Hydrocarbon Aliphatic - yintoni na le nto?

hydrocarbon Aliphatic - le khompawundi organic ogama iimolekyuli ziqulathe iibhondi kuphela. Ezi ziquka alkanes kunye cycloparaffins, iimpawu zabo kuya kuxoxwa ngazo izinto zethu.

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele alkanes

Abameli beli zodidi luphawulwa indlela jikelele SpN2p + 2. Xa paraffins ziquka zonke khompawundi nokubane umxokelelwane evulekileyo apho athom anxulumene omnye komnye ngeentambo elinye. Ngenxa yokuba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, hydrocarbon aliphatic yi iikhompawundi ngaphantsi esebenzayo, bafumana igama "paraffins 'zabo. Makhe sibone ezinye iimpawu zolwakhiwo abameli kule klasi, uhlobo izibopho iimolekyuli, ukusetyenziswa shishino.

Inkcazelo emfutshane methane

Njengoko ummeli elula le yeklasi kuchazwe methane. Yaba nguye lowo iqala uthotho hydrocarbon aliphatic. Ukuze ubonise iimpawu ezahlukileyo.

Methane sukube phantsi kweemeko into eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle ivumba kunye nombala. Umchiza akhiwa yokubola kwindalo ngaphandle phambi esesibhakabhakeni izinto ioksijini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Umzekelo, oku ifumaneka igesi yendalo, ke ngoku kusetyenziswa kukuninzi njenge amafutha kwi kwimveliso kweli khaya.

Loluphi uhlobo bond yamachiza ezo hydrocarbon? Aliphatic, umda iikhompawundi covalent organic ezi iimolekyuli ezibandayo.

Le molecule iye tetrahedral ifomu methane molecule, uhlobo hybridization-athom kwekhabhoni sp3, okuhambelana engile ndisolulela 109 degrees imizuzu 28. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, hydrocarbon aliphatic - na iikhemikhali iikhompawundi ngaphantsi esebenzayo.

Ikakhulu homologues methane

Ngaphandle methane igesi yendalo kunye oli ekrwada iqulethe ezinye hydrocarbon, apho kufuneka isakhiwo efanayo kunye nayo. I ezine Ummeli lokuqala homologous ngcelele paraffins zikwimeko sukube of udibaniso, abe ukunyibilika esezantsi emanzini.

Ngenxa yokwanda ubukhulu ubunzima isalamane lwalusanda waphawula ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu elibilayo kunye CxHy yokunyibilikisa. Phakathi abameli ngabanye inani kukho umahluko CH2, leyo kuthiwa umahluko homologous. It is a isiqinisekiso ngqo compound yelo kumqolo organic.

Zonke hydrocarbon aliphatic - ezi zizinto ezinokuthi zikhawuleze enyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi.

isomerism series

Kuba abameli paraffins eziliqela isomerism na uphawu asemzimbeni carbon. Oku kungenxa amathuba ukujikeleza komhlaba malunga carbon atom kwiqhina imichiza. Umzekelo, ukuba iikhompawundi C4H10 ezizizembiwa ukubunjwa ingathatha carbon skeleton ngqo - butane. Njengoko isomer noshowo uya kwenza 2-methylpropane, ukuba isakhiwo branched.

Iipropati UMbane oQhelekileyo chemical uphawu paraffins, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqaphele indlela endaweni. Ukwanda imixokelelwane uchaza ukuntsonkotha indlela kunye indlela yayo emikhulu. Ukuze ufumane ezizizembiwa halogenated aliphatic, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqhube indlela halogenation, elibaleka ubukho UV. Chain uhlobo lwale ntsebenziswano kwenzeka onke amalungu kuthotho elinikiweyo. Le mveliso ngenxa kuthiwa yezabelo halo. ngokubanzi zisetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza njengoko organic izinyibilikisi.

Ngaphezu koko, zonke hydrocarbon aliphatic kwaye enuka zivutha phambi oxygen ukuze amanzi kunye carbon dioxide. Kuxhomekeka ipesenti kwekhabhoni molecule unikelwa eyahlukileyo mali ubushushu. Nokuba sokubandakanyeka iklasi ka-oganikhi khompawundi, zonke iinkqubo yokutsha abantu abasabela exothermic ezisetyenziswa ekhaya kunye noshishino.

isicelo elula imethane dehydrogenation (hydrogen nokutsalwa). Ngenxa yale nkqubo eveliswe iasithilini, nto leyo ikhemikali feedstock ezixabisekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa alkanes kunye alkanes ikhlorini

Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - kulwelo izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo organic. Chloroform kunye iodoform ezisetyenziswa yesilungu. Le yokubola methane yenye yeendlela lezoshishino ukuvelisa carbon abamnyama, efunekayo ukuze nokuveliswa inks yoshicilelo. Methane ingqalelo mthombo uphambili kwishishini kwemichiza kweli hydrogen ukuya kwimveliso ammonia kunye kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto ezininzi organic.

hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo

hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo aliphatic - bona abameli ngeqela ethylene kunye iasithilini. Hlalutya iipropati zabo ezisisiseko kunye nesicelo. Kuba alkene luphawulwa bubukho ibhondi kabini, ngoko ukuba inani lilonke kwifomula unalo ifomu SpN2p.

Ukuqwalasela uhlobo ezi zihlanganisi ezihluthiyo, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba kusabela iikhompawundi: hydrogenation, halogenation, ukuxovwa, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Ukongeza, abameli ethylene bayakwazi polymerization. Yiyo le phawu kwenza abameli eklasini ibango kwishishini kwemichiza mihla. Polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene - into okumisele ishishini isiseko Polymer.

Iasithilini - ilungu lokuqala thotho ukuba ifomula jikelele SpN2p-2. Phakathi iimpawu olwahlula ezi zihlanganisi uyakwazi ukwahlula ubukho iqhina ezintathu. Ubukho balo ichaza ukuhamba a reactions ezimbaxa kunye halogens, amanzi, hydrogen halide, hydrogen. Ukuba iqhina emithathu kwi iikhompawundi ezinjalo kwindawo yokuqala, ngoko ke alkyne uphawuleka qualitative awasabela kufakwe kunye ityuwa entsonkothileyo zesilivere. Leli khono yokusabela qualitative ukuba alkyne, kusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa oko admixture kunye alkene kunye alkane.

Ezi hydrocarbon enuka ukuba iikhompawundi ezihluthiyo elibujikele, ke zinganikezelwanga kuthathwa ukuba iikhompawundi aliphatic.

isiphelo

Nangona umahluko ekwakhiweni oluninzi ekhoyo abameli isinyibiliko unsaturated iikhompawundi aliphatic, ukuba ziyafana iimolekyuli Isalathisi umgangatho ziqulathe yekhabhoni hydrogen. Umahluko ekwakhiweni oluninzi (ifomula ezahlukeneyo ngokubanzi) abameli CxHy isinyibiliko unsaturated ukuchaza umahluko iindlela abasabela ukuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Kungenxa yoko le nto amalungu zonke iiklasi ezi zihlanganisi kungena indlela yokutsha ukuze zenze icarbon dioxide, amanzi, ukunikezelwa isixa esithile ngamandla obushushu, nto leyo ebenza othandwayo kubaswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye noshishino.