Iintlobo ezikhoyo amalungelo omhlaba

Umhlaba lo estate yokwenene, nokulawula ilungelo lobunini kunye nolawulo eyilwayo luqhutywa neentlobano ngomthetho, ingakumbi i-Code Civil. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ingqiqo, iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba, kwakunye imvelaphi kunye nokupheliswa la malungelo.

Kakuhle eli ilungelo lokuba nomhlaba

Ngokutsho Code Civil, uhlobo amalungelo obunini ilizwe kumiselwa ngamacandelwana amathathu, ezikwabizwa ngokuba nolwazi abanalo, oko kukuthi, ilifa, ukulahlwa, ukusetyenziswa.

Ilifa ilizwe emzimbeni wayo bobabo kumnini. Noko ke, ekubeni imithombo ilizwe ngumnini ngokusekelwe kwamaxwebhu engqina igunya lomthetho ngayo. Zonke iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwayo, okt ukusetyenziswa iipropati yalo encedayo (umzekelo: unyango lomhlaba ukuze kukhule isityalo kuyo).

Amaxesha amaninzi, ilifa kunye nokusetyenziswa kubonwa njengesinye nentshukumo efanayo, kodwa oku akuyonyani. Ngamanye amaxesha umnikazi asebenzise impahla yakhe, kodwa ubunini komnye umntu. Umzekelo: komthetho wasehlathini abanini bomhlaba zehlathi, kodwa azimchazi ngokwenyani ukuba sizisebenzise, kodwa abakhusele kuphela ukuphazamiseka ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokulawula umsebenzi nabanye abasebenzisi yehlathi.

Ukudluliselwa Rights Property

Ngokutsho komthetho yangoku eRashiya, ekufunyanweni izindlu ezithengiswayo ngohlobo kwezibonelelo lomhlaba kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini, oko:

1. Privatisation.
2. Civil-mthetho indlela.

indlela privatisation idibanisa iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba ezifunyenwe ngabemi kwiimeko apho:

• umntu okanye ngokusemthethweni ofumana ezweni reserve likarhulumente isimo somntu, ukusetyenziswa kunye ilifa.
• Ilungu imifelandawonye yezolimo, ifama ezihlangeneyo eliphuma yakheke kwaye esona sabelo salo ngohlobo komhlaba.

Emva ukwamkelwa yokuvuselelwa komhlaba eRashiya ngowe-1990, abemi bakwazi ukufumana ubunini kwezibonelelo umhlaba-mali ngokutsha ukusekwa kwezixhobo nanceba. Ubume nokunikezelwa mali ziquka umhlaba Reserve, yaye abo ingqalelo iifama karhulumente kunye nemibutho ebilindelekile. Ukuze kwakhiwe-mali kumkhawulela namagunya asekuhlaleni kwaye, njengokuba kusenziwa imiboniso, umgangatho ilizwe reserve wayengekho ezona kwisithili.

indlela Civil-mthetho kuquka ukutshintshwa bobunini intengiso, nezenzo isipho, transfer ilifa kunye nezinye izenzo amiselwe ngokomthetho nesiphumo umntu okanye iqumrhu uzuza ubunini bomhlaba ngokusebenzisa ubhaliso imimiselo umthetho wobukhaya.

Ukupheliswa ubunini

Ukupheliswa ubunini yelizwe enokwenziwa zilandelayo zomthetho:

• Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo - izenzo yoluntu. Kusenokuba intengiselwano orhwebo nesiphumo umnini uya kuphulukana amagunya obunini. Amaxesha amaninzi ubunini bomhlaba nangaso kunye umnikelo, ngokunjalo exchange. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko wonaniselwano umnini ulahlekelwa ubunini isiqwenga somhlaba kunye uba enye.
• Ukushiywa ubunikazi. Kulo mzekelo, ukupheliswa ilungelo ukuba elinye nje ayiyi ezifunyenwe ngomnye umntu.
• Redemption komhlaba ukusetyenziswa luluntu.
• Ukuthathwa ipropati izibophelelo yomnini. Umzekelo: kwakhona ngetyala akananto Umbutho (umhlaba) umnini ngenxa non-inzaliseko nezibophelelo yokugqibela.

Imisebenzi umnini-mhlaba

Umthetho ekhoyo ye-Russian Federation ichaza kuphela iintlobo kunye neentlobo amalungelo omhlaba, kodwa luxanduva umnini la magunya. Ekubeni ilizwe, ukongeza into impahla yakhe, yaye inxalenye kwindalo yaloo mmandla yaye urhulumente, ngoko umnini-mhlaba kukho uxanduva ethile yokusetyenziswa kwayo. Okokuqala, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni na umnini iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba, umthetho mhlaba sinyanzela umnikazi akayi kungqubana amalungelo abanye abasebenzisi komhlaba.

Ngokuyintloko, imbopheleleko umnini ithobelana zonke izithethe nendele ukusetyenziswa kwepropati engashukumiyo ukulungiselela injongo yawo. Umzekelo, ukuba ilizwe afunyenwe ukwakhiwa, umnini unyanzelekile ukuba aphumeze umsebenzi wokwakha ngokungqinelana kunye nokhuseleko emlilweni, uphuhliso lwedolophu kunye nemigangatho yokwakha.

Ukuba sithetha ukusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, umnini mhlaba kufuneka zilahlwe ngendlela ukuze kuphazamisana nemisebenzi labemi kwindawo efanayo ezikufutshane apho kukho kananjalo iintlobo ezithile amalungelo omhlaba. Umhlaba ngexesha elinye kufuneka isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe yona. Kwesi sigaba, ubudlelwane mthetho ekhoyo lalatha iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho zilandelayo: ukusetyenziswa engafanelekanga kwesiza kwaye odla nokulima umhlaba iindlela zayo, ekhokelela kuphungulwe ukugxagxiseka kwezakhiwo yalo encedayo, kwakunye ukwala ukuphumeza amanyathelo ezinyanzelekileyo ukuphucula ukulima.

Ukongeza, zonke iintlobo amalungelo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kwicandelo lezolimo afune umnini wayo okanye umqeshi ukuba athobele nemigaqo zokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokuqhatha imeko eziphilayo kuloo ngingqi. izibophelelo ezongezelelweyo kuvela abanini iindawo injongo ekhethekileyo, ezifana zolondolozo lwendalo, Spa kunye indawo ntle.

Forms zobumnini bomhlaba

Ngokutsho komthetho ngoku Russian, iifom nobunini mhlaba bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu:

• ubunini Private ibandakanya amalungelo ezweni amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye nabemi.
• Ubunini State ibandakanya ilungelo lokuba amazwe ephethwe ngurhulumente okanye i-arhente yaso. Ukulahla le fomu kobumnini, abasemagunyeni federal okanye imizimba uyila republic kunye namacandelo elizenzekelayo nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo.
• ubunini kaMasipala ilawulwa ngoorhulumente beengingqi.

iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba ezikhoyo Russian Federation

Amagunya zobumnini bomhlaba kukho iintlobo ezininzi. Iintlobo kunye neentlobo amalungelo omhlaba, kwanolwazi oluqulethweyo lwabo iyabonakala ngokucacileyo kuwiso lwangoku, eyilwayo ezifana Code Land of 2001, njengoko ufakelwe izilungiso,-siseko, uMthetho Federal № 101-FZ. Ucalulo kwamalungelo propati isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya, nabanako ukwahlulelana ibe ngamaqela amabini: amalungelo zokwenene kunye noxanduva.

Iqela amalungelo obunini zenza ubunini ngqo kunye nezinye iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba (ilifa inheritable ubomi, lilifa elingunaphakade osisigxina, ilifa elilinganiselweyo impahla somnye). Amanye amalungelo real kwakhona avumele umnini ukuba tshabalalisa umhlaba ngexabiso setekeni, kodwa ngokubona site yomnikazi. Iimbopheleleko iintlobo amalungelo omhlaba uyarenta kunye nokusetyenziswa ukulwa. Makhe siqwalasele nganye kwezi ntlobo ngokwahlukileyo.

ubunini Land

Ubunini ngokupheleleyo ukwaxhobisa umnini ngobuchule nolwazi ilifa, ukulahlwa kunye nokusetyenziswa izindlu. Izifundo yalo mthetho - abantu kunye nemibutho esemthethweni. Into - Land, engumnini kwaye lilawule umhlaba esetyenziswa yi sifundo. Umnini womhlaba unawo amandla ukusebenzisa imimandla yelo kuyo injongo eyenzelwe yona, kwakunye konke oko ngaphezulu nangaphantsi phezu komhlaba, ngaphandle kokuba kubonelelwe ngenye umthetho onxulumene umyalelo ukusetyenziswa isithuba yomhlaba kunye nomoya.

Ilungelo ebomini ilifa inheritable

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ukuze kubuyekezelwe yokunqongophala kwicandelo labucala kummandla ongeyonxalenye komhlaba kunye neentlobo nobunini bomhlaba baba zincediswa inkqubo ebomini ilifa inheritable bomhlaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kunye nokwandiswa kwecandelo labucala kunye bangene ukusebenza kwe-Land Code yase ukutshintshwa iiploti komhlaba kubemi ngokwesiseko kobunini ebomini kwayekwa. Noko ke, le ubunini intsimi, ethe udluliselwe mzuzu oguqukayo umthetho belizwe reserved. Kulo mzekelo, umntu lowo anawo ebomini apho ilifa kwipropati engashukumiyo, angangena kuyo impahla.

ilungelo okusisigxina kobunini ngonaphakade

Kwelinye iziko komthetho komhlaba post-eSoviet lilungelo ukusetyenziswa esisigxina kwemithombo indawo. Eli lungelo nazo zibonelelwe nokwandiswa kwecandelo labucala, kodwa ngokunxulumene kubantu zomthetho. Okwangoku, eli lungelo ngokungaphelelanga bupheliswe, kodwa kunokuba iingqameko walapho amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Ukuba amazwe post-eSoviet zazidluliselwa kubo bonke abantu zomthetho bathi, libhange, kodwa ngoku kwesangqa ekunene abaviwa iingqameko phantsi kumaqumrhu karhulumente (imibutho karhulumente kunye kamasipala, nalwazelelelo lwasekuhlaleni, amaziko karhulumente). Neminye imibutho bayiswele le lungelo, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, oku kuthintela ukuba akhuphe irente ilizwe.

Ilungelo ukusebenzisa ipropati yomnye umntu

Easements neentlobo amalungelo belizwe ethile kakhulu indalo kwaye zibonakaliswa ilungelo elilinganiselweyo yokulahla indawo amazwe. Kukho iimeko apho iimfuno yenkosi lomhlaba umniniyo emzimbeni ayikwazi ingalungiswa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inxalenye ummelwane sebali. Umzekelo: ukuhamba nje emdeni langaphandle ezikufuphi, ufakelo imigca zonxibelelwano, kuquka umbane, wegesi, inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela.

Kulo mzekelo umnini site angangena kwisivumelwano kunye nommelwane ngokusetyenziswa chastbyu ilungelo nommandla wayo (easement) ngentlawulo. Ukuba akukho sivumelwano, umnini unelungelo ukufaka isimangalo enkundleni befuna wobukhoboka bakhe. Ukongeza, i-sicelo ilungelo ukusebenzisa yomhlaba elingummelwane akayi kuba umnini wamalungelo yokusetyenziswa esisigxina okanye umhlaba ubomi ilifa. Inqanyulwe umnini easement womhlaba osindwa linelungelo lokwenza ibango xa ukuwa okanye inzaliseko engafanelekanga lweemeko yobukhoboka.

Boleka icebo

ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nenzuzo esinokuzifumana kuzo ngaphandle kokuba umnini zabo, nayo kunokwenzeka ngenxa sokuhlala. Ukuze wenze oku, phakathi omnini umqashi contract fixed-term, njengoko apho umqeshiswa unalo ilungelo lokusebenzisa umhlaba isixa esithile ikhontrakthi kwemali nangokuxhomekeke kwimiqathango echazwe iimeko.

Ilizwe, bazikrazula, umqeshi unelungelo lokusebenzisa hayi kuphela ezinye iinjongo, kodwa ukusebenzisa amalungelo ukuqashisa elithi kwesivumelwano njengegalelo kwikomkhulu ogunyazisiweyo, idiphozithi okanye sabelane umnikelo, kwakunye ukugqithisela ukuba umntu wesithathu. Ukuze benze izenzo ezinjalo, ukuba le miyalelo ayityesheli sivumelwano, akufuneki ukuba imvume yomnini womhlaba, kwanele nje isaziso esibhaliweyo. Kulo mzekelo, umnini-mhlaba unelungelo lokufuna enkundleni ekupheleni kwexesha lokuqeshiselwa kuphela kwiimeko ephule yesivumelwano. Ekugqityweni okanye ukupheliswa amalungelo sokuqeshiselana ilizwe ibuyiswa ngokupheleleyo umqeshisi.

Ilungelo ukusetyenziswa ukulwa komhlaba

Iintlobo kwamalungelo yomhlaba Russian Federation ziquka ekuthiwa ilungelo lokusisebenzisa ukulwa komhlaba. Umnini ilungelo elinjalo kufuneka asebenzise ngayo ezinye iinjongo ezinikwe ilizwe ixesha elithile ndayokufika umnini womhlaba zikwimo eyanelisayo. Injongo yale lungelo kuba umhlaba karhulumente kunye kamasipala, apho umamkeli kunokuba nje amaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni, ngokunjalo koomasipala kunye namaziko karhulumente. Ithuba lokuba semthethweni ilungelo elinjalo - kunyaka 1.

amalungelo Injongo ukusetyenziswa ukulwa umhlaba nazo kuba lilizwe abantu ngokusemthethweni ukuze lukwazi ukudluliselwa ukusetyenziswa ngamanye abantu nemibutho. Ukuba semthethweni yezibophelelo esekwe yi lesivumelwano okanye lobomi womqeshwa (kwimeko yabasebenzi benkonzo wazibeka ngaphantsi komhlaba).