiso eyesihlanu ngokucacileyo rower ebonakalayo, kukhokela isikhephe ukuya siqithi, ngaphandle isikhephe ngokwayo lisondele kakhulu kwithagethi, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezine. Kunika umdla ngoxa ukwakhiwa olusisiseko "Island of the Dead" uhlala ziyafana kwinguqulelo ngamnye namalungu amancinane ezahlukeneyo. Umbala lwemizobo ezintandathu, kakhulu, yahlukile.

Ukupeyinta "Isle of the Dead" e Hermitage

Inguqulelo lwesithandathu womzobo Arnolda Beklina, ngubani na yingqokelela yabucala, kodwa umboniso eSt Petersburg Hermitage, yeyona abangenagama. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ngokubhala phakathi embodiments yesihlanu anantandathu "Isiqithi Abafileyo" sele phantse emihlanu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba olu guqulelo Bocklin wabhala ngentsebenziswano kunye nonyana wakhe Carlo kunyaka ophelileyo yobomi bakhe.

ngumkhuba Cultural ixesha layo

Xa kwenzeka wasemzini, oku umfanekiso Böcklin waba umboniso lehlelo ixesha layo. Yeyona "Isiqithi of the Dead" - ukupeyinta, okunyusileyo umbhali wayo ebomini lodumo. Kwizangqa ezithile zenkcubeko Beklin phantse nguthixo ngokubiza 'ixesha elitsha kaMichelangelo. "

Ngokutsho ayephila, "Isle of the Dead" - umfanekiso, owayekade yinxalenye yale wangaphakathi phambili ulutsha kunye koongqondo nenkcubeko, kunye besiza ekuqaleni lephondo kwenkulungwane XX.

Yakhiwe le ngobuwena wesithathu mizobo saa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Admirer of Bocklin, oko kukuthi, i "Island of the Dead" yaba amanani mkhulu zenkcubeko nezembali. Apollinaire, Clemenceau, Freud, Dali, Kandinsky kunye Rachmaninoff zangenwa yi-atmosfera omlingo womfanekiso kunye nefuthe layo kubaphulaphuli. Umba obafunyanwa Adolf Hitler wawuxhoma kwi Reich Chancellery.

"Island of the Dead" - umfanekiso waba umthombo wempembelelo yezinye imisebenzi emininzi yobuciko ukupeyinta, yaye umculo, ifilim, imibongo kunye imikrolo.