"Igama le Rose" Umberto Eko: isishwankathelo. "Igama le Rose": abalinganiswa abaphambili, iziganeko

Il fuzo della Rosa ( «Igama Rose") - incwadi eyaba bt unjingalwazi iincwadi kwiYunivesithi Bologna semiotics Umberto Eco. inoveli yokuqala yapapashwa elinethoba ikhulu ngonyaka wamakhulu kulwimi lokuqala (Italian). umsebenzi olandelayo umbhali, "Foucault kaThixo kuqala", yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaye arcade-bethengisa umbhali ekugqibeleni baziswa ihlabathi iincwadi ezinkulu. Kodwa kweli nqaku siza uyixoxe isishwankathelo "Igama le-Rose." Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini ngemvelaphi igama kwinoveli. Umbhali-mbali Umberto Eco ibhekisa Ixesha nominalists iimbambano kunye zinjalo, phikisana oko kuya kuhlala igama rose, ukuba intyantyambo uya kunyamalala. Kodwa njengokuba isihloko inoveli xa ibhekisela ukuya kumgca ibali uthando. Emva kokulahlekelwa intanda yakhe, Adson hero akakwazi bakhale phezu igama lakhe, ngokuba ayisazi.

Roman- "matryoshka"

Imveliso ye "Igama le-Rose" - a entsonkothileyo kakhulu ezininzi. Umbhali kwintshayelelo kubeka umfundi ukuba kungenzeka ukuba yonke into ukufunda ntoni kule ncwadi iya kuba manga zembali. Ukuze umguquleli ethile ukufumana i "uyise Notes ife Adson" ePrague ngowe-1968. Le yincwadi isiFrentshi, eyapapashwa kwinkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba. Kodwa ke ngamazwi yesiLatini isicatshulwa ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kuba incwadi lesiphelo wesandla kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Ngqangi wadala indela ife. Uphando Imbali ngobuntu kumanqaku umbhali kumaxesha, njengoko nababhali kwiinkulungwane elinesixhenxe kwaye yeshumi elinesithoba, aziphumelelanga. Ngaloo ndlela umbhali yenoveli wabetha afakwe wakhe umsebenzi obaluleke iziganeko zembali isishwankathelo. "Igama le Rose" igcwele na iimpazamo kumaxwebhu. Kwaye loo nto, inoveli amadlala mbali zemfundo. Kodwa yintoni iziganeko kufuneka ukwazi ukuqonda nezo sebali?

Umongo yezembali yalapho loo inyathelo yenoveli (summary)

"Igama le Rose" libhekisela kwinyanga ka Novemba eziliwaka elinamakhulu amathathu, anamanci mabini anesixhenxe. Nangona Western Yurophu izanyazanyiswa nezenkolo. Emthembisa lalikhathazwe na kwi "Avignon ekuthinjweni" phantsi isithende wokumkani French. John lama-yesibini besilwa miba mibini. Kwelinye icala, yena ephikisana oyiNgcwele uMlawuli waseRoma Louis yesine yaseBavaria, yaye kwelinye - iye ekulweni nxamnye nabefundisi zabo zeCawa. Frantsisk Assizsky, aphawula ukuqala i-Order emishini of Friars Minor, wema ekusweleni epheleleyo. Wabiza ukuba indyebo lwehlabathi ukulandela uKrestu. Emva kokufa Francis abagcwele akanaso i lalikhathazwe kapopu wagqiba ukuthumela abafundi bakhe kunye nabalandeli ezindongeni weemonki. Wenza ukwahlulwa phakathi kwamalungu yoMyalelo. Wema baphuma Franciscan Spirituals, abo baqhubeka bemi kwizithuba yentlupheko zabapostile. I Pope wathi uba- kubo, waza waqalisa wokulwa. Umlawuli wasebenzisa ngayo ukuba ubambene bakhe investiture, yaye yaxhasa Spirituals. Ngenxa yoko, baba amandla ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela avumelene ukuba ezingxoxweni. Ixhaswe licandelo umlawuli igqiza Franciscan kunye nabameli upopu baba ngokuhlanganisana ngumbhali ngagama ye woonongendi kwi kwimida savoy, Piedmont kunye Liguria. Kulo ukubaleka kwaye kwenzeka iziganeko eziphambili kwinoveli. Khumbula ukuba ingxoxo malunga ubuhlwempu kaKristu kunye iCawa yakhe kuphela screen emva kwazo sithole ukuba zilalele ngamayelenqe ixesha yezopolitiko.

bekubuza zembali

umfundi eyayifunde baya kukuqonda uqhagamshelwano Eco inoveli kunye amabali, Kwinan Doyle. Ukuze oku ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukwazi isishwankathelo yakhe. "Igama Rose," kubonakala ngathi uthi nje ngenyameko Adson. Ngoko nangoko iza libhekisela malunga uGqirha Watson, ngubani ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kuphando umhlobo wakhe Sherlock Holmes. Kakade ke, amaqhawe ezimbini kwinoveli ke esakhiweni. UWilhelm Baskervilsky, labo encinane leyo eyenza ukuba ukukhumbula ibali Conan Doyle malunga inja semfene kwi njengochushuluzayo, waye Imibono weemonki egameni umlawuli ukulungiselela intlanganiso nabameli Spirituals le lalikhathazwe kweqiwa. Kodwa kamsinya nje ukuba abo basandula kuqalisa ife Adson weza woonongendi, njengoko iziganeko zenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ababethwala mpikiswano malunga neemeko zentlupheko neCawa zabapostile ngasemva. Le noveli bunikwa kwisithuba yeveki enye. ukubulala angaziwayo landela omnye emva komnye, lonke ixesha ukugcina umfundi usiphongomisile. Fumana unobangela zonke ezi abafayo zibangelwa UWilhelm, esikhulu, umfundi wezakwalizwi brilliant and, njengoko oko kungqinwa incoko yakhe UBernard Guy, owayesakuba ngumncini. "Igama le Rose" - incwadi na uhlobo inoveli zokucupha.

Njengoko esikhulu uba umphandi

I-JANUWARI isigodlo, apho bekumele ukuba intlanganiso kwamagunya ezimbini, i-Franciscan uWilliam Baskerville kwaye abo basandula kuqalisa ife Adson ukufika iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kwengxoxo. Ekuhambeni yayo, amaqela ukuvakalisa iingxoxo zabo malunga nendlala yeCawa njengoko ezihlangwini Krestu kwaye uxoxe kungenzeka yokufika General uMikhail Spirituals Tsezenskogo e Avignon ukuya etroneni loopopu. Kodwa uza emasangweni woonongendi, abalinganiswa abaphambili kumkhawulela iimonki, wabaleka zikhangela imazi yehashe eyadala. Apha Wilhelm wothusa wonke with "indlela aqale 'yakhe (omnye ibhekisela Umberto Eco Conan Doyle), echaza ihashe kunye esalatha indawo kwesilwanyana. Abbot, Abbon, wambetha ingqondo Franciscan nzulu, emcela ukuba ukujongana kwimeko yokufa engaqhelekanga, nto leyo eyenzeka phakathi kweendonga woonongendi. Ezantsi eweni yafunyanwa umzimba Adelma. Yayikhangeleka ngokungathi amhluba ukusuka window sijinga phezu enzonzobileni inqaba, ngokuba le nkqubo isisakhiwokazi. Abbon uphawula ukuba uyayazi into malunga iimeko ukufa ngumzobi Adelma, kodwa kubandakanya ngesibhambathiso ukufihla le confessional. Kodwa ivumela William ukuba iphande kwaye yokuphenya zonke iimonki ukuchonga umbulali.

sakhiwo

Abbon ukuvumela ukuba umphandi ukuhlolisisa zonke iindawo woonongendi, ngaphandle kwithala. Lithathe nowesithathu, top umgangatho ayisosakhiwo - inqaba giant. Ithala ubuqaqawuli watshisa izitha ezinkulu eYurophu. Kuye kwakhiwa njenge ekulo. Ukufikelela ukuya kulo kwaba unolayibrari kuphela Malaki kunye nomncedisi wakhe, Berengar. Second floor sakhiwo yahlala scriptorium, apho asebenza abakhupheli illustrators, enye yazo ongasekhoyo Adelmo. Emva kokuchitha yokuhlaziywa, Wilhelm weza kwisigqibo sokuba akukho namnye wabulawa ngumzobi, kodwa watsiba ngaphandle kweendonga eliphezulu woonongendi, umzimba wakhe ndasiwa kweendonga zetempile ukudilika. Kodwa oku ekupheleni kwinoveli kunye nesishwankathelo yayo. "Igama le Rose" ugcina umfundi ngengxabano rhoqo. enye isidumbu kwafunyanwa ngentsasa elandelayo. Tsalela kube ukuzibulala kwakunzima: onika uncedo umzimba imfundiso Aristotle xa Venanzio unamathela ngaphandle Umphanda igazi yehagu (iKrismesi uyeza, kwaye iimonki bazixhela iinkomo imveliso iisoseji). Yabulala nazo wasebenza scriptorium. Kwaye oko kwabangela Wilhelm ukunika ingqwalasela nangakumbi kwithala leencwadi twisiseka. Iqhina lo ekubeni kukho waba nomdla kuyo emva kokuba nenduna kaMalaki. Yena single-handedly isigqibo sokuba ukunikezela incwadi ecela yakhe, indela, ukuba wayebhekisela kwinto yokuba wogcino iqulethe eninzi yobuhedeni kunye ngqangi ngabawexuki.

scriptorium

Not engeniswe kwithala leencwadi, nto leyo eya kuba embindini mbaliso kwisiqwenga inoveli "Igama le-Rose", abalinganiswa uWilliam Adson bachitha ixesha elininzi kumgangatho wesibini le nkqubo isisakhiwokazi. Ukuthetha umbhali Benz oselula, umphandi ufumanisa ukuba kwi scriptorium cwaka, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, ngengcwangu zichasene amaqela amabini. iimonki Young bekulungele ukuhleka, lo gama lendela abaKhulu isono fun ayamkelekanga. Inkokeli leli qembu imonki oyimfama Jorge slyvuschego San uGiusto. Yena yaphuphuma kokulindelekileyo sokugqibela kwimbali yokufika Umchasi kunye ekupheleni kwexesha. Kodwa draftsman Adelmo ngobuciko kuboniswe izilwanyana funny bestiary ukuba namaqabane zakhe awunakungavuyi ehlekisayo. Benz ehamba ukuba kwiintsuku ezimbini phambi kokufa umzobi ngxabano siyavumelana kule scriptorium wajika imfazwe kwamagama. Yaba umbuzo le admissibility zomfanekiso izicatshulwa zenkolo funny. Umberto Eco usebenzisa le ngxoxo ukusombulula imfihlelo: Le ncwadi zelayibrari nako ukusombulula imbambano ukuzithandisa sisetyenziswe fun. Berenguer yamemeza ukuba ubukho emigudwini, nto leyo iye yanxulunyaniswa la magama "ngaphandle Afrika".

abafa ngalinye ngomsonto enengqondo

"Igama le Rose" - inoveli postmodern. Ibhalwe ngohlobo William Baskervilskogo lumo ngokungangqalanga of Sherlock Holmes. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo nomcuphi London, umcuphi aphakathi akazange ukugcina isantya kunye neziganeko. Yena akanako ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokubulala landela ngamnye. Kwaye kule sibona unaloo "amaNdiya Ten Little" yi Agatha Christie. Ke zonke ezi ookubulala, ngendlela enye okanye omnye ezinxulumene ncwadi twisiseka. William Funda Okunye Adelma ukuzibulala. Berengar wamcenga ukuba sodomitskoy unxibelelwano, esithembisayo olu hlobo nkonzo akwazi ukwenza nje unolayibrari oncedisayo. Kodwa opeyintayo nako ukuma amandla esono nokuvuma babaleka. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ngowokuqala wayesazimisele Jorge, Adelmo ayikwazanga lula umphefumlo, kwaye lithemba, wathabatha ubomi bakhe. Abaqeqeshelwe Berengar akazange enze, wanyamalala. Feeling ukuba zonke iziganeko kwi scriptorium enxulumene ncwadi, Wilhelm ukungena Adson ebusuku ezindlwini, usebenzisa i sicatshulwa komhlaba, apho bafunda podsmotrev for oncedisayo unolayibrari. Kodwa ithala yaba maze enzima. Heroes bafumana nje indlela yokuphuma, waba nefuthe zonke iintlobo izibatha: .. Zipili, wezibane na isiselo ezingqondweni yeoli, njl Ezilahlekileyo Berengar wafunyanwa efile sokuhlambela. ugqirha emishini Severin ibonisa amanqaku UWilhelm engaqhelekanga emnyama eminweni wakhe nolwimi womfi. yafunyanwa efanayo ekuqaleni Venanzio. Severin wathi yena waphulukana ibhotile into enetyhefu kakhulu.

ipolitiki big

Ngenxa ukufika ukuya kumzi weemonki kwamagunya amabini ngaxeshanye kunye nomcuphi uqala ukuphuhlisa kunye 'ezopolitiko' iyelenqe umgca ethi 'The Igama Rose ". Le noveli izele iimpazamo zembali. Ngoko ke, lo ngumncini uBernard Guy, ufike umsebenzi ozakuzo, eqalisa ukuba aphande na iimpazamo heretical, kwaye amatyala olwaphulo - nokubulala ezindongeni weemonki. umbhali yenoveli singena umfundi kwi izenzakalo seempikiswano ngezakwaLizwi. Ngelo xesha Wilhelm ne Adson yesibini ukungena kwilayibrari ze bafunde ngecebo Maze. Baba, "ngaphaya Africa" - ambathe itshixiwe igumbi mfihlakalo. Ngelo xesha, uBernard Guy engafanelekanga ngokwakhe, ngokwendlela iincwadi zembali, iindlela ukhokela zokubulala. Wabanjwa kwaye watyholwa umncedisi ubugqwirha gqirha, owayesakuba dolchinianina Balthazar kunye umngqibi-intombazana oweza woonongendi kuthengisa izidumbu zabo imvuthuluka evela refectory. mpikiswano Scientific phakathi abameli lalikhathazwe kunye Spirituals iba ekulweni engenamsebenzi. Kodwa ke umbhali yenoveli kuthatha umfundi umva ukusuka moya wezakwalizwi kwindawo nomcuphi yohlobo imincili.

ukubulala

Xa uWilliam wayebukele ukulwa, ndafika Severin. Uxele ukuba uyifumene kwincwadi yakhe kwisibhedlele engaqhelekanga. Ngokwendalo, oku kuyafana abalawula evela kwithala Berengar njengoko umzimba wakhe eyafumanekayo echibini kufuphi esibhedlele. Kodwa Wilhelm akanako ukumshiya, yaye emva kwethutyana yonke iindaba ezothusayo ngokufa kugqirha. skull Severin Yaba ziye, kwaye ubugebengu yathinjwa cellarer Remi. Ubonisa ukuthi wafumana ugqirha sele efile. Kodwa Benz, imonki abaselula kakhulu ngokukhawuleza-uyiZisa wathi uWilliam wagidima waya esibhedlele kuqala, uze emva koko walandela amalungu. Wayeqinisekile ukuba thala uMalaki waba apha ndaweni ithile ukufihla, yaye emva koko, ugalelwe isihlwele. Eqonda ukuba lo mbulali ugqirha kodwa wakwazi ukwenza incwadi, emi apha Berengar, uWilliam ujonga zonke iikhompyutha eziphathwayo kwi wasemsebenzini. Ke yena engama isibakala sokuba iitekisi eziliqela-ngqangi kuba ngesteyipla zibe ngumqulu owodwa. Ngoko ke, le ncwadi zapoluchaet zabona ngakumbi Benz. inoveli ethi "I Igama reviews i Rose 'abafundi' ayizo ilize ekuthiwa ezininzi kunene. Ngesakhiwo kuthatha umfundi emva enkulu nkqubo moya. Kubonakala ukuba UBernard Guy weza woonongendi ngenjongo ezifihlakeleyo ukuphazamisa iintetho. Ukuze wenze oku, wasebenzisa yabehlela wahlala ababulali. Yena otyholwa zolwaphulo-mthetho le dolchinianina yangaphambili, besithi esahlula Balthazar iimbono heretical Spirituals. Ngaloo ndlela, nabo bonke bephela yinxalenye ityala.

Ekusombululeni nemfihlo ncwadi endimangazayo umtya yokubulawa

Benz unikwe ukuba uMalaki, nokuba ngaphandle ukuyivula, ekubeni yena wanikela isithuba umncedisi unolayibrari. Kwaye wasindisa ubomi bakhe. Njengoko amaphepha encwadi ziye buzane yityhefu. ukusebenza kwayo waziva phezu ngokwayo yaye uMalaki - wafa engcungcutheka nje ngexesha Mass. Ulwimi kunye eminweni kwaba emnyama. Kodwa apha Abbon wabiza uWilliam ngokuqinileyo utsho ukuba ukushiya ehlala ngentsasa elandelayo. Le umphathi waqiniseka ukuba ukubulawa yaba ukulungisa kwamanqaku phakathi muzhelozhtsami. Kodwa ke umphandi Franciscan indela akayi ukunikezela. Ngapha koko, kwakhe kufutshane ekusombululeni kwiphazili. Yena ukuyichaza isitshixo esivula igumbi "ngaphandle Afrika". Kwaye ngobusuku yesithandathu kokuhlala kwakhe kwi woonongendi kunye UWilhelm Adson kwakhona ukungena kwithala leencwadi. "Igama le Rose" - inoveli Umberto Eko, ogama ibali eliqukuqela kancinci, njengoko umlambo cwaka, kuba olukhula ngokukhawuleza njengoko Thriller. Kwigumbi eliyimfihlo iindwendwe olumenyiweyo sele elinde Jorge yimfama. Ezandleni zakhe loo ncwadi - ezilahlekileyo ikopi kuphela yomsebenzi "kohlekayo," uAristotle, inxalenye yesibini "Poetics". Oku "iimpawu grey 'owaqhubeka wathobeleni onke, kuquka umphathi, ngoxa ebona amaphepha tixi encwadi ebebathiya ityhefu, ngoko akukho namnye unako ukuyifunda loo nto. Aristotle wayekuthanda intlonelo enkulu phakathi nezazi kumaXesha Aphakathi. Jorge Boyika ukuba xa ukuhleka iya kuqinisekiswa yi igunya, ngoko yonke indlela ziya kuwohloka imilinganiselo yayo ingqalelo kuphela komKristu. Kuba lo yena esibenza kumgibe namatye umphathi waphula indlela ovula ucango. Blind monk inika Wilhelm ufunde le ncwadi. Kodwa emva kokufunda ukuba uyayazi imfihlelo sheets ityhefu-nowento ekroqiweyo, yena ngokwakhe aqale ukufunxa sheets. William uzama ukuba kude le ncwadi endala, kodwa omnye okhokelwa ngokugqibeleleyo ngokusebenzisa imeyizi uyabaleka. Kwaye xa kudlula, wasiphula isibane abaphose libe imiqolo iincwadi. oyile achithwe nangoko lugubungela ezezintsu umlilo. Wilhelm ne Adson wasindisa emlilweni. nelangatye tempile ukuba kudluliselwa kwezinye izakhiwo. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, xa kwisiza woonongendi ityebileyo ke babhem kuphela amanxuwa.

Ingaba kukho yokuziphatha kwisincoko postmodern?

Uburharha, avela ukwasikhombisa ukuba eminye imisebenzi uncwadi, ibali kwakho, kongezwe kulo kwi imeko yembali kwenkulungwane yokuqala elinesine - yiloo nto zonke "chips 'ukuba olukuhla umfundi" Igama le-Rose. " Uhlalutyo le mveliso kwenza kube lula ukuba ndigwebe ukuba efihliweyo intsingiselo ebonakalayo eyonwabisayo enzulu. Ophambili ayikho uWilliam Canterbury, kunye namanqaku Adson umbhali ngokuqinisekileyo hayi uNothozamile. Eli gama, nto leyo uzama ukuchonga isabelo nixabane abanye. Ingxaki inkululeko ephakathi kuvuswe ngumbhali kunye entsha kwakhiwe. ucaphulo bhuqe imisebenzi abadumileyo kwinoveli akuthethi nje ukwenza umfundi uncumo eyayifunde kakhulu. Kodwa kunye syllogisms nehlekisayo, sidibana kunye zokusingatha mba ebaluleke. Le mbono yokuba ukunyamezelana, ukukwazi ukuba bahloniphe kwihlabathi jikelele lomnye umntu. Umba inkululeko yokuthetha, inyaniso ekufuneka 'wavakalisa ukusuka kophahla "oluchasene ntetho ubumsulwa bakhe njengelinge lokugqibela, ukuba iinzame ukuba ukunyanzelisa yesiqalo sayo umbono ayisiso enetyala, kodwa ngamandla. Ngelo xesha xa zenkohlakalo igil avakalise amaxabiso yaseYurophu qhekeko obungathethekiyo, le inoveli kubonakala ukuba ube efanelekileyo ngakumbi.

"Amanqaku kwi" Igama le Rose "amasimi"

Emva kokupapashwa kwinoveli kumcimbi kweenyanga waba ethengwa. Kubafundi esibekela nje umbhali "Igama le-Rose" iileta imibuzo malunga ncwadi. Ngoko ke, ngo elinethoba ngonyaka asibhozo-wesithathu Umberto Eco kokuvuma nangoku ukwazi kwi "kwilebhu zokudala 'yakhe. "Amanqaku kwi" Igama Rose "amasimi" ezibhaliweyo iminkqangiyelo kunye eyonwabisayo. Kuwo umbhali ethengwa utyhila izinto ezifihlakeleyo inoveli ngempumelelo. Kwiminyaka emithandathu emva kokukhutshwa kwinoveli kwi ekukhanyeni "Igama le-Rose" wathabatha film. UMlawuli Jean-Zhak Anno inxaxheba ukudutyulwa abadlali abaziwayo. Shon Konneri ngobuchule wadlala indima William Baskervilskogo. Young, kodwa kakhulu nomdlali onesiphiwo Kristian Sleyter lwaba Adson. Le filimu yaba yimpumelelo enkulu kwi-ofisi bhokisi, sigwetyelwe imali eyenziwe kuyo, kwaye bephumelela iimbasa ezininzi kule kinokonkursah. Kodwa yena waye enoburhalarhume obukhulu Eco lithathelwe yalo. Wayekholelwa ukuba umbhali ngokwenene kuye lula imveliso bayo, ukuze ibe imveliso inkcubeko abaninzi. Ukususela ngoko, ulukhanyele bonke abalawuli, babebuza ithuba ifilimu umsebenzi wakhe.