"Huygens-Cassini" - oluzenzekelayo isikhululo omncane: isifundo likaSaturn

ISaturn - isifundo ehlabathini omnye iiplanethi kwenkqubo elanga yasungulwa ngo-1973. izazinzulu waseMelika station omncane ebizwa ngokuba "Pioneer 11" yakhululwa emajukujukwini. Oku kwenza ukuba ufunde lukhulu malunga planet elikude yaye kungakholeleki, Ndibone ubuhle bayo kwaye bahlole komhlaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izazinzulu baye baqaphela ukuba kufuneka ukuba ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga isigebenga cosmic, kodwa ezikumila eyahlukileyo. Kwaye ke nomnqophiso izixhobo ezimbini "Cassini" sokufezekisa le njongo, "Huygens". Inzala emhlabeni akuyi kuphela ufunde ngakumbi iimpawu zayo, kodwa isenokuba ekuqaleni yophando olutsha kunye inventions ehlabathini. Ukongeza imifanekiso ezintle likaSaturn, iyunithi kwakhona lokudlulisa malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku umhlaba, ukuphakama yezahlukileyo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, inceda sihlolisise le Hewana isithuba elikhulu. Mhlawumbi ukufunda okungakumbi kubo, siya kuba nako ukusombulula intsinda-badala iimfihlelo iphela ezukileyo, yaye wayekade kakhulu, kakhulu kunene.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga umatshini

Ukuthumela uthumo US kwafuneka ukuchitha malunga billion ezintathu zeerandi lokwenza uphando lwe iplanethi elikude. Ezintathu lombutho edume kakhulu futhi aneziphiwo, ukuhlola isithuba, inxaxheba kuphuhliso kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo, ukongeza, kumazwe ahlukeneyo elinesixhenxe bathathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Baye benza isixhobo, apho ubude yeemitha ezilishumi ubunzima sungula yaba ezintandathu neetoni. station "Huygens" Zenzekelayo yafakwa nge elinambini esayensi, kwakunye kwipali ukuba magnetometer kunye nobude iintambo zombane yeekhilomitha elinesine. Yaba enye imali eninzi kakhulu yaye kubalulekile ukufunda osebenza ngayo yonke ngelo xesha.

Iyunithi isixhobo "Cassini"

Unxibelelwano Umhlaba yaqulunqa inkampani Italian. Kuye yaxhobisa iyunithi-manzi ezine eriyali. Ngenxa ndawo abeza ukusebenzisa iiphaneli zesola, aye wagqiba ekubeni asebenzise, ngokuba akuyi kuba sabakho nasinye ndlela baya. Endaweni yoko, njengokuba Umvelisi eneji esetyenziswa yi radioisotope ezintathu generator thermoelectric kunye. Baye zizaliswe kilograms engamashumi amathathu neplutoniyam radioactive ngakumbi esebenza njenge isibaso. Esi sixa kwanele ezimakhulu mabini iminyaka msebenzi. Hi ndlela leyi, malunga nesiqingatha ubunzima isikhululo "Huygens-Cassini" na amafutha ngayo umatshini braked, waya komzila likaSaturn, undikhuphele ngaphandle nezinye eziyimfuneko zigcwalisa mission.

"Huygens"

Oku kwenziwe uphenyo isithuba eqhelekileyo, leyo izicwangciso abasunguli kwafuneka ukuba umhlaba nenyanga giant - Titan. Lixhotyiswe izixhobo ezintandathu esenzelwe ngokukodwa isifundo kumphezulu kwenyanga. Kwakhona, oko camera emanzini, eyenzelwe bathimba landscapes yesatellite ngelo xesha ngenkankulu ufundwa ngabaphengululi. ubunzima bayo ngu ngeekhilogram 350. Ukudibanisa ne Cassini olwenziwe kwi-moya edibeneyo, kuba nomnqophiso izinto ezimbini basondele omnye komnye.

flight

Ngo-Oktobha 15, 1997 kwasungulwa isikhululo "Cassini" kwaye apha emotweni yakhe "Huygens" ukufunda iSaturn. Ukuthumela isikhululo esithubeni, ukusetyenziswa yenethiwekhi irula ezizodwa igama "Titan 4B". Ukongeza, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa amandla ezongezelelweyo, yayiqinisekisa yokunyusa into, leyo kuthiwa "Centaur". Xa kwakumele isixhobo ukufika kwi Venus. Kuba oku uthotho oonobangela ezininzi, kuba, njengoko bathi cosmonauts kwi kumnyele akukho ndlela ngqo. unit Ukukhawulezisa yanceda intsimi omxhuzulane yeeplanethi ezintathu. Ukuze siphephe uchitha izibonelelo, xa ukwinqwelo oya kuyo, isikhululo kusetyenziswa ekhulwini ezimbalwa kuphela isakhono sabo.

I imifanekiso yokuqala

Ndafika kwi Cassini Huygens ebusika buka-2000. Kungelo xesha ke wathumela Earth imifanekiso yokuqala likaSaturn kwikota yokuqala yenyanga, kukho iintlobo unangoku earthlings ezingaziwayo. Kwakhona abaphandi wafumana nemifanekiso satellite uFibhi, nto leyo nto ngaphantsi kwe iplanethi enkulu, izazinzulu banomdla. Yaba yakhawuleza yokwenene, okwesihlandlo sokuqala abantu ukuze ubone ngokucacileyo into isithuba.

satellite uFibhi

Ngenxa iifoto wayebona ukuba uFibhi iyafana kakhulu ngembonakalo ezixabisa amakhulu amabini eekhilomitha eli litye, nokuba waba ifomu engalunganga. Ukongeza, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda ukuba kokukhona wenziwe ice kwaye enjengesakhiwo enomsila. Ezi izazinzulu data kufutshane ekuqondeni iimfihlelo nkqubo Saturnian.

Sun ilitha esontiweyo, emakhonkcweni womkhenkce iSaturn

Njengoba ziye umgama ukuya likaSaturn, "Cassini" waya komzila planethi. Kwathi phakathi kwehlobo ka-2004. Endleleni ke wadibana nemiqobo ezimbini kuphela, kodwa akuzange kubangele umonakalo ingakumbi ebalulekileyo. Phambi igqampe emhlabeni, uye wenza 74 ilawula ngeenxa likaSaturn, oko wamthabatha emine. Kodwa ngeli thuba wafundela phezu ingxilimbela kunye neesathelayithi yayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isikhululo Yaphaphazela yeza ngeenxa Titan izihlandlo 45.

Iinjongo eziphambili

"Huygens", "Cassini" sele ithunyelwe esinguSaturn ukuhlolisisa emhlabeni, ezizezi:

• Ukumisela isakhiwo kwaye isigqibo nokuziphatha amakhonkco-langa.
• Funda isakhiwo zejoloji kunye nembali nawokuthwasa likaSaturn.
• Ukuze ukwazi uhlobo yaye apho kwakukho esimnyama kwenye zifaka ye-satellite Iapetus.
• Ukuphanda isakhiwo kunye nokuziphatha magnetosphere.
• Ukuphanda isakhiwo emafini bafunde indlela umoya uziphethe.
• Funda ngakumbi malunga inkungu nelifu isiciko Titan.
• Ukumisela uhlobo phezu Titan.

Izixhobo elizimisele

"Huygens", "Cassini" zaye mayixhotyiswe spectrometer ehlabathini bakwazi ukufumana isixhobo sakhiwa amakhadi planethi. Kwakhona kumiselwa inkqubo yokuthatha imifanekiso "radar". Nalo Wabulinganisa ubude bezinto kwi yomhlaba kanye satellite. "Radar" imisebenzi isebenzisa iisignali zerediyo, nto leyo ibonakalisa satellite. Ukongeza, yamamela unomathotholo, ephethe umhlaba. izixhobo eyongeziweyo ibandakanya: kwaku- mass spectrometer kunye amasuntswana cala, plasma, yaye amaza erediyo camera magnetospheric, i spectrometer yelanga kunye ikhamera infrared, indlela esezantsi magnetometer kunye RF generator yenyukliya.

flight Chronicle

• 1997 - kokuphuma Earth.
• 1998 - i kushenxa kuqala kwi Venus kunye nokudalwa esihle nekulula imifanekiso ezininzi emhlabeni.
• 2000 - flying ngu litye Masurski ngokusebenzisa isikhululo siye safumanisa ukuba ubukhulu wayo malunga 20 neekhilomitha, nto leyo eyabangela kunene uphando.
• 2000 - NgoDisemba, moya ezidlulileyo Jupiter, ngokwenza imifanekiso umbala ezininzi kwaye ndiqhuba izifundo ezibalulekileyo.
• 2001 - kokufunyanwa inkungu endleleni esawa esinguSaturn, oku ke imiqondiso yokuqala ngawo lekroza le Pleiades.
• 2004 - flying ezidlulileyo Titan kunye Ubhaqo kriovulkana ngumkhenkce nitrogen owawuphuma kuyo, eyaba imvakalelo kwihlabathi ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.
• 2004 - ngobusuku December 25 Kwathi probe yesebe "Cassini".
• 2005 - "Cassini" wahlala ngempumelelo kwi Titan, waluthabatha inxalenye yakhe uthumo.

iziphumo mission

Ngoncedo izazinzulu bakwazi ukuqhuba umfuniselo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingcamango jikelele ka. Ngeli xesha, abaphengululi baye babona rhoqo shift kunye uphawu kokulibazisa. Ngowe-2005 kwaba lula ukufunda nezipeki likaSaturn, kodwa zange ukunceda ukuba baqonde indlela kwendalo yazo. Kukholelwa ukuba ukulandela iiasi ziye wazalwa ngo-2007. Ukongeza, ifowuni uvumelekile ukufumana Hewana ezintsha umhlaba Meto, Palen kunye Polidesis. Kwaye ngoMeyi, umsantsa Keeler wafumana elinye iqabane, wabiza Daphnis, oku ke satellite yesibini, ogama okuwo ngaphakathi emakhonkcweni planethi. Kwaba ukufumana ice amanzi phezu kobuso uFibhi. Kwakhona, abaphengululi bafumanisa kumntla ikhweyitha of ezizizembiwa ichibi ulwelo Titan kaThixo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba eli lixesha lokuqala izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa imizimba kwenye amanzi ngaphandle Earth. Ngenxa uphenyo "Cassini" oko kwazeka ukuba isayizi yazo yahluka ukusuka kwelinye ukuya amakhulu leekhilomitha. Ngo-2007, oko kwachazwa ukuba kwinxalenye esemantla Titan watyhila ingqalelo enkulu kweelwandle. Kunyaka ngaphambili, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda ngelinye puzzle, ebandakanya likaSaturn, "Cassini" bafumana isakhiwo esesibhakabhakeni, nto leyo isaqhwithi ezinamacala ngo-25 amawaka eekhilomitha.

ukwandiswa mission

Ukukhetha into eza kwenzeka kwisixhobo emva kokuba ugqityiwe umsebenzi wayo, izazinzulu ziye meko eziliqela isikhululo "Huygens-Cassini". Phambili kunayo kunye ukhetho elifunekayo, ocetywayo ngababhekisi phambili, yaba ekurhoxisweni kwefowuni komzila evuthelweyo likaSaturn. inzuzo yayo kukuba isikhululo wayeza kuqhubeka ukubhabha kuwo wonke umhlaba ngexesha elifanayo kwakungayi sinokujamelana Hewana zayo, okanye ezinye imiqobo ezinokuchaphazela ingqibelelo yayo.

Lwalo yesibini ecetywayo ngabasebenzi beziko zophando, yaba izikhululo ekufumaneni kwi emoyeni likaSaturn. Kodwa kukho ingxaki omnye ukwenza njalo, bekuya kufuneka uyibambe kuwo amakhonkco-langa. Kulo mzekelo, amathuba ukulahlekelwa lulawulo phezu isixhobo, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye isiphelo engaziwayo ukuba balindelwe kwi uSaturn "Cassini".

Kwakhona yaphakanyiswa ukusebenzisa kwisikhululo ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ezingcwele kwi Kuiper ibhanti, kuquka Uranus noNeptune. Thathela ingqalelo isitokhwe amafutha kunye isixhobo kwikhithi isikhululo ngokulula ukumelana umsebenzi kwaye banokuncedwa ukuba ufunde ngakumbi kwiindawo ezincinane yaziwa wezijikelezi-langa.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa isikhululo ngokuzenzekelayo omncane yayikukwazisa phezu buchasene Mercury. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba Inokwenzeka, ukuba sisebenzisa intsimi omxhuzulane kaZeyus. Uya kwandula ke aphaphazele aye iplanethi ngesantya kweekhilomitha ezili-20 ngeyure nganye kwaye ngaphandle ngowabo bejamelene kwisifundo kakubi ngaye. Ngokutsho kwezi zicwangciso, malunga 2021 abantu baya kukwazi ukuphonononga ngakumbi Mercury, isakhiwo, ubume kunye nokwakheka.

Kodwa isigqibo ngazwilinye sathathwa ngo-2007 ukuba esi sikhululo wahlala phezu komzila likaSaturn. Ukuqwalasela lo mhlaba nangoku okoko, i-satellite ngokuqhubekayo adlulisele imifanekiso yalo ingxilimbela amazing Emhlabeni, etyhila kuthi iimfihlelo ezintsha uSaturn kude ukanti elingaziwayo ngokupheleleyo, umgama apho sakwazi ukoyisa ngoncedo oosonzululwazi adumileyo kunye nophuhliso unqwenela ukwazi yonke. Kakade ke, ukuba bachitha imali eninzi, ixesha kunye nomgudu, kodwa siqinisekile sinokuthi yayilingana ngayo. Kakade ke, njengoko sifunda ngalo ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, kokukhona siya sizazi. ukuhlolwa ngonyaka ukuphuhlisa, kunye, ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi uthumo ecaleni uSaturn uza kuphinda enze kwisikhululo umsebenzi oluzenzekelayo, kunye neqela oosomajukujuku abafanelekayo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, isixhobo yenziwe kwi komzila kunye wavula abantu ulwazi kuphela luncedo, kodwa imifanekiso eyodwa yale planethi kude nobumnandi.