Eziphilayo: yokuhlala. yemvelo, iimpawu zabo jikelele

Phantsi yokuhlala ukuqonda isithuba esetyenziswa yi eziphilayo ukuba zikhona eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, lo isihloko efanelekileyo kumbuzo ubomi nasiphi na isidalwa. Kukho iindidi ezine zokuhlala, ukongeza, kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuguqula impembelelo yangaphandle, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba ingqalelo.

definition

Ngoko ke, yintoni okusingqongileyo ophilayo izilwanyana? Inkcazelo wabonakala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba - kumsebenzi komzimba Russian Sechenov. Yonke into ephilayo esoloko Ngokusebenza kunye nesenzeko olukufutshane kwagqitywa ukubiza bume. indima yayo inoluhlu uhlobo ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, zonke iinkqubo ebalulekileyo eziphilayo ezinxulumene nayo ngqo - ngoko ke izilwanyana bafumane ukutya, bayachatshazelwa kwemozulu zivunywa. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho wabo akukho impembelelo ngaphantsi kokusingqongileyo, usenza ngeendlela ezininzi. Izityalo silondoloze ukulinganisela oksijini semthunzini umhlaba, izilwanyana ibe friable ngakumbi. Phantse naluphi na utshintsho ebangela eziphilayo. Habitat kufuneka lihlolisisa nabani na ofuna ukuba ukuqonda eziphilayo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ezinye izidalwa ungaphila kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini zalelwe ngamanzi overwinter kwalusa rhoqo phezu komhlaba. Ooqongqothwane, abahlala emoyeni, basoloko beyifuna emhlabeni okanye emanzini nokuzala.

Ngokuncedisana kunye parasitism

Okumangalisayo kukuba, indawo isilwanyana ukuze zibenze kwezinye izilwanyana. Ngoko ke, umntu, kukho zonke iintlobo abameli microflora, yaye ngamanye amaxesha, kwakunye ziintshulube caba okanye angqukuva. Ukusetyenziswa qumrhu omnye komnye kwindawo imeko eqheleke kakhulu ukuba wayekho ngexesha lonke ikhondo zazivelela. Ayizi ayisekho phantse naluphi na uhlobo isilwanyana apho kuya kubakho izinambuzane zangaphakathi. Ezi zimvo ke lona lisiza, amoebae, ciliates. Ngokumalunga nale meko yeyona ibalulekileyo ukufunda ukwahlula phakathi parasitism kunye ngokuncedisana. Kwimeko yokuqala yokuhlala yezilwanyana isetyenziswa yi ukuba neziphumo ezibi zomzimba apho ibekwe. Zilwanyana baphile kuphela yinkosi yakhe, ayenzi ndimbulale. Ngokuncedisana kwakhona luncedo omabini amaqela ophilileyo, kuzisa iingxaki kwaye ikhokelela kuphela neenzuzo.

amanzi

Imeko emanzini - ingqokelela yazo zonke iilwandle, iilwandle, umkhenkce amanzi lwezwekazi wonke umhlaba, eyaziwa ngokuba kwehayidrosfere, ukongeza, maxa wambi iquka ikhephu Antarctic, ulwelo esesibhakabhakeni nalawo afumaneka eziphilayo. Kuthatha ngaphezulu asixhenxe ekhulwini wobuso zomhlaba kunye isambuku elwandle kunye neelwandle. Amanzi yinxalenye ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, imizimba nje ngamanzi, kodwa umoya kunye nomhlaba. Nayiphi na into ephilayo kuyimfuneko ukuze sisindiswe. Ngaphezu koko, amanzi ahluka langa elingummelwane uMhlaba. Ukongeza, wadlala indima engundoqo ekuphuhlisweni yobomi. It oluhlala izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo sithumele ubushushu, yakha kwemozulu uqulathwe kokubini iiseli izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kummandla wamanzi - enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo.

umoya

Umxube wegesi ezenza koMhlaba, kubalulekile ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo. ezihlala Air ngqo zazivelela, ekubeni oksijini yenza ukutya ophezulu, nto leyo ebonisa ubume bokuphefumla namanzi-ityuwa exchange. Ubunzima, ukwakheka, ukufuma - konke oku kunefuthe elibi kakhulu umhlaba. Oksijini engange billion emibini eyadlulayo ngexesha umsebenzi mlilo, emva koko isabelo sawo wayemana enyusa emoyeni. indawo yabantu Modern kwahlukile 21% th okubhalwe kule element. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yalo kwakhona umaleko ozoni, akavumeli imitha yelanga ukufikelela ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukuphila emhlabeni nako kutshatyalaliswa. Ngoku indawo ekhuselekileyo yabantu uphantsi kwentsongelo --ozone ibhuqiwe ngenxa iinkqubo yimeko- bume. Oku kukhokelela imfuneko yendlela yokuziphatha abazi lokukhetha lomgadi best hayi kuphela abantu, kodwa kwakhona ngezigqibo komhlaba.

umhlaba

Zininzi izinto eziphilayo abalihlali ilizwe. Habitat kwakhona kusetyenziswa zizityalo kuba kukutya uninzi izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Alinako ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba ifomu ongaphiliyo umhlaba, ngoko ke kuthiwa bioinert umzimba. Xa inkcazelo, into leyo kusingathwa umsebenzi eziphilayo. Indawo lomhlaba sakhiwa ubunzima eqinileyo eliquka umhlaba oyisanti, udongwe intlenga amasuntswana; isakhi wamanzi; negesi - kuba umoya; baphile - zizidalwa abahlala kuwo, zonke iintlobo Cya, ezingenamqolo, iintsholongwane, umngundo, nezinambuzane. On ngehektare nganye lomhlaba likhaya iitoni ezintlanu ngeendlela ezinjalo. Lomhlaba yokuhlala oluphakathi phakathi ngamanzi kunye nomhlaba kunye nomoya, kunye izinto ngoko abahlala kulo iphawuleka indibaniselwano uhlobo umoya. Dibana izidalwa ezinjalo nokuba ube sendaweni kubunzulu umxhelo.

Impefumlelwano eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo

sidalwa ngamnye wahlukile ukusuka kwindalo ezingaphiliyo bubukho pathways kunye umbutho zeselula. Ukudibana ne-bume lwenzeka ngokuqhubekekayo yaye kufuneka ifundwe kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo ngenxa yobunzima. ephilayo nganye kuxhomekeke eyenzekayo emhlabeni. Ground-air okusingqongileyo yabantu kuchaphazela kwakhe imvula, iimeko zomhlaba kunye lobushushu uluhlu. Ezinye iinkqubo simlungele ephilayo, abanye abakhathaleli, abanye eziyingozi. Nganye inkcazelo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, homeostasis - rhoqo kweenkqubo zangaphakathi, ezo izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Habitat Ungalutshintsha ukuba kufuna ukuziqhelanisa - iintshukumo, ukukhula, uphuhliso. Ukutya - ukutya kunye ekudibaneni kwemichiza, ezifana ukuphefumla. inkqubo call ukusekwa Chemosynthesis of iikhompawundi sulphur organic okanye nitrogen. Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukukhumbula inkcazo ontogeny. Kuyinto zidityaniswe utshintsho emzimbeni, nto leyo echaphazela yonke imiba yokusingqongileyo ngexesha lonke ixesha lokubakho kwawo.

yemvelo

Kuba ukuqonda ngcono iinkqubo zebhayoloji, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlola le nkcazelo. izinto Environmental iimeko zokusingqongileyo entsonkothileyo echaphazela eziphilayo. Zahlula ngokungqinelana uhlobo ezimbaxa zibe iindidi eziliqela. Lungise ku umzimba kuthiwa adaptation, alabonakala ebonisa imiba yokusingqongileyo; ke igama kwifom yobomi.

izakhi

Le yenye yeendidi iimeko zokusingqongileyo echaphazela izinto eziphilayo. Habitat ibandakanya neetyuwa kunye ezakha emanzini engenayo kunye nokutya. Abantu Biogenic abo ezifunekayo kukuninzi ukuba umzimba. Umzekelo, ukuba phosphorus, kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe protoplasm, ne-nitrogen, isiseko iimolekyuli protein. Yeyona nto ke izinto zokuqala abafileyo uvalwe, kwaye eyesibini - umoya komoya. Ukunqongophala phosphorus kuchaphazela ubukho phantse yondele njengoko yokunqongophala kwamanzi. Kancinane enasilela ixabiso izinto ezifana calcium, potassium, nemagnesium nesalfure. Eyokuqala kuyimfuneko ekonookrwece amathambo. Potassium inika luvo kunye nokukhula kwezityalo. Magnesium yinxalenye yiklorofili molecule kunye ribosomes, nesulfure - kuhlanganiselo acid kunye neevithamini.

izinto Abiotic yokusingqongileyo

Kukho nezinye iinkqubo echaphazela izinto eziphilayo. Yokuhlala kuquka izinto ezifana ukukhanya, imozulu kunye ezifana, ezingaye definition abiotic. Bona iinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuphefumla nangefotosinthesisi, ukutya, kwaye yokufudukela ngamaxesha, lokwanda izilwanyana ezininzi. Kuqala kwinto zonke, kubalulekile ukukhanya. Thathela ingqalelo ubude, ubunzulu kunye nexesha sesichengeni. Ngokutsho kwakhe yokuhlela yonke eyabelwe, nto leyo ukufunda biology. yokuhlala, kukhanyiseleka uphela, kufuneka heliophyte - engcotyeni kunye ingca emathafeni, ukhula, izityalo emathafeni. Stsiofitam kwakufuneka umthunzi, bakhetha ukuhlala phantsi isinyuko yehlathi - ihlathi ingca. heliophyte olukhethekayo enokumelana naziphi na iimeko ezikumgangatho iquka imithi, amaqunube, geranium. Into ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo ubushushu. Wonke ephilayo enoluhlu ethile, kuba ubomi obutofotofo. Amanzi, ubukho kweekhemikhali emhlabeni, kwaye nkqu imililo - nobona siphathelele kwinqanaba abiotic.

izinto zasemanzini

ezihlala Ground-umoya uzaliswe eziphilayo. intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo nabanye - into eyodwa esifanelwe ingqalelo. iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo iinkqubo zasemanzini kufuneka ahlukane. Indlela abasabela ingaba Phytogenic. Oku kuthetha ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kuchaphazela nabanye kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, fusion lweengcambu, parasitism iyasetyenzelwa emdiliyeni, imidumba kunye ngokuncedisana iintsholongwane abahlala amatswele. Uhlobo lwesibini - izinto zoogenic. Le sesichengeni izilwanyana. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ekutyeni, ukusasaza imbewu, umonakalo amaxolo, izithole intshabalalo, ukuxozwa lwamahlathi, ukutshintshwa izifo.

umsebenzi Human

Amanzi, umoya okanye indawo ezisentlabathini usoloko ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu. Abantu ngenkuthalo ukutshintsha ihlabathi elibangqongileyo, ochaphazela kunene iinkqubo zayo. izinto Anthropogenic zezi exposure nganye, landscape okanye biosphere. Kunokuba ngqo, ukuba okujoliswe izidalwa eziphilayo, umz nokuzingela ezingachanekanga nokuloba ithoba amanani kwezinye iintlobo. Enye indlela sisiphumo ngqo xa umntu omnye etshintsha kwinkangeleko, imozulu, imeko umoya namanzi, ubume bomhlaba. Bayazi okanye engaqondanga, kodwa umntu uyayonakalisa iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nezityalo, ngaloo ndlela ukuhlakulela abanye. Ngoko ke kukho kwindawo entsha. Kukho kwakhona iimpembelelo ngamaxesha athile, loo ukunikezelwa ngesiquphe eziphilayo ndingumphambukeli zibotshiwe, semibhobho imigxobhozo amahlwempu, zangamadama indalo, ukusasazwa izinambuzane. Noko ke, abanye baba extinct ngaphandle koncedo lomntu, ngoko, ugxeka abantu yonke imiba yokusingqongileyo nje ubulungisa.

ngokunciphisa izinto

Impembelelo kunokwenzeka umthwalo emagxeni eziphilayo ezivela macala onke, esibonakaliswa shiyana. Ngamanye amaxesha iqhosha kukho izinto ezifuna imali engephi. Ngako oko, lo mthetho sele iphuhlisiwe ubuncinane. Ubonisa ukuba songqamano olubuthathaka kakhulu kwiimfuno chain le ephilayo uthathwa ukuba amandla akhe jikelele. Ngoko ke, ukuba umhlaba zonke izinto, ngaphandle mnye, ezidingekayo ekukhuleni - isivuno uya kuba lihlwempu. Ukuba ufaka ayikho kuphela, eshiya bonke abanye mali efanayo - oko kuya kuba ngcono. Ukuba songeza bonke abanye, ngaphandle ekulungiseni ukunqongophala, akukho tshintsho luza kwenzeka. Isiqalelo zilahlekile kule meko kwaye ibe ngumba osisithintelo. Noko ke, umntu kufuneka athathe ingqalelo igalelo elikhulu. Lichaza umthetho kokunyamezela Shelford, sigqibe ukuba kukho kuphela uluhlu ethile apho into kunokuba luncedo ukuba umzimba, in excess njengoko iba yingozi. iimeko Ideal ibizwa ngokuba le ndawo ngokupheleleyo ukutenxa kumgaqo - ingcinezelo. Highs nezibuhlungu nemiphumela igama iingongoma ezibalulekileyo, kulandele khona lomzimba akunakwenzeka. Degree of nokunganyamezelwa kweemeko ezithile ezahlukeneyo ukuze zonke izidalwa eziphilayo uze uvumele ukuba mabazihlele njengoko kwiintlobo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi singapheli.