Imbali yeglasi anegazi eRashiya ehlabathini. Ubugcisa yokwenza iglasi nebala

Igama elithi "iglasi anegazi" liguqulelwe Latin njenge "iglasi". He kubhekwa enye iintlobo ezininzi eling'awukazi kunye ezizodwa zobugcisa, izityebi kwimbali kunye nokusebenza iindlela zayo. Imbali emfutshane ngemvelaphi yeglasi anegazi uya kukuxelela abafundi kweli nqaku.

Imvelaphi ngeglasi nebala

Mfundisi, ukubalisa ibali yeglasi nebala abantwana eklasini, qala kunye nobangela imvelaphi yayo. Ukuvela ephucuke yokuqala ezinxulumene nezinto ezininzi. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, waza waqala ukuveza negilasi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ndafunda ukuyenza ezimibalabala kwaye asetyenziselwa ukuhombisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. inkcubeko nganye ukusetyenziswa yayo ethile izibuko ezinjalo:

• Sumerians zophondo kophahla ezindlwini zabo.
• AmaYiputa kunye negilasi ngenxeba Ukonakala wenza njalo ngoko iimpahla bebala.
• AmaRoma namaGrike baba abaziingcali kwimveliso zitsha antique neendebe kunye imikrolo zokuhombisa kunye ezininzi nezacholo.

Zonke ezi ndlela asusela ekuqaleni BC nkulungwane yesibini. Kuphela emva kweminyaka eliwaka-Aram baye bafunda ukuba ukuvuthela iglasi, yaye oku kwavusa kwimbali yophuhliso yeglasi nebala.

Imbonakalo kwiglasi lokuqala nebala

Kwimbali yimbonakalo yeglasi anegazi zingaphawulwa umhla ngqo. Kodwa siyazi ukuba kwexesha lamaKristu waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa anemibala lokuvelisa imifanekiso ezilula. It kunye putty imvelaphi inyuselwa khona phezu kwebhodi okanye windows ezihonjiswe. Yaye ke kokufika yeetempile zokuqala zophuhliso lwabo abafumene iglasi baseByzantium nebala. imibongo Laudatory kunye neenkcazelo ezaqanjwa zeglasi baba iimbongi ithandwayo ngenkulungwane yesine okanye eyesihlanu. Ngelo xesha, iglasi anegazi ukubaluleka kaThixo, kwaye ukukhanya, ecanda kubo kuthelekiswa ngomoya oyingcwele.

History of uphuhliso

Ngelishwa, ixesha lethu yaye alifikeleli kwinkulungwane anegazi iifestile zeglasi yeshumi phezu wonke urhulumente. Bangakwazi kugwetywa ukusuka amaqhekeza aseleyo kunye ezirekhodiweyo neembongi. Kodwa elizayo olu hlobo art iye yanwenwa nophuhliso kuwo onke amazwe. Makhe sihlolisise ibali ngemvelaphi iifestile efafazwe-iglasi, izimbo utshintsho neteknoloji zonke xesha.

glass Romanesque namabala

Ibali iglasi anegazi isixelela ukuba luthando yavela ngenkulungwane elinanye yaye esasebenza kwekhulu. Baba iifestile efafazwe-iglasi yokuqala Classic, apho umfanekiso kwasekwa ukusuka ngamaqhekeza eglasi kunye ngeprofayili sentsimbi.

Features iglasi Romanesque anegazi:

• wayenako kuzo, hayi zonke iindleko eziphezulu, ekubeni ubuchule yokunyibilikisa kunye negilasi kuvuthuza kwakunzima kakhulu kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide;
• kwakukho abathile iinkosi zokuthengwa zizixwexwe zeglasi kunye abaziingcali iipatheni umzobo ngqo ukuba ukwandisa umgangatho Romanesque windows efafazwe-glass;
• ku tswala yolawulo enye wathabatha ngaphezu kwekhulu iziqwenga ezahlukeneyo ngamnye ukuba imilo kunye nombala;
• iglasi nebala yale zeephiriyodi luphawulwa iziphene ezifana sitshiswa ngamalanga, obungalinganiyo, abrasions, kodwa oko konakalisa inkangeleko yabo, kwaye kubenza ezikhethekileyo lovely ngendlela yaso.

Oomatshini lemveliso iglasi Romanesque anegazi:

• ukuqalisa yamthatha kumphezulu ngamaplanga, kunye nani wakhe wachaza wobugcisa yakhe elizayo;
• ke isiqalelo ngasinye indlela ekhethiweyo izilayidi (imilo nobukhulu);
• zemiqulu isicelo uhlobo ezinqwenelekayo yokudweba ipeyinti emva wadubula eziko ukubethelela ipateni;
• mosaicking kwenzeka ngo kumfanekiso lonke ngokusebenzisa casements emnxinwa lead;
• njengoko iifestile ngaloo mihla yayimikhulu (malunga ezintandathu meters), ukuze amandla kunye nozinzo sisincoko enkulu iqulathe panels ezininzi ezincinci enkulu.

Ubuciko era Romanesque:

• UKristu intloko Veyssemburgskogo Abbey Alsace;
• sisincoko abaprofeti ezine iTestamente Endala e Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Ascension kaKristu" kwi-Augsburg Cathedral;
• "I-Emnqamlezweni nokuvuka" phezu iifestile kulo Cathedral Poitiers;
• ezintathu efafazwe-iglasi window kaBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele Cathedral Chartres.

glass zwe namabala

Imbali yeglasi anegazi (Gothic) imvelaphi yayo 1144. Abbot uSergiyo ngexesha ulwakhiwo ibandla e Saint-Denis, ezele eziliqela medallions nkqo window. Umahluko ephambili indlela Romanesque le nokuqulunqwa yaba yokuba medallion ngamnye kutyhila lixesha ebalulekileyo ezimbalini.

Iimpawu Gothic windows efafazwe-glass:

• kwi icawa baqala ukwandisa inani window ukuya ubhaliso lwabo yokubhala zwe;
• Le sesakhiwo ngokukhawuleza iye yaphinda yathandwa kwaye yaphuhliswa eNgilani France;
• iglasi nebala ngexesha lokugqibela wanika itempile wobumnyama, ezinxulumene ububi, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo olukhulu, abhijelwe a lot of ukukhanya; lo ratio igqibelele, wathwala intsingiselo eyimfihlakalo;
• imibala ekugqibeleni kugcwale obomvu, kunye noblowu ngokuthe ngcembe indawo ne lighter, ukuba ziqhutyelwe kangangoko ukukhanya kunokwenzeka;
• watshintsha kunye neentlobo amathuba window;
• France basungula indlela entsha ingcaciso - grisaille, ogama umongo amanga neqiniso bolo lukhanyiselo, iglasi unyulu nebala abekwe kwiindawo ezimnyama enkulu, ubazise ngen-; ekuhambeni kwexesha, inani ubuchule kule isimbo yaba nangakumbi.

Iifestile idumileyo zeglasi nebala, eyenziwe lohlobo olungagqibekangaName Gothic, ibekwe kuloo ndlu yecawa kwi Chartres. Ukuba kulula ukufumana ngokuvisisana phakathi neefestile ezo ngobukhulu, izakhiwo ongemhle kunye ingqiqo isithuba langaphakathi. Ukugeleza inani elikhulu semitha ebumnyameni, basuka ubumnyama unika isiphumo eyothusayo nezinomtsalane - oku ubuhle Gothic. Kwakhona kwi yecawa kukho peculiarity apho kamva saa kulo lonke ihlabathi - i window kwi ipateni Latin emnqamlezweni. Balizisa ubomi Virgin. Kwaye ngeefestile, neziseko sichaza uKristu kunye Virgin Mary.

iifestile iglasi nebala le Renaissance

A wave entsha inkcubeko, kubandakanywa ukwakheka, ukumqumbisa iziganeko ezoyikekayo ezifana imfazwe kunye sibetho. Ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, abantu baye bayeka ukuba ibandla kwindawo yokuqala waya ngendlela egxile yobomi. Oku kuchatshazelwa kakhulu luphuhliso ngakumbi ngeglasi nebala.

Iimpawu efafazwe-glass iifestile le Renaissance:

• nenqwaba iindlela eziphuculiweyo ukusebenza ngeglasi;
• gqitha kwasungulwa ibala yesilivere, linyuke kakhulu izinga imifanekiso eyenziwe;
• imibala ziyasetyenziswa ngqo kwiglasi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iintlobo shades ezingaqhelekanga;
• imifanekiso khangela voluminous ngakumbi kwaye eqaqambileyo;
• EFransi Italy ke amaziko ephambili ekuveliseni iifestile efafazwe-glass;
• e medallions vogue, hayi cm ngaphezu mathathu, baye baba iisimboli kwexesha.

Imizekelo le Renaissance namabala:

• window Florence Cathedral ngu iinkosi Italian;
• iifestile isigodlo ku Kenigsfeldene;
• nebala-glass iifestile kwigumbi Besserer Ulm Minster.

Namabala High Renaissance

De kwinkulungwane yeshumi iglasi nebala inkosi eveliswe yi-scheme classical kude kwakukho iinkosi ezifana Raphael, uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo. Baba nempembelelo enkulu kwinkcubeko ehlabathini, kuquka imbali ubuchule yeglasi anegazi eRashiya.

Iimpawu efafazwe-glass iifestile i-High Renaissance:

• ekubeni inkoliso iinkosi yeglasi anegazi baba abavela, yaye baba ababhali trends ezintsha;
• vutshila lama ehlangene ngokoqobo eziqalelo yaseYurophu yomhombiso kunye neefom enkulu;
• Kuye kwavela oomatshini abatsha iglasi processing, ukwenza kube selubala kwaye icacile;
• ukongeza zesilivere, yaye wasungula lo etchant ebomvu;
• Mfundisi waqala zithande scheme umbala, kwaye musa sinokuwagqwetha iintlobo kunye nemifanekiso ubuhule;
• zivula iifestile wothuka ngakumbi kwaye bafikelela enkulu wawumkhulu.

Umzekelo efafazwe-glass iifestile i-High Renaissance:

• "Umthi kaJese" ku Beauvais;
• iifestile olumbaxa Cathedral eBrussels;
• "Ukuphuma Heliodorus ukusuka endlwini kaThixo" kwi yecawa kwi Gouda.

Wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ithathwa zokugqibela kwincopho iglasi nebala kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngaphezu koko, eyimveliso kobuchwepheshe iglasi nokuzoba iipateni ziye inkqubela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini waba nempembelelo enkulu phezu iindlela yokwakha namabala.

History of yimbonakalo iiglasi anegazi baseRashiya

iglasi Russian efafazwe akazange khona de kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kuphela ngabantu abazizityebi nga Siyavuya wathabatha ngemisebenzi kwamanye amazwe. Eyona nto kukuba iicawa zasekuhlaleni icawa zingafakwanga zeglasi nebala, kunye nenkcubeko liphela ayikho imfuneko yale ndlela zobugcisa. Ke wabonakala yaye ngoko nangoko bafumana udumo ngenxa imisebenzi yeenkosi yaseYurophu.

Imbali iglasi nebala eRashiya:

• ngekhulu XVII - imbonakalo yokuqala zeglasi anegazi;
• ngekhulu XVIII - kokoma kuphuhliso of non-inzuzo;
• ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX - kwii yokupasa imifanekiso eyenziwe eziqhelekileyo ezineglasi enombala, kwi inkcubeko Russian;
• phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX - ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo yeglasi anegazi; Mbusi kunye nabanye abantu abazizityebi baye baba befashoni yaseYurophu waza waqalisa ukusebenzisa ukuba bahombise imihlaba zabo; ngoko kwase neecawe;
• Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX - wakha zocweyo emininzi ubuciko, kwakunye ukupeyinta, kunye nesikolo iiklasi;
• kwisiqingatha sokuqala XX ngenkulungwane - efafazwe iglasi art zaqala zanqaba ngenxa ekutshabalaleni Art Nouveau, yaye kamva ngenxa kokuqhambuka Second World War;
• phakathi kwenkulungwane XX - nebala iglasi imvuselelo inkcubeko Soviet, kuya kuba imveliso ekhethekileyo, yahlukile ukusuka imizobo ngaphambili ngokuphuma yayo ukungacaci.

Famous Russian iifestile zeglasi anegazi:

• iglasi umhombiso nebala of St. Alexander Nevsky Church;
• Chapel Tsarskoye Selo;
• Le Society Geographical Russian eSt Petersburg;
• "Ascension kaKristu" Cathedral St. kaIsake.

Namabala Glass: Mandulo Nakule Mihla

Ekubeni ingqalelo icala zembali kweentlobo efafazwe e zaphawula ezahlukeneyo, ndandidla ukuba kubugcisa lwanamhlanje. iifestile iglasi nebala ixesha apho ukwenzela ukunika igumbi bazenze ekhethekileyo kunye nesimbo. A lot of ubuchule, uphuhliso loyilo fashion yeglasi-ukwenza baye baba zihlandlo eziphambili ukuvela iintlobo ezintsha zobugcisa.

iintlobo Modern ngeglasi anegazi:

• Sandblast anegazi - iglasi ukubunjwa, kwenziwe ubuchule uqhushumbiso audio ezinxulumene eyodwa. Kwenziwe yonke kumphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo umbala omnye.
• KaMoses iglasi nebala - wenziwa amasuntswana malunga ziyalingana, efana emihle. Mhlawumbi imvelaphi okanye umfanekiso ongaphambili.
• Ngophondo iglasi nebala - umfanekiso kusuka amaqhekeza ngamnye zeglasi efunekayo imilo kunye nombala, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle naziphi na izinto emazongezwe.
• Ingqiqo yokulwela inguqu - iglasi, apho yokuqamba ziqokelelwe, ukuba sintered ngalinye kwenye indawo umithe. Nakuba kule hlobo ziquka izinto vpekanie athile angaphandle kumfanekiso wokugqibela.
• Priming nebala - ibandakanya yeglasi isale umfanekiso contour umithe. Zonke iinkcukacha izaliswe nge paint okanye ivanishi.
• Kwagxila efafazwe - iseti iindondo eyenziweyo ngenxa yobuchwepheshe ngasekhohlo kunye nentsingiselo single ezihambelanayo.
• Ngelotha iglasi nebala - yenziwe eglasi ilungiswe kwisakhelo phambili kwaye atywinwe kwi omzimba. Le nqubo endala, leyo ada ukusuka Ages Aphakathi.
• Sokukhula efafazwe - ibandla usebenzisa iglasi, kunye nezinto ezo zisuswe ngaphambili. Enye indlela - kukusetyenziswa somhlaba kunye negilasi olukhazimlisiweyo.
• Ludityanisiwe iglasi nebala - ukwakheka, ngaxeshanye ukudibanisa iintlobo ezininzi yeglasi anegazi. Le ndlela kunceda ukufezekisa iziphumo emangalisayo, ukwenza ngemisebenzi yokuqala ngokwenene.

Tiffany angcolile Glass

Lewis Tiffany Waba ngunozala isimbo sakhe nakubuchule yokudala iglasi nebala, eyaba ezithandwayo ehlabathini lonke. Yena ixesha elide kakhulu ukusebenza ukukhetha kwezinto, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ngeendlela ukulungisa iglasi, ndingangi afaneleka iindlela zayo ephakathi. Yintoni eyenzekayo ngenxa yezi zenzo, labenzela ithinzi ngokupheleleyo ngelotha neglasi nebala. Ngoko ke ngubani ezahlukeneyo ngale ndlela evela kwabanye yaye kutheni kwimbali iifestile zeglasi Tiffany efafazwe ziphakathi kakhulu ehlonitshwe, sihlolisise.

Features Tiffany-style:

1. Umbala. Ukuqaqamba bekusoloko ingummiselo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Lyuisa Tiffani xa usebenza nge glass anegazi. Wazama ukufikelela ukuqhama omkhulu kunokwenzeka kunye nentsusa ekusetyenzisweni imibala. Ngamanye amaxesha iNkosi imibala ezixutyiweyo, kwaye maxa wambi iglasi elinye (okanye ezininzi) ngaphezulu kwelinye.
2. Eziphathekayo. Umgangatho - oko okuluphawu lwe data mandatory namabala kwiglasi. Phambi kokuqala i iglasi anegazi lisoloko kudlule ukuhlolisisa, kufuneka babe angenasiphako kunye nemvakalo efanayo.
3. Ngokoqobo. imisebenzi Inkosi yabe kangaka nobunzima kakhulu, enzima, ezele iinkcukacha kunye nemibala ukuba badla kuthelekiswa titoloveta.
4. Technology. Udibaniso phakathi iglasi kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa zephetshana yobhedu. Ekubeni yena ezinkulu kuno kwiglasi ngokwayo, le tape isongiwe phezu ngohlangothi, kwi-engile degrees asithoba. izinto Kugqityiwe ezi oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye sifakwe kubo etotini patina.
5. Ixabiso eliphezulu. msebenzi lubiza kakhulu, kwaye zifumaneka kuphela ngokuqokelela zabucala, lwembali British kwaye American kunye icawa.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, Lewis (1933), inkampani yakhe ivaliwe, kodwa ubuchule Tiffany kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona intle, kunye nomsebenzi - wobugcisa ya vutshila.