Iinqaba zwe eYurophu. izakhiwo zwe

Indlela zwe bokwakha wazalwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-12 kumantla eFransi. Negalelo kule iinzame Abbe Suter. kakhulu ngokuchuma indlela ekufikelelwe kwisiqingatha sokuqala kweye-13 c., Nabisa kwi kummandla Spain mihla kunye Czech Republic, Austria kunye iJamani, kunye UK.

Hlangana nakubugcisa Gothic, oko kunokwenzeka yaye eItali. Noko ke, kweli lizwe indlela leyo avuza kamva, akuba izalwe utshintsho enamandla. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14. style zwe International saa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Amazwe empumalanga yelizwekazi, le isimbo wabonakala kamva, kwaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane ye-16. Gothic banika ihlabathi kuphela iifomu yinqobo kuye. Le ndlela iye yadala ukuqonda indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo ubume isambuku kunye nokucwangciswa isithuba.

Amanqanaba ekukhuleni Gothic

Kukho periodization yokuphuhliswa kweli izakhiwo emangalisayo. Ngoko ke, ahluka Gothic:

- ekuqaleni, (12.)
- style elichumayo; (13.)
- ovutha (14-15 cc.);
- ngamazwe.

Thile emva kwizakhiwo izisombululo zodcheskih iziqalelo kuphela kule isimbo ungaqhelekanga zasetyenziswa. izakhiwo ezinjalo elithi "neo-Gothic" iyasetyenziswa.

ukwakheka

Kuba indlela Gothic luphawulwa ukwakheka nkqo, isakhelo oluntsonkothileyo iinkqubo zenkxaso, isiqulathi exabe kunye arch etsolo. Ezi iimpawu zoyilo ukuvumela ukuba ukwakha izakhiwo kunye ezimnyama ezinkulu (ngenxa yobukho iimbambo) kunye neendonga ukubhitya (ngenxa layisha kubo ezenzé inkqubo enezixhaso). Abakhi ukunciphisa izakhiwo ezinkulu zakhiwe. Oku kwenzeka ngokuthi kuqaliswe le nkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, iindonga akukho kuphinda babe njengezinto inkxaso.

features

Akhoyo indlela ethile kwisigaba zembali izakhiwo zokwakha lenziwe iinguqulelo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwaye indlela Romanesque iye utshintshwe wonke ube Gothic.

Ziziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili? Kukho iinkalo ezisixhenxe ezikhethekileyo style zwe;

1. imibala nendlela kwaye nakolu - blowu, bomvu ebengezelayo.
2. Le migca ezibaziweyo ezenza iseti jike ezimbini ezidibanayo.
3. Imilo olubuxande kwicala lwe sakhiwo ngokwemiqathango ajike abe iintsika neengqameko.
4. Fan igumbi eyakhelwe phezu piers. Endaweni yoko, ngamanye amaxesha kufunyenwe nophahla coffered. Amagumbi e izakhiwo ezinjalo obude elimxinwa. Okanye ububanzi, echazwa liziko exhasa. Uphahla kwezi nkalo ngokuyimfuneko phezulu.
5. etsolo, isakhelo, fishnet, ilitye, kuzinyothula na arch, kwakunye umgca amathambo lonke yesakhelo.
6. iifestile nebala-glass Multi-umbala. ukuma kwabo kufikelele ngeenxa okanye evuthelweyo phezulu.
7. Iingcango oki zalekiwe kwaye exabe neengqameko kweminyango.

Into ebalulekileyo lwezobugcisa phambi eqingqiweyo. izidalwa wasentsomini kunye nani ongemhle amaninzi zinokuhonjiswa iindonga yoonongendi, iicawe icawa.

Abaninzi iinqaba aphakathi yaseYurophu wayakha isimbo zwe. Lo ngumzekelo yokwenene Yindibanisela zobugcisa ezininzi, ezifana:

- bokwakha;
- imikrolo;
- painting omkhulu;
- ubugcisa bezandla.

Icawa zakhiwa kule isimbo Gothic endaweni yokubutha kwamadoda omzi engundoqo, belawula ngeenxa zonke izindlu ezimbini okanye ezinemigangatho emithathu. Eli lungiselelo kuyinyaniso ingakumbi eMpuma Yurophu Italy.

Isakhiwo lokuqala style yesiGothic

Ngokutsho idrafti Abbot Suger yakhiwa ibandla Saint-Denis. Yaba isakhiwo yokuqala ukwakhiwa isimbo zwe. Ngenxa ukwakhiwa kwale ndlu yecawa kususwe inani elikhulu izahlulelo ingaphakathi isekela. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo wathabatha ujongo bendawo, akayi nayiphi sothelekiso inqaba Romanesque.

Cathedral zwe wayethwele ethile intsingiselo wakha umcebisi yasebukhosini kunye Abbot Suger. Uye wasinika ubukhulu woonongendi, i yokungcwaba kwindawo mandulo ookumkani baseFransi. Ngokutsho ayephila, itempile, wakha Suger, ukukhanya rhoqo emangalisayo ayegcwele ubuhle elingaphakathi. Isigqibo ngelo xesha, Louis IX, wayalela ukuba amangcwaba ezilungiswe elinesithandathu yasebukhosini yaseFransi. Konke oku ukomeleza iwonga yasebukhosini.

Cathedral St. uStefano

iinqaba abaninzi zwe ezi iisimboli zesizwe zamazwe leyo zakhiwa. Oku kusebenza kwi Catholic Cathedral of St. uStefano, elise eVienna. He kubhekwa umqondiso wesizwe Austria.

Esi sakhiwo esihle, wakha phezu phantse amabini eminyaka, wakha entliziyweni kwikomkhulu Austria. Njengabo inqaba abaninzi Gothic kumaxesha, kuya kubanceda na kwindawo yembutho yesixeko. Nanamhla oku, kule ndlu yecawa ziqhutywa yonke imihla yonqulo.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Catholic Church abakhankanywe ngqangi enxulumene 1137. In kwenkulungwane ye-12. ESt uStefano Cathedral inalo yamanyala ngokukhawuleza lohlobo Romanesque. Noko ke, kule kwiinkulungwane 14-16. isakhiwo sakhiwa ngokupheleleyo yaye waba yesiGothic ngokupheleleyo. Sele ngenkulungwane ye-17. zatshintsha kancinane embindini yecawa. Njengoko amanqaku yaba ethandwayo yobuciko.

I eSt uStefano Cathedral iye ezinde ezimbini. Omnye wabo engagqitywanga, - North. ukuphakama kwawo 68 m isithuba sesibini nenqaba ende -. South. Liphuma ngaphezu emhlabeni eemitha 136 kwaye ithala isishwankathelo lexi hlamarisaka Vienna nje kuphela, kodwa indawo yayo. On the North Tower intsimbi likhulu kweli lizwe. Oko: Umlinganiseli iitoni ezingama-21 kunye ubukhulu - eziimitha ezintathu. Le Ngenyanga intsimbi kuphela ngeeholide ezinkulu, akukho izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-11 ngonyaka.

Chartres Cathedral

iinqaba zwe Kwandichukumisa gqitha xa umphefumlo ngomntu wonke. Ichaphazela ukuphakama kwawo nobuhle yade ukuya isibhakabhaka iinqaba amaninzi kunye neengqameko etsolo. Ukongeza, ezinde kwi style Gothic igqithile kakhulu. Ngoko ke, Chartres Cathedral, ibekwe eFransi, linobude m 130. Ngalunye nqaba imbono ekhethiweyo ikhangeleka ngokutsha. Kwaye yonke enkosi kuyilo emangalisayo olungaphambili.

Ngokwahlukileyo amabandla Romanesque, unohlobo elula necacileyo ezibonakalayo, xa usibona Chartres Cathedral kubonakala kukunqongophala iindonga. Gallery, neengqameko, iinqaba, iifestile enkulu, iisayithi ezininzi kunye Iiveranda i umdlalo uphelayo ngeentlobo openwork. Njengazo zonke iinqaba Gothic, Chartres Cathedral ukuba ngokoqobo kumiwa ngabantu abaninzi eqingqiweyo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye eqingqiweyo etempileni, kukho malunga ishumi lamawaka. La manani kuphela inthanethi neegalari. Ingabonwa kwi uphahla kunye uphahla phezu nobhazabhaza ezijikeleze kunye downspouts, zidlala kunye phantsi neengqameko le enzelwe. Ngamanye amazwi, le iinqaba Gothic iindwendwe ukuba ihlabathi ongaziwayo kunye emangalisayo.

Notre Dame

Indlela zwe of iinqaba zamaxesha, kwaye iye yasetyenziswa kwitempile enkulu, waqala ngo-1163 I-ilitye lesiseko le yecawa of Notre Dame zokwakha ogama yasekwa Louis VII kunye Pope Alexander III. yathatha Ukwakhiwa ngaphezu kwekhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, oko labuya ukusuka empuma ukusa kwinxalenye esentshona sakhiwo. Ngokutsho kwisicwangciso sokuqala, le ndlu yecawa bekumele ukuba siqulathe zonke yabemi Paris, ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa abemi-10 000. Noko ke, emva kokuba ulwakhiwo isixeko etempileni likhule izihlandlo ezininzi, ukuba akukwazeki ukuba ukuphumeza isicwangciso sayo.

Isithuba engaphakathi yetempile ekhoyo ilitye ubukumkani iintsika isakhelo neyi apho amaqhina oqhagamshelwano phakathi Iingqameko etsolo. I elingaphakathi ubukumkani benene lwelayini ezithe nkqo, phambili ukuya ezulwini. anemibala, ifakwe kukwisakhelo nebala kwelanga yeglasi usichithachithe, leyo Wayiphalazela imilonde ezininzi okulwa kunye nabaveleli, abafazi kunye nabantwana, amadoda kunye nookumkani. Walls kule tempile ayikho kwaphela. Endaweni yoko, ukuba wakha isakhelo equlathe columns enxulumene lungqameko. Bhala uyilo lo window Lancet, leyo efana namanani enkulu imizobo elinesibini. kwelanga yenza multi-bala iifestile zeglasi nebala njengamatye enkulu. Kule kukho ithowuni ethile eyimfihlakalo ukuba icwangcisa umntu phezu mood yonqulo abangcwele.

Cologne Cathedral

Ukwakhiwa kwale sakhiwo ozukileyo isimbo Gothic waqala ngo 1248 Cathedral ukwahlula ukukhanya ende olungaphambili yasentshona kunye nophahla ezinophahla, kwakunye isisombululo ubuhle kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zokwakha ukuphakama engaqhelekanga zendlu.

Le tempile sesona - eyaziwa kakhulu liyabonakala lonke umhlaba. Jonga lesikhumbuzo emangalisayo zakhiwo Gothic, leyo ukuphakama kwayo yeyona iphezulu yesithathu phakathi zonke icawa zehlabathi, zonke abakhenkethi uzimisele ukutyelela eJamani.

Palazzo Ducale

Le Cathedral umntu kungumzekelo oqaqambileyo zakhiwo yelo zwe, nto leyo baqonda iimpawu zolwakhiwo kunye nefuthe ethile le style emangalisayo. Olungaphambili kwetempile into engaqhelekanga kakhulu kumafa yayo. Uthotho lwemihlathi emarmore emhlophe ujikeleze kwenqanaba esezantsi nqaba. sakhiwo omkhulu abangaboniyo utyhala ezi ntsika emhlabeni. Umgangatho wesibini eyenziwe loggia eqhubekayo evulekileyo. Elidityaniswe kuyo nakwiingqameko zalo isiqu kunye nemihlathi emininzi ezibhityileyo. Eli nqanaba Lubonakala ubabalo lula. Ngaphezu koko liphuma somgangatho wesithathu, iindonga ezipinki leyo eye ngokubanzi zishiyane iifestile. Le yinxalenye olungaphambili ezihonjiswe ngemizobo yemigca emhlophe. lonke ibhotwe ebeganga iliso sonority izisombululo zayo zokuhombisa. It idibanisa ubungangamsha Byzantium kunye makakwenze wempangelo.