Intsingiselo yentetho iimpawu izimelabizo: iimpawu kunye nemithetho

Le morphology ulwimi Russian kuquka eyahlukahlukeneyo ebangel 'umdla. Eli nqaku lijongana isimelabizo njengoko izigaba zentetho. iimpawu zegrama izimelabizo, ngokukodwa indima yabo kwisivakalisi - zonke ihlanganiswa eziphathekayo.

esithi

Le morphology ulwimi Russian bobabo kuluhlu isimelabizo ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ke yinxalenye zokuthetha buyisela nayiphi na inxalenye ngegama yokuthetha, ngaphandle ngokubiza iimpawu ezithile zelizwi. Isimelabizo intsingiselo iimpawu zegrama ezidweliswe ngezantsi kuphela libhekisela izinto okanye iziganeko, ngaphandle ngokubanika igama ngqo. Umzekelo, uyakwazi endaweni isimelabizo indlu lesibizo yena, yesi amabini - ngamanye amazwi njani into eninzi Isichazi blue - isimelabizo ezithile, njalo-njalo.

izimelabizo Ukwahlukanisa enenjongo

Kukho ukuhlelwa eziliqela. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yokuba imilinganiselo, apho ethwele ilizwi, izimelabizo zoqobo ekwanti (yena, wena, thina), unesikhwele (bakhe, ndingowakho, ezethu), isalathisi (lowo, a), Identification (nje ezininzi, nganye), voprositelno- isihlobo (ukuba kabani na) (akukho nto, nto,), ukungaqiniseki (umntu, ezinye, ezinye), ezingakhiyo kunye isimelabizo ejoliswe kumenzi ngokwayo. iimpawu zegrama izimelabizo baboniswe ngokusekelwe imilinganiselo yayo.

Personal, unesikhwele, zochazo, zokwalatha

Avamise kakhulu, izimelabizo zoqobo, ukulawula kunye zokwalatha. iimpawu zegrama yamagama - ibikukubakho lwamacandelo lomntu, ukukwazi ukutshintsha kumatyala, ubukho kudidi ngokwesini umntu 3. Umzekelo: Xa uhambo lokuloba yena vuyiswa. Isiphakamiso isimelabizo somntu (e) kuyo, nto leyo zibandakanya iinkalo ezifana umntu 3 (kwifomu kokuqala - nguye), genitive, njengendoda.

iimpawu zegrama of izimelabizo zokwalatha (kwaye bunini ngokunjalo) ezifanayo iimpawu asilogama: nabo bayashiyana kwimeko, inombolo kunye nokuzalwa. Umzekelo, kule ndlu - iphupha elo lakhe. Isiphakamiso isimelabizo sokwalatha (isinye, njengendoda, bona. Case) kunye isimelabizo bunini (inombolo u, njengendoda, naye. Ityala) yayo. isimelabizo kubuka ayitshintshi uye, ifomu rhoqo yemveli - ngokwayo.

Attributive, elingenammiselo, negative, zogxininiso-isihlobo

Zegrama iimpawu izimelabizo attributive ilandelayo: inani, isini kunye ityala kuxhomekeke kwimo evumayo. Ezi izigaba zentetho ezifana isimelabizo bunini, kodwa zalatha yimfanelo nolahlo ngokubanzi. Isindululo ekuvunyelwene ngayo kwesibizo. Umzekelo, yonke imihla waba ukufudumala. Isimelabizo wonke uyavumelana lesibizo ngenani, isini, kunjalo.

izimelabizo zogxininiso-isihlobo zisetyenziswe imibuzo kunye izivakalisi ezimbaxa njenge isibiyeli esiphindwe kabini. Kulo mzekelo, eli gama linye kunokuba zogxininiso kumxholo omnye kunye isalamane - kwenye: Ucinga ukuba bathini na izinto ezintsha? (Zogxininiso) - Wayexelelwe ukuba ukuthetha izinto ezintsha (isihlobo). Ezi izimelabizo musa ukutshintsha, omnye kuphela, kwaye ilifa uhlobo lwetyala.

izimelabizo Nanini lubonisa ukungaqiniseki into enziwa zogxininiso ngokongeza izimaphambili azikho - abanye - okanye nezimamva - into - into - enye. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu ngokwegrama isimelabizo ixhomekeke ixabiso layo. imibono emibi kuqwalaselwa kuthi izigaba zentetho nazo akhiwa ukusuka zogxininiso, kodwa zisetyenziselwa ndikukhanyele. Umzekelo: Kukho uhlobo oluthile isandi ongaziwayo. Isindululo izimelabizo ezimbini: abathile - ekungaqinisekwanga akukho namnye - negative.

Ukuhlelwa izimelabizo ngezizathu zegrama

Ukutshintsha omnye okanye enye inxalenye yokuthetha, isimelabizo ithetha nayiphi na kuzo. Ngoko ukwahlula izimelabizo, izibizo, izichazi kunye namanani, leyo ngokungangqalanga ekubhekiselelwe kumxholo, okanye uphawu inombolo.

Izimelabizo, izibizo abo buyisela sisibizo, ezizezi: izimelabizo zoqobo, umbuzo ngubani yaye yintoni yaye wazifundisa babuyele negative. Bathi ukuphendula imibuzo zamagama. Ezi zindululo badla ngakumbi na sithobele naziphi na izilungiso. iimpawu zegrama isimelabizo lesibizo-elikhankanyiweyo ngokusekelwe relatedness yayo kudidi oluthile ephumelelayo. Umzekelo, udidi lobuqu ngabantu, inombolo, kunjalo, yaye izinto ezingakhiyo, imbuyekezo kunye elingenammiselo izimelabizo, izibizo alithathwanga ukuchonga umntu.

Izimelabizo, izichazi zezo aphendule umbuzo amagama kunye neziphawuli parses inkcazo indima. Le iqela elikhulu izigaba zentetho, olubandakanya zonke isimnini, ngumyinge (ezinjalo, lo, ukuba, kunye nabanye), ezinye umbuzo (leyo, ogama) yaye ayila kubo engacacanga elibi. iimpawu zegrama amazwi kolu didi ezifanayo iimpawu izichazi, oko kukuthi, babe kudidi non-isigxina mzekelo, isini, inombolo.

Izimelabizo, amanani ezi igama zogxininiso nokuba zingaphi amagama elingenammiselo kwakunye livela ezi zimelabizo elingenammiselo. Of iimpawu zegrama ezendeleyo kubo utshintsho amatyala kuphela.

indima Syntactic zezimelabizo

Ngokutsho iikhrayitheriya kokufakwa udidi oluthile kwixabiso lula ukufumanisa iimpawu zegrama kwezimelabizo. Izigaba zentetho ukuba sizibandakanya isimelabizo kwenza kube lula ukuba ngokulula ityumbe indima yayo syntactic. Umzekelo, kwisivakalisi "Wabhala omnye ileta," kukho izimelabizo ezintathu ukuba enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo: omnye (private) - kwisifundo, bona (private) - Ukongeza, ezinye (attributive) - ukuzimisela.

Ilungelo lokubiza ilungu amacebiso evakaliswe imicimbi isimelabizo uncedo. Ngokomzekelo, akukho namnye wahlala endlwini yakho ngaphambili?. Ukubuza ngubani? - akukho - oko kuxhomekeke, endlwini ntoni? yakho - ukuzimisela. Kukho amacebiso, eziquka kuphela izimelabizo: Loo nto kubo. E - kwisifundo, bona - vavisa. Ezininzi kubo; bona - Ukongeza, multiple - sifundo.

imigangatho Morphological yokusebenzisa zezimelabizo

Ethetha imithetho ngokwegrama ukusetyenziswa izimelabiso amabinzana okanye izivakalisi, kuyimfuneko kuqala ukuchonga impazamo ixhaphakileyo. Le isimelabizo ezintathu bunini kuye, abo, yakhe, adla zisetyenziswa ngokungachanekanga. Umzekelo, egoshny, eyny, olwabo - yinto ephule kwemimiselo zolwimi Russian.

Ukusetyenziswa izimelabizo kwakhe, yena, bona, yaye ngokufuthi kufuneka kongezwe le leta "n" ekuqaleni yala magama: elithi ngayo - ngaphandle kwayo - ngako oko, - abanayo. Oku kuyimfuneko emva isalathandawo. Ukuba akukho sizathu, ngoko ke ileta "n" kwi ilizwi azifuneki; babengazi kuye, wacela ukuba ukubabona.

Esithi, kunye nomxholo

Izimelabizo ukwenza kwizivakalisi kunye neetekisi indawo imisebenzi. Oku kunxulumene kwezinye ezingachanekanga zegrama. Ngokomzekelo, uyise waya kuloo mzi. Waye kude kude. Uyise okanye umzi kude? Iofisi yomlawuli wafika, nto leyo ifumaneka kumgangatho wesihlanu. UMlawuli we-ofisi okanye emgangathweni wesihlanu? Amaxesha amaninzi kukho ubumbaxa ekusebenziseni isimelabizo ejoliswe kumenzi kunye isimelabizo bunini yayo: Wambuza umphathi ukuba beze kwi-ofisi yakhe (ogama ofisi: umlawuli okanye umphathi).

Izimelabiso yephepha lemibuzo yoviwo

Umsebenzi yokubhalela ulwimi Russian kukho imisebenzi apho ufuna ukwazi iimpawu zegrama sesibizo, isenzi kunye isichazi. Izimelabizo badla zibandakanyiwe umsebenzi besaphula imithetho zegrama. Le theyibhile ingezantsi inika imizekelo elolu hlobo.

Amaninzi yenza isimelabizo kwi inxalenye sokubhaliweyo iindlela lungelelanisa yonxibelelwano phakathi zindululo. Xa ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi ukuhlangabezana inkcazelo kwezindululo zonxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo, kufuneka amisele ukuba yintoni na izindululo ezinxulumene: ngeveki Basil waya edolophini ukuze ezivenkileni. Kuwo wazisa iziqhamo, okuziinkozo kunye neelekese. Impendulo: izimelabizo ezimbini zobuqu. Okanye omnye umzekelo: Namhlanje nemvula. Akumangalisi oku. Ezi zindululo syazany yi isimelabizo sokwalatha.

Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu zegrama kwezimelabizo, imithetho morphological yokusebenzisa kufuneka ukwazi ukuba kudlula ngempumelelo iimviwo kulwimi Russian.

ulwazi olunomdla isimelabizo

Imbali ukuyilwa izimelabizo njengoko izigaba zentetho umdla okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, mna - isimelabizo lobuqu ngumntu wokuqala isinye. Ivela ukusuka yaz Old Slavic, nto leyo mhlawumbi ibonakalisa unobumba wokuqala-alfabhethi - Az. Okwesithathu-mntu izimelabizo ngolwimi emva kokuba onke ofundileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngaphambili ekho yaye zokwalatha izimelabizo, mna, E, lowo ubizwa kumntu wesithathu. A izimelabizo mihla Umntu wesithathu nguye nawuphi Incedisa amagama ukusuka kudidi omnye komnye: ukusuka isalathisi ngasese. Imbali ulwimi Russian uyazi ixesha xa kukho iindidi ezintathu izimelabizo zokwalatha. Zazisetyenziswa kuxhomekeke kumgama sifundo isithethi: Sh - kufutshane kwisithethi, mh - kufutshane interlocutor, ngomhla - njengongekhoyo xa uthetha. Wokuqhuba esoqobo nangoku esabangela it a ngeendlela ezilula kunye bunini (eyeyam) kunye umbuzo (kabani?), Yaye ekungaqinisekwanga (othile) nekhabayo (akukho mntu).