Ingundoqo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Iimbangela zokuvela kwayo

Imingcipheko yingozi enkulu kwi-macroeconomics yeliphi na ilizwe. Umphumo owonakalisayo weli qhamo ukhula njengomntu weqhwa, kwaye ukuba akukho zithintelo ezithatyathwa ngexesha, ukuwa kuzinqanda. Kule nqaku, siza kuzama ukuqwalasela ngokubanzi iinkalo ezilandelayo zenkcubeko yezoqoqosho ezinjengexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso: isitshixo, ibangela, iintlobo.

Igama elichaza le ngxaki livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi "inflatio", elithetha ngesiRashiya lithetha "ukuvuvukala" okanye "ukuvuvukala". Inyaniso kukuba ixabiso lentengo yexabiso lentengo libandakanya ukuhla kwehla kwexesha elide kunye nokukhawuleza kwemali ebangelwa ukwanda okweqile nangenangqiqo kwimali yemali kunye nemali engekho imali. Oko kukuthi, ukunikezwa kwemali ejikelezayo "kutyhutyhile" kwaye "kuqhuma". Kwaye oku "ukukhukhuma" kubangela ukungalingani okukhulu kwizoqoqosho - ukungalingani kokubonelela kunye nokufunwa.

Ngomfutshane, intsingiselo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso inokuchazwa ngolu hlobo: ukukhishwa kwemali - ukwehla kwexabiso lemali - ukwanda kwexabiso. Oko kukuthi, ukukhululwa kwemali enkulu yemaphepha, engakhuselekanga ngesitokethi segolide kwi-treasury yombuso, kubangele ukuhla kwexabiso kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwamanani. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kufuna imali eninzi, ekhokelela ekunqongopheni kwemali ekuhanjisweni kwaye, ngokubhekiselele, kwimeko elandelayo yamaphepha emaphepha. Kwaye le ngxaki ikhula ngobukhulu, idonsa urhulumente kwindawo engqongileyo yezoqoqosho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuyimpawu ekuhanjisweni kwemali yamaphepha, kwiimeko zexabiso langempela (igolide okanye isilivere) akunakwenzeka. Ngokwalo, le nto yezoqoqosho ayinakubizwa ngokuba yimveliso yoqoqosho lwangoku. Ukubuyela kwiziganeko zemiyalelo yesiganeko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zibonakala zibalawuli boqoqosho oluzinzileyo: ngexesha leemfazwe, iinguqulelo, iintlekele, kwiinguqulelo zenkqubo yolawulo lwezoqoqosho ukuya kwelinye, njl. Ixabiso lemali, okubalulekayo okubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kule miba, kubangelwa ukuphulwa komthetho wokuhambisa imali ngenxa yokuxhaswa kwemali yelizwe ngokukhupha imali yamaphepha.

Akulunganga ukuchonga ubunzulu bokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphela ngokunyusa kwamaxabiso. Lo mcimbi wezoqoqosho nezentlalo unzima kakhulu. Ukongezelela, iinkqubo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso zinokwenzeka ngaphandle kokunyuka kwamaxabiso, xa kukho ukwehla kwemali, umzekelo, kunye nokulahleka kwempahla, kwimeko yokulungisa ixabiso lempahla nguRhulumente. Ngelo xesha, akukho nciphiso lokwenene kwixabiso lunithi yeemali, kodwa imali yemali yabemi iyancipha, njengoko kungekho nako ukuchitha imali ekuthengweni kwezinto ezinqabileyo. Ukunyuka kwindleko yokuba "ukunyanzeliswa" okunjalo kubangela ukwakheka kwe "inflationary overhang", phantsi kwefuthe apho urhulumente anquma ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oko kukuthi, ngokuphulwa kwemali yobudlelwane bemali-mali, uqoqosho loburhulumenteni lujongene nokuvela kwexabiso lentengo kunye nemiphumo embi.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokukhula kwamanani:

• Ukulinganisela okanye ukunyuka (okufika kwi-10% ngonyaka);
• IGalloping (ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya kwi-200% ngonyaka);
• I-Hyperinflation (ngaphezulu kwama-200% ngonyaka).

Izizathu eziphambili zokukhula kwemali, ukuqalisa inkqubo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso:

• Ukungalingani kwemali yelizwe kunye neendleko, oko kukuthi, ulwabiwo-mali;
• Utyalo-mali olugqithiseleyo, okukhokelela ekuveleni ngokugqithisileyo kolunye uhlobo lwemveliso kunye nokulahlekelwa komnye;
• Inkcitho yezempi karhulumente;
• Iimeko zezentlalo nezopolitiko eziqhelekileyo, njengezibetha, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, njl.
• Iingcamango ekuqhubekeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe njengexabiso, irhafu, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ityala kunye nemali.

Ngako oko, intsingiselo yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, njengento ebonakalayo, ikhona kwiinkqubo zokunciphisa imali, ukwanda kwamanani kunye nokwanda kwenkxaso-mali.