Imisebenzi ye Gorky: uluhlu olupheleleyo. Esiye Gorky: imisebenzi yokuqala yothando

Umbhali Russian omkhulu Mxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) wazalelwa ngoMatshi 16, 1868 ngo Nizhny Novgorod - wafa Juni 18, 1936 ngo Gorki. Besebancinane, "Mna, waya ebantwini", ngamazwi akhe. Wayephila nzima, walala ematyotyombeni phakathi igquba, eziphekuziweyo, oluphazanyiswa iqhekeza athile lesonka. Wayekholelwa imimandla enkulu, batyelela Don, eUkraine, kummandla iVolga, kwi-South of Bessarabia, zaseCaucasus kunye eCrimea.

ekuqaleni

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni kunye nezopolitiko, kuba aye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabanjwa. Ngowe-1906 waya kwelinye ilizwe, apho waba yimpumelelo ukubhala imisebenzi yabo. Ngo-1910, Gorky waduma umsebenzi wakhe umdla omkhulu. Ekuqaleni, ngowe-1904, saqalisa ukuba ushiye amanqaku abalulekileyo, yaye ngoko ke ethi "Ubukrakra". Imisebenzi ye Gorky ezopolitiko abanomdla kunye namanani oluntu. Abanye babo bavakalelwa kukuba umbhali ikhululekile kakhulu ubaphatha iziganeko ezenzeka kweli lizwe. Bonke wabhala Mxim Gorky busisebenzela yeqonga okanye izincoko journalistic, amabali amafutshane, okanye multi-ibali, hayi yaye ngokufuthi kunye imiboniso anti-government. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi 1st, umbhali wathabatha lwesimo ngokuphandle anti-militarist. Revolution ka-1917, unyaka wadibana ngothakazelelo, kunye egumbini lakhe Petrograd yajika yaba enithe for tipolitiki. Amaxesha amaninzi, Mxim Gorky, ogama imisebenzi ziye zanda mlonyeni, Zenziwe ncomo umsebenzi wakhe ukuze uphephe kabi.

kwamanye amazwe

Ngowe-1921, umbhali wathumela ukuba unyango aphesheya. Phakathi kwiminyaka emithathu, Mxim Gorky wayehlala e Helsinki, ePrague kunye Berlin, emva koko waya Italy sahlala Sorrento. Apho yaqala ukupapashwa memoirs zakhe malunga uLenin. Ngowe-1925 wabhala incwadi ethi "I Artamonov Business". Yonke imisebenzi Gorky ngelo xesha yayinepolitiki.

Buyela ku Russia

1928 waba zaguquka for Gorky. Xa wayemenywe Stalin, wabuyela eRashiya lonke lihamba nyanga kwimizi ngemizi, bahlangana abantu, simazi impumelelo kushishino, ikhangela zokwakha njengokuba yobusoshiyali luphuhla. Ke Mxim Gorky wemka eItali. Noko ke, kule elandelayo (1929), umbhali kwakhona ukuza eRashiya yaye eli xesha batyelela Solovki Special Purpose Camp. Uhlaziya oko kushiya ezihle kakhulu. Kolu hambo Gorky wakhankanya Alexander Solzhenitsyn e inoveli yakhe "I Gulag Archipelago."

Ukubuya lokugqibela umbhali eSoviet Union kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 1932. Ukususela ngelo xesha Gorky uhlala owayesakuba Ryabushinsky nandawo kwi Spiridonovka, xa dacha yakhe Gorki, yaye uya ekhefini kwi eCrimea.

Okokuqala Congress of lababhali

Emva kwexesha elithile, umbhali ifumana odolo ezivela Stalin, ngubani wamjizeka ulungiselelo 1st Congress of Writers Soviet. Ngenxa yale sicelo, Mxim Gorky kudala ndaba ezininzi ezitsha kunye neemagazini, ivelise uthotho iincwadi ngembali le mveliso Soviet, imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nezinye iziganeko kwexesha eSoviet. Ngelo xesha wayebhala umdlalo "Yegor Bulychev Nabanye", "uyaphakama kunye nabanye." Eminye imisebenzi Gorky, ebhalwe ngaphambili, baye nabo isetyenziswe ekulungisweni the First Congress of Writers, eyaqala ngo-Agasti 1934. Xa i-Congress, ikakhulu wathetha izinto, wakhethwa inkokheli elizayo le-Union of Writers Soviet, wadala amacandelo loncwadi ngohlobo. Kwakhona imisebenzi Gorky kaThixo ingqalelo kwi-1 Congress of Writers, Noko ke, yena wonyulwa sihlalo weBhodi. Lilonke, lo msitho ingqalelo yimpumelelo, kwaye Stalin ngokobuqu wambulela Maksima Gorkogo ngomsebenzi yakhe echumayo.

ukuthandwa

Gorky, imisebenzi kwiminyaka yabangela iingxabano ezikrakra phakathi nezazi, wazama ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo iincwadi zakhe ingakumbi nemidlalo. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha umbhali ukuya yemidlalo yeqonga, apho wabona ngokwabo ukuba abantu ebona umsebenzi wakhe. Eneneni abaninzi umbhali Mxim Gorky, ogama ziyaqondwa umntu eqhelekileyo imisebenzi, waba umbexeshi ubomi obutsha. ezino Theatre waya bonisa izihlandlo eziliqela, funda uze bafunde incwadi.

umsebenzi Early romantic Ebuhlungu

umsebenzi yombhali zingahlulwa ngokweendidi eziliqela. imisebenzi yokuqala Gorky zithe zothando, nokuba imizwa. Baziva ezo ngqongqo of mazwi zezopolitiko, ezo buzane amabali kamva neenoveli zombhali.

umbhali yakhe yokuqala ibali elifutshane "Makar Chudra" - uthando angamaGypsy bufutshane. Hayi ezidlulayo msinyane ukuba "uthando iye yadlula", kodwa ngenxa yokuba wahlala ubusuku omnye kuphela, ngaphandle kwebala elinye. Ndahlala uthando imvula ngaphandle uchukumisa umzimba. Kwaye ke ukufa wentombazana ezandleni ngumntu omthandayo efile angamaGypsy iPalamente abanekratshi, kulandele ngokwakhe loiko zobar - ngomkhombe kunye esibhakabhakeni, isandla ngesandla.

ibali kakhulu, yinto eningenakukholwa amandla kwebali. Ibali "Makar Chudra" waba iminyaka emininzi lwentando Maksima Gorkogo, uye kuhlala kwindawo yokuqala kwi "imisebenzi zokuqala Gorky."

Umbhali umsebenzi nande kakhulu ebutsheni bakhe. umsebenzi Early romantic Ebuhlungu - uthotho amabali, abalinganiswa baba Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache kunye nabanye.

A ibali elifutshane malunga noludumileyo yokomoya yenza uzibuze. "Chelkash" - ibali njengomntu oqhelekileyo, ephethe ingqiqo eliphezulu kubuhle. Balekela ukusuka ekhaya, nokungaqiniseki, nokuhambisana kulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukudibana ezimbini - enye wenza eziqhelekileyo, kwelinye icala phambili. Umona, ukungathembani, nokuzimisela luthobela abathobekileyo, uloyiko kunye luthobela Gavrila ngokuchaseneyo inkalipho, ukuzithemba, uthando yenkululeko Chelkash. Kodwa akufuneki Chelkash uluntu, njengoko kuchasene Gavrila. bokubanga Romantic edibene kabuhlungu. Inkcazelo yohlobo ibali kwakhona ligutyungelwe umkhusane luthando.

Kulo bali "Makar Chudra", "Endala Isergil" kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngo "Wengoma Ukhozi" umkhondo ukhuthazo "lamalela namagorha." Umbhali ubeka abalinganiswa kwiimeko ezinzima, yaye emva koko, ngaphandle logic, ziyandulela ukuya wokugqibela. Imixholo kunye nemisebenzi umdla umbhali enkulu, ukuba ibali engalindelekanga.

Wobuciko Gorky "Endala Isergil" siquka ungamalungu amaninzi. Umlinganiswa indaba yakhe yokuqala - unyana ukhozi nomfazi, sivule amehlo Larry thaca wokuzingca, akakwazi iimvakalelo ngaphezulu. Xa weva salandelwa ukuba baya- kufuneka ukuba uhlawule into wathabatha ezinye va engakholwa, esithi ukuba 'senza ukuhlala imiphumo ebuhlungu. " Abantu Wayishiya, bagwetyelwe ubulolo. Ikratshi Larry waba yingozi kuye.

Danko akukho abanekratshi ngaphantsi, kodwa yena ubhekisela kubantu ngothando. Ngenxa yoko uvelisa inkululeko ukuze nikholwe nguye esizwe. Nangona bahlaselwa abathandabuzayo ukuba uyakwazi ukukhokela wesizwe emahlathini akudala, inkokeli entsha iyaqhubeka indlela, etsala abantu endleleni. Kwaye xa onke amabutho phezu sekuqengqeleke, ihlathi ayipheli, Danko wazikrazula esifubeni sakhe, wakhupha intliziyo otshisayo amadangatye walubona indlela wabakhokelela okucoca. bakubo ngabongi, abalekela inkululeko, nkqu khangela kwicala lwe Danko, xa athe wawa waza wafa. Abantu babaleka, laya kunyathelwa elidangazelayo intliziyo kwaye crumbled iintlantsi emsi.

imisebenzi zezithandani of Gorky washiya uphawu ezingqondweni entliziyweni yam. Kubafundi uyavelana kusini na ngamagorha, lo Ukungaqiniseki sebali kugcina kwempixano, nesiphelo idla ingalindelekanga. Ngaphandle imisebenzi zothando Gorky kwahluka yokuziphatha olunzulu ukuba avulekile, kodwa yenza uzibuze.

Umxholo kwenkululeko ngamnye bulawulwe kwimisebenzi ekuqaleni zombhali. Heroes of Gorky inkululeko-bothando kwaye akulungele ukuba anikele ngobomi bakhe ngenxa ilungelo lokukhetha ikamva labo.

Lo mbongo "Ukufa kunye Ntombazana" - umzekelo ocacileyo kukuzincama egameni luthando. Young, ezele ubomi yena ukujongana nokufa, kuba ubusuku uthando. Yena ulungele kufa ngaphandle wazisola kusasa, ukuba ukuhlangana kwakhona oyithandayo.

UKumkani, oxabisa ngokwakhe-onamandla onke, dooms intombazana ekufeni kuphela ngenxa yokuba, esiza emva kwemfazwe, ungatyhilekanga yaye akazange uthanda ehleka bonwabile. Ukufa wamsindisa Love, wayesaphila kunye 'ibhityileyo kunye scythe, "wayesele kuwo akukho namandla.

Romanticism lukhona "Wengoma uvuthuzayo petrel." intaka abanekratshi likhululekile, lifana imibane emnyama, ukubanjwa phakathi kwintili izimvi ulwandle namafu sijinga phezu amaza. Makhe isaqhwithi lithe qwele kakhulu, intaka okhaliphileyo ukulungele ukulwa. A lukanombombiya kubalulekile ukuba ukufihla amanqatha emzimbeni kwi yeengxondorha, ukuba isimo sengqondo eyahlukileyo malunga isaqhwithi - nokuba iintsiba kangakanani silimele.

Man ngemisebenzi Gorky kaThixo

Special, psychology ezichuliweyo Maksima Gorkogo ekhoyo kuzo zonke amabali zakhe zisoloko unikwa indima ephambili kule mntu. Nditsho ukuhamba abangenamakhaya, abalinganiswa flophouse, yaye thaca umbhali njengabemi wayehlonelwa, nangona intlungu yabo. Le ndoda ikulo imisebenzi Gorky wabeka phambili, yonke enye into zamabanga - iziganeko ezichazwe, imeko yezopolitiko, nkqu izenzo izidumbu karhulumente ngasemva.

Gorky novella "Childhood"

Umbhali uxelela ibali lobomi lenkwenkwe Aleshi Peshkova, ngokungathi egameni layo. Ibali Cheerless iqala kokufa kukayise kwakhe ukufa sikanina. Ekhohlo eyinkedama, inkwenkwe weva uyisemkhulu, imini emva komngcwabo unina wakhe: "Wena unguye na imbasa entanyeni wam kuwe, akusifanele ukuba ... Hamba-ka wena ebantwini ...". Lomhlambi.

Ngoko luphelile umsebenzi "Childhood" Gorky kaThixo. Yaye phakathi kwayo kwaba iminyaka embalwa yobomi endlwini uyisemkhulu, Ungayami indoda encinane ubudala, owasebenzisa ukuya ngoMgqibelo Nokubetha amanene bekatswa nabani na buthathaka kunaye. Umkhulu obuphantsi kuphela abazukulwana bakhe, abo bahlala endlwini ngamandla, wayendibetha backhand yawo, abeke phezu kwesitulo.

Aleksey stauros, zixhaswa ngunina, kwaye endlwini kuxhonywe nenkungu ubutshaba engqindilili zonke ngeenxa zonke. Omalume balwa bodwa, wamsongela utatomkhulu wakhe ukuba uya ukubetha abazala basela, kunye nabafazi babo bengakwazi azale. Alyosha wazama ukuba babe ngabahlobo kunye elumelwaneni amakhwenkwe, kodwa abazali babo kunye nezinye izihlobo kweso ulwalamano enzima kunye uyisemkhulu wakhe, umakhulu nonina ukuba abantwana bakwazi ukunxibelelana kuphela umngxuma elucingweni.

"I-Lower iinzulu"

Ngowe-1902, Gorky wajika kwisihloko bulumko. Wadala umdlalo malunga nabantu, idalelwe wehla waya ezantsi uluntu Russian. oonobumba abaliqela, abemi indlu doss, umbhali eboniswe i ngokuqiniseka ezothusayo. Xa iziko kwembaliso abantu abangenamakhaya esengozini lithemba. Umntu ucinga ngokuzibulala, omnye umntu unethemba lokuba okuhle. Imveliso ye Mxim Gorky "ezinzulwini Lower" - umfanekiso ocacileyo ukungakhuseleki zentlalo basekhaya eluntwini, ngokufuthi iba ntlekele.

Umnini doss-bendlu Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev uyaphila kwaye akazi ukuba ubomi bakhe rhoqo ezisengozini. Umfazi wakhe Vasilisa uyaninyanga omnye weendwendwe - Vaska Pepel - ukubulala indoda yakhe. Oku iphela isela Vaska ibulala Kostyleva aye entolongweni. Ezinye abemi indlu doss kuqhubeka bephila kusemnandi isiyunguma kunxila kunye imilo.

Emva kwexesha elithile, kukho Luke wamacebo athile a chatterbox. Yena "sigcwele", aziwise, na iincoko elide, uthembisa bonwabile njee elizayo kunye nempumelelo ngokupheleleyo. Ke uLuka shwaka, kunye nabantu unelishwa abo wakhuthaza, kwi ilahleko. Kwakukho ukudana kakhulu. Amane bengenamakhaya, uWele umdlali bazibulala. Abanye abasebenzi kude kuyo.

indlu Doss njengomfuziselo le nkinga yoluntu Russian ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, isibetho kubaxekileyo umyalelo yoluntu.

Creativity Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. Ibali uthando intlekele.
• "Mkhulu Arkhip and Lenka" - 1893. Ompofu xhego abagulayo, kwaye naye umzukulwana Lenka, elivisayo. Utatomkhulu Okokuqala na ukumelana nobunzima iyafa, wafa ke umzukulwane. Abantu abalungileyo wafihlwa iingozi ezindleleni.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. amabali aliqela lixhegwazana malunga ukuzingca ephilwe.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Eli bali "an inxila isono, kunye clever, sela isibindi sokwenza."
• "Amaqabane iinkozi" - 1897. A ibali izithandani esitshatileyo isigqibo ukunceda abantu abagulayo.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. Le ngxelo indlela esiseleni lokusila uAleksandr Ivanovich konovalov, owathi wabanjwa ngenxa nokungaqiniseki.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Tale of iziganeko ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, esenzeka phakathi komzi iVolga. Malunga Umfana ogama uTomas, abo bakholwayo uyise umphangi yakhe liyana.
• "AmaFilisti" - 1901. The Story of a iingcambu umFilisti neentsingiselo abatsha ngelo xesha.
• "Ngelo emazantsi" - 1902. Acute ukudlala mlonyeni malunga abantu abangenamakhaya abaphulukene lithemba.
• "Umama" - 1906. Roman kwi umxholo abavakalelwa olululo kuluntu malunga iziganeko ezenzeka phakathi mveliso yokuvelisa, kunye amalungu entsapho enye.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A umdlalo malunga mfazi obutsha nyaka-42 ubudala, umnini wenkampani yokuthumela, eyomeleleyo kwaye enamandla.
• "Childhood" - 1913. Tale of lomfana elula kwaye akukho lula ubomi.
• "Tales of Italy" - 1913. Uthotho yamabali amafutshane amalunga nokuphila kwizixeko Italian.
• "Le isiva-uyeyisa" - 1913. Elinye ibali kangako usapho engonwabanga kakhulu.
• "Abantu" - 1914. A ibali gofer kwivenkile wezihlangu ezithandwayo.
• "Universities My" - 1923. Tale of Kazan University kunye nomfundi.
• "Ubomi Blue" - 1924. A ibali ngamaphupha kunye neminqweno.
• "Artamonov Business" - 1925. Tale of iziganeko ezenzeka kwi-mveliso ephothiweyo amalaphu.
• "Ubomi Klim Samgin" - 1936. Iziganeko ekuqaleni lwekhulu XX - Petersburg, Moscow, ngothango.

Ngamnye afunde ibali, ibali okanye inoveli, ishiya uluvo lwe buciko eliphezulu zoncwadi. Abalinganiswa uphethe inani iimpawu ezizodwa neempawu. Analysis isebenza Ebuhlungu ibandakanya iimpawu ezibanzi abalinganiswa balandela ngokwahlukeneyo. Ubunzulu mbaliso kudityaniswe ngokulungelelanisiweyo kunye isixhobo nzima kodwa eqondakalayo zoncwadi. Yonke imisebenzi umbhali enkulu Russian Maksima Gorkogo wangena mali zegolide, inkcubeko Russian.