Ilangatye: isakhiwo inkcazelo scheme lobushushu

Kwinkqubo yokutsha ucinyiwe abunjwe, ubume leyo ibangelwa reactants. nesakhiwo sayo yahlulelwe kwii ariya kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu lobushushu.

definition

Idangatye ebizwa imimoya eshushu kuhlobo kumacandelwana ezisegumbini plasma okanye izinto saa ifomu esiqinileyo. Bona yenziwa emzimbeni kunye uhlobo ukuguqulwa ngemichiza ephelekwa chweba, ukukhululwa ubushushu ubushushu.

Ukubakho kwi amasuntswana eliphakathi kwaye kwaku- olukhulu sukube luphawulwa conductivity yayo zombane kwaye ingakumbi ukuziphatha yentsimi electromagnetic.

Yintoni amadangatye

ngayo Ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela iinkqubo ezinxulumene komlilo. Xa kuthelekiswa umoya, loxinano igesi kancinci, kodwa ukuba intsebenzo iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu uyaziphakamisa gas. Kwaye wavelisa amadangatye ukuba elide okanye elifutshane. Amaxesha amaninzi kukho kwakhona inguqu egudileyo uhlobo olunye ukuya kolunye.

Lilangatye: Ulwakhiwo kunye Ulwakhiwo

Ukuze ubone imbonakalo isenzeko ochazwe kwanele phemba zisiza igesi. Kwabonakala amadangatye nonluminous ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa iyunifomu. Ngokweliso, kukho iindawo ezintathu eziphambili bakhe. Ke kaloku, ukufunda lwesakhiwo idangatye ibonisa ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zikhanyiswe ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lidangatye.

Xa utshisa nokuba umxube wegesi nomoya kwenzeka ekuqaleni ngokuvula anjengedangatye emfutshane, nto leyo iba umbala oluhlaza zemibala purple. It kungabonakala undoqo - oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efana ikhowuni. Cinga amadangatye. Ubume kwayo zohlulwa zayimimandla emithathu:

1. Bucala indawo amalungiselelo apho ubushushu umxube igesi kunye nomoya ngamashishini kwe Ekungeneni sokukhuphela.
2. Oku kulandelwa kummandla apho kwenzeka komlilo. Singene encotsheni cone.
3. Xa kukho ukunqongophala ukungena komoya, igesi isha ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle divalent carbon monoxide kunye moieties hydrogen. Yabo emva-ukutshisa kwenzeka kwindawo yesithathu apho kukho ioksijini ekhoyo.

Ngoku cinga ngokwahlukeneyo iinkqubo ukutshiswa ezahlukeneyo.

elivuthayo

Elivuthayo ibingathi imatshisi okanye lighter. A Isakhiwo ikhandlela ilangatye ufana umsinga igesi ebomvu-eshushu ukuba uza kuncothulwa ngenxa imikhosi ukubagcina. Le nkqubo iqala nge ngokutshiswa kwezinto le umsonto, kulandele komphunga amafutha.

zone Lowermost ibekwe ngaphakathi kwaye kufutshane olu cingwana, ebizwa kwingingqi kuqala. It has a chweba kancinane oluhlaza ngenxa isixa esikhulu zepetroli, kodwa umthamo omncinane umxube ioksijini. Kukho kwenziwa yinkqubo ayiphelelanga yokutsha izinto sokohlulwa le carbon monoxide, nto leyo oxidized kamva.

Le ndawo yokuqala lingqongwe kwiqokobhe ezikhanyayo yesibini, leyo olwahlula isakhiwo edangatyeni khandlela. Ifumene isixa esikhulu ioksijini, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuqhubeka indlela igcwala kunye iimolekyuli amafutha. ukufunda iqondo lobushushu apha kuya kuba ngaphezu kwindawo emnyama, kodwa azanelanga ngenxa yokubola lokugqibela. Kwaba kwiindawo zokuqala ezimbini kunye amachaphaza zokufudumeza enamandla isigodo amafutha kunye carbon amasuntswana kukho isiphumo elivuthayo.

Kwendawo yesibini lingqongwe yi khazi neenqobo ngenkankulu ubonwe lobushushu eliphezulu. Oku kuza eninzi mpilo ekhuthaza amasuntswana amafutha afterburner ngokupheleleyo. Emva igcwala kwezinto kwindawo wesithathu isiphumo ezikhanyayo akukho ulandelwe.

ukumelwa diagrammatic

Ecacileyo, sinikela ingqalelo umfanekiso amakhandlela avuthayo. yesekethe flame ibandakanya:

1. Yokuqala okanye kwindawo emnyama.
2. Indawo yesibini ezikhanyayo.
3. A Iqokobhe wesithathu ngaphaya.

Faka yintlantsi abawuthobeli evuthayo nokosa kuphela ekupheleni esongiweyo.

evuthayo isibane umoya

Kuba imifuniselo imichiza basoloko izikhongozeli ezincinane kunye notywala. Bebizwa isitovu utywala. sokukhuphela umsonto buzane waphuphuma yesibaso solwelo ngokusebenzisa orifice. Oku lula yi xi capillary. Emva ukufikelela encotsheni umsonto free, utywala uqalisa ngumphunga. Kwisigaba engumphunga ngayo ephakamayo nokutsha kwiqondo elingadluliyo 900 ° C.

Nokulenya i isibane utshwala ifomu njengesiqhelo, kuba phantse enemibala emihle, kunye namona omncinane limsi. indawo yayo akunjalo ebonakalayo ngokucacileyo, njenge khandlela.

In zisiza utywala, ogama emva Isazinzulu Barthel, ekuqaleni umlilo ibekwe ngaphezu zisiza yokwaleka. Ezo ukungena ilangatye kunciphisa kwecone emnyama yangaphakathi kwaye eliphuma mngxuma isabelo esiphakathi, egqalwa ishushu.

umbala Uphawu

Nelangatye radiation imibala eyahlukileyo okubangelwa shintsha elektroniki. Kananjalo ngokuba ubushushu. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ukutshiswa candelo ezizizembiwa apha emoyeni, ngenxa nokukhululwa blue nelangatye HC compound. Kodwa xa Amasuntswana CC itotshi radiation elinombala umbala-orenji-obomvu.

Kunzima ukubona isakhiwo idangatye, imichiza eliqulethe ambaxa emanzini, icarbon dioxide kunye ne-carbon monoxide, unxibelelwano WO. iilwimi zalo phantse enemibala emihle, ekubeni amasuntswana zingentla ngethuba yokutsha kukhutshwe imitha yelanga infrared.

Ngeso lenyama idangatye ngamazinga zalathisi lobushushu, ukuba ubukho iintlobo ionic ezivela ukuze anikele inkonzo ethile amadlozi okanye optical. Ngenxa yoko, omlilo of ezinye izinto ibangela umbala utshintsho edangatyeni sokukhuphela. Umahluko amabala itotshi anxulunyaniswa izinto zibekwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo enkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

Umlilo phambi radiation, ezinxulumene spectrum ebonakalayo, ukufunda spectroscope. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba eyona ndawo elula subgroups zizonke kwaye loo nelangatye imibala. Kuba ukucaciselwa yokutsha usebenzisa sodium njengovavanyo metal esebenzayo. Ukuba wenza oku, waya amadangatye, neelwimi eziqaqambileyo yellow. Ngomhla ngenxa yembonakalo umbala kumgca sodium ihlawulwe kwi malumga ukukhutshwa.

Kuba kwealkali metal impahla uphawu ngokukhawuleza excitation ukukhanya kuphuma ngamasuntswana atomic. Xa sisenza iikhompawundi hexa lweziqalelo olunjalo Bunsen sokukhuphela licimile umbala wayo.

iimviwo Spectroscopic ibonisa imigca uphawu kwindawo ebonakalayo emehlweni oluntu. kakhulu isantya excitation ukukhanya amadlozi isakhiwo ecacicleyo elula enxulumene iintsimbi kuphawu high electropositive.

feature

Xa intliziyo ngokuhlelwa ilangatye esekelwe mpawu zilandelayo:

• isimo iikhompawundi udibaniso otshisayo. Ba aerodisperse, uhlobo sukube eqinileyo kunye wamanzi;
• uhlobo radiation, nto leyo inokuba enemibala emihle, abebala kunye ezikhanyayo;
• Isantya Distribution. Kukho nokuhanjiswa fast and kade;
• Idangatye ukuphakama. Isakhiwo ingaba elifutshane elide;
• uphawu intshukumo baphendule imixube. Ihlaba izwekazi laminar, intshukumo yawo;
• Ukunakana into ebonwayo. Substances ivutha ulwabiwo sooting, bebala okanye idangatye ngaphaya;
• lobushushu parameter. Idangatye inokuba kubushushu obuphantsi, lobushushu ebandayo kunye phezulu.
• isigaba isimo amafutha - oxidizing reagent.

Ucinezelo kwenzeka kwe- okanye pre-ngokuxuba izakhi esebenzayo.

Oxidizing nokunciphisa ndawo

Igcwala ophuma kummandla ibuthathaka. Yeyona ishushu kwaye ingabekwa phezulu. It Amasuntswana fuel baye yokutsha epheleleyo. Kwaye phambi kwemfuneko oksijini amafutha nokunqongophala ekhokelela inkqubo igcwala kakhulu. Olu phawu kufuneka ingasetyenziswa xa utshiwe izinto ngaphezu sokukhuphela. Kungenxa yoko le nto egxile kwinxalenye eliphezulu edangatyeni. omlilo okunjalo kwenzeka kakhulu ngokukhawuleza.

reactions zokunciphisa uthathe indawo kwi umbindi kunye asezantsi edangatyeni. Iqulethe unikezelo enkulu kwezinto ezinokutsha kunye encinci O iimolekyuli ₂ ethwele komlilo. Xa isicelo kwezi ndawo oxygenate cleavage kuqhubeka O element.

Ngokomzekelo, idangatye ukunciphisa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-cleavage of sulfate divalent yentsimbi. Emva wadibana FeSO ₄ inxalenye engundoqo amadangatye inkcukacha, kukho zokufudumeza kuqala kwandule ke yokubola ibe oxide ferric, kunye nesalfure dioxide acetic. Kule yokusabela kwenzeka kunye isigxina S kwakhona +6 no +4.

segesi flame

Olu hlobo lidangatye ezenziwa ukutshiswa irhasi umxube okanye engamanzi kunye ngomphunga ioksijini ecocekileyo.

Umzekelo ukuyilwa ioksijini-iasithilini ilangatye. It ayinabantu:

• ndawo ingundoqo;
• kummandla recovery secondary;
• zone iphakame kakhulu.

Ngoko ke abaninzi evuthayo umxube gas-oksijini. Umahluko umlinganiselo iasithilini kwaye ikhokelela uhlobo oxidant idangatya ezahlukeneyo. Kusenokuba eqhelekileyo, carburizing (atsetilenistogo) kunye nesakhiwo oxidative.

Enyanisweni, inkqubo ukutshiswa engaphelelanga of iasithilini ioksijini olunyulu linokuchazwa yi i'quadratic kulandelayo: HCCH + O ₂ → H ₂ + CO + CO (kuba indlela kufuna enye adla ka O _2).

Olufumaneke ngokuba hydrogen ezinto eziphilayo kunye carbon monoxide basabela ngomoya oksijini. Iimveliso yokugqibela amanzi kunye tetravalent carbon monoxide. Inxaki yile ilandelayo: CO + CO ₂ + H + 1½O ₂ → CO ₂ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O. To indlela abasabela ngayo ifuna 1.5 abamenzelayo kwe-oksijini. Xa summation O ₂ ifunyenwe ukuba 2.5 adla osetyenzisiweyo 1 adla HCCH nganye. Yaye ekubeni xa kusenziwa kunzima ukufumana ioksijini enyulu ofezekileyo (idla kungcoliseko encinane kakhulu ubumdaka), umlinganiselo O ₂ ukuya HCCH yi 1.10 ukuya 1.20.

Xa inani oxygen iasithilini ixabiso ngaphantsi kwe 1.10, kukho nelangatye carburizing. Isakhiwo liye landa core yayo, iingongoma zayo fifi. Ukususela kule ke uthuthu lomlilo ezabelwe ngenxa yokunqongophala mpilo.

Ukuba umlinganiselo gas ngaphezu 1.20, idangatye oxidizing ifunyenwe kunye agqithisile ioksijini. Ngokungeyomfuneko molecule ayo kutshabalalisa atom zentsimbi kunye namanye amacandelo nawo zisiza. Le nxalenye yenyukliya idangatye iba elifutshane kwaye a tapering.

ukufunda iqondo lobushushu

zone ngalinye zisiza nedangatye khandlela okanye ixabiso layo ngenxa mpilo otyiwa. lobushushu emlilweni kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo isusela ku-300 ° C ukuya 1600 ° C.

Umzekelo i kwe- lidangatye kunye laminar, oluthi luqokelelane ekonookrwece ezintathu. Le ibandakanya cone isabelo emnyama kunye amaqondo ukuya ku 360 ° C kunye nokungabikho-arhente oxidizing. Singasentla ummandla ukuvutha. kwithempritsha yayo isusela ukusuka 550 ukuya 850 ° C, nto leyo ekhuthaza yokubola thermal umxube ezinokutsha kunye yokutsha yayo.

indawo lwangaphandle ngokulambisa azikaqapheleki. Kufikwa lobushushu ilangatye ukuya 1560 ° C, nto leyo ebangelwe iimpawu zendalo iimolekyuli amafutha kunye wathandwa wokufunyanwa arhente oxidizing. Apha, ukutsha kakhulu ngamandla.

Iziyobisi ephakamayo izimo ezahlukileyo lobushushu. Umzekelo, nemagnesium sisinyithi utshisa kuphela ngo 2210 ° C. Kuba eziqinileyo ezininzi nelangatye lobushushu malunga 350 ° C. neentelekiso ezinokwenzeka ucinezelo nekerosini kwi-800 ° C ngelixa amaplanga - ukususela 850 ° C ku 950 ° C.

Ugwayi ngofinyafuthi idangatye, lobushushu apho iyahluka ukusuka 690 ukuya 790 ° C kunye nomxube propane-butane - ukususela 790 ° C ukuya 1960 ° C. Olingene ephakamayo ngo 1350 ° C. Idangatye elivuthayo utywala kwiqondo elingadluliyo 900 ° C.