ENdlu yeeNgwevu - ngubani na le nto? Yeyiphi iya kusebenza njengelungu leNdlu yeeNgwevu

Amadala wabiza omnye ezininzi amagunya ngokubasemagqabini kweli lizwe, ojongene nemiba ngokuqeshwa, uphando ezopolitiko, le nkcazo-nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle. Izixhobo isimo mihla babeka iinguqulelo zabo eli ziko eRashiya, i-USA, Italy kunye neFransi, eSpeyin, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, Poland, Australia, Colombia kunye nabanye abaninzi. Amaxesha amaninzi lo mzimba kuthiwa ngokwahlukileyo - ephezulu indlu epalamente (yowiso-mthetho).

definition

ENdlu yeeNgwevu - kukho amagosa ukuba izithuba kwiziko elinye. Noko ke, kwamanye amazwe kwenkqubo mihla yedemokhrasi eli gama kuthiwa yokuzahlula, inxalenye kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo.

Ukuze ubone ukuba igama elithi "leNdlu yeeNgwevu", nceda ujonge iingcambu Latin zelizwi. Ngolwimi yamandulo, ngoku alisetyenziswa kwintetho yemihla ngemihla nguye «senatus» lizwi. Inika inkcazelo yeqela, ibandla labantu abadala yaye, bona, lithatyathwe "senex", elithetha "indoda endala." Imvelaphi eli gama izalana ngokusondeleyo uhlobo yentlangano loluntu, apho amandla yaba abadala besizwe wayeza kamva kubizwa ngokuba eNdlu yeeNgwevu. Le nto ke wayiqhuba isithuba malunga eliwaka neminyaka ubomi eRoma yamandulo. Okokuqala owaziswa ngexesha endala, ingcamango yeeNgwevu njenge ziko ezopolitiko ndakhuliswa kumazwe amaninzi ixesha elide Ngokwembali namhlanje.

wokuqala samenza

Noko ke, ngoku yeeNgwevu yamandulo - amagosa ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko ke babegqalwa abameli oluphezulu. Oku kwaba isihloko yobomi babo. Lo mlawuli wayenamandla ukuqesha abantu kwezi zikhundla, njengoko bedlula isikhundla sakhe lilifa. Ngokusekwa kwe siseko weRiphabhliki malunga BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. YeeNgwevu isuka intlanganiso yamadoda emele clan patrician. Xa umoya ofanayo kunye namanye amacandelo oluntu, waba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kubomi. Amalungu ayo zichongwe bangaphambili oomantyi ubomi, oko luxinzelelo yamandla lwezopolitiko kunye namava ka eRoma.

ENdlu yeeNgwevu yaqhuba uhlolo owandulelayo ngemithetho esayilwayo, uyalele imicimbi zomkhosi ezimiselwe umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle, ezemali, unonophelo kwempahla karhulumente, olwenziwe lokongamela zamahlelo zonqulo, ibhengeze imo yonxunguphalo. Ekusebenzeni kwabo akhokele urhulumente.
izigqibo zabo amandla komthetho. Kweli xesha wamaRoma, amandla eNdlu yeeNgwevu ngcembe umda, ekugqibeleni ugxininise umlawuli. Njengoko ibhunga lolawulo waba intlanganiso nabameli iintsapho amanene abazizityebi, zonke leNdlu yeeNgwevu, isikhundla leyo njengelifa, akusekho nempembelelo enkulu yezopolitiko.

Way Russian

ERashiya, ukumkani wokuqala yeeNgwevu ebekwe yi uPetros Great ngo-1711 njengoko candelo liphezulu kwamandla karhulumente kunye nomsebenzi yowiso. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukusekwa ukuba ukuphumeza indima abaziisuphavayiza phezu umsebenzi kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Kwaye, ngokutsho ummiselo ephakamileyo, ukususela 1864, oko ndathunyelwa kwenye into ebalulekileyo - isenzo njengoko inkundla ephakamileyo Ephakamileyo. Noko ke, khona phambi 1917, iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye namalungu ayo ugxothiwe ngenxa-Oktobha Revolution, iziganeko ngokucelwa "Ndiwise umthetho ngalo enkundleni."

Tsar Potr Veliky badla kumka elizweni, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba bazinikele ngokupheleleyo ukuba elawula karhulumente. Nenjongo yegqiza amandla, wayalela ngokuphindaphindiweyo abantu imicimbi onyuliweyo. Ixesha lokuqala la magunya eyayingathi umyalelo labucala yexeshana. Kodwa ukusukela 1711 le misebenzi bathunyelwa iziko elitsha, ngokuba iQumrhu Yeengwevu. Waye singafani amaziko angaphandle ixesha (Poland, Sweden), yaye yenzelwe ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemeko bokuhlala ubomi Russian. Ixabiso amandla enikwa ngamagosa emiselwe ngommiselo kakumkani, leyo wacacisa ifuthe ngokulinganayo umntu lobungangamsha bakhe. Oku kwezinye kangangoko abachaphazelekayo intsingiselo yegama elithi 'leNdlu yeeNgwevu "ekutolikweni Russian.

zokulungisa kaPetros

Xa ukungabikho rhoqo uPetros wayeka, akazange kuvuka umbuzo ngokuchithwa eNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ukusekwa kwalo mbutho uthi, apho ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezenzekayo ulawulo, iinkqubo zezomthetho kunye nophuhliso lo mthetho yangoku. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubukumkani uPetros amagunya ezimangalisayo eNdlu yeeNgwevu ezilahlekileyo intsingiselo yawo, ingakumbi ishishini yowiso. Yasekwa ngonyaka ka-1726 , i-Ephakamileyo yangasese iBhunga waqalisa ukuhlangabezana amandla, kunye result ukuba indawo yeeNgwevu etshintshile ngokupheleleyo, yaye amalungu alo bafudukela kwindawo kwiBhunga.

La yasekwa uPetros phantse amakhulu amabini, umbutho lokuqala lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi: ukuba yahlulwe amasebe, kuyasetyenzwa kwakhona kwi-ofisi, iKomiti yabaPhathiswa, amagunya ekwabelwana, imisebenzi kunye namalungelo zombini ngaphakathi kubanjiswene namanye amaziko karhulumente. ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukufika revolution namandla abantu ngayo yenza kube nzima ukuba ukuqhubeka kwalo ukubakhona. Ukusekwa kunye namalungu ayo baye bakhululwa umsebenzi wakhe.

period Modern

Kwase yokuqala yeeNgwevu kwi leSoviet Russia sele uphunyeziwe yi umzekelo Federation Council (ucutheko sikweni - Council Federation) ngoJulayi 1990 njengoko sicelwe phantsi uMongameli we-USSR ngo-1990-1991. Koko wabubhekisa ngqo kwintloko lizwe mazifakwe kwi-izixhobo amagosa aphezulu. Wawuhlanganisa amalungu-31 phakathi sihlalo amaBhunga esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi ezimeleyo, iingingqi kunye nezithili, kwakunye njengosihlalo ezisemagunyeni ezinye 31 zengingqi kunye nesixeko. Xa umzekeliso bamaziko amazwe, abantu baqala ukubiza iNdlu Yeengwevu yeBhunga Federation, yaye ayo amalungu - eNdlu yeeNgwevu.

Namhlanje eRashiya kuqina indlu eliphezulu weNdlu yoWiso-Federal ye-Russian Federation. Oku kusekelwe ngegunya kwexesha Soviet, kwaye isebenza kumgaqo le yamandulo Yeengwevu. IBhunga Federation akufuneki upheliswe nguMongameli. Intlanganiso ukuba kubanjwe ngokwahlukeneyo kweentlanganiso zamasekela kwi State Duma. Imisebenzi njengequmrhu osisigxina, amalungu ukwenza imisebenzi yabo kwi ngokusisigxina.

edulusele endlwini

Eli qumrhu karhulumente ibunjiwe ubunjwe qho non-elithile. Le nkcazelo kuthetha ukuba amalungu ayo musa ukudala amaqela kunye namaqela. Abameli Upper House afakwa omzimba kwikota yabo yonke ofisi. umsebenzi zomthetho malunga nokusekwa kaRhulumente Duma uthabatha indima owayamileyo. Ngenxa yoko, izenzo ngaphambili kuchaziwe Duma, yaye kuphela emva kokuba uvavanyo elihle Sovfeda ifunyenwe.

Kule minyaka yokugqibela idlulileyo 20 Russian "yeeNgwevu" sele kudlule izigaba ezine oguqukayo. Ngamnye kubo wathwala utshintsho iinkokeli zengingqi, yaza yahluzwa iindlela ukuqeshwa, isiqinisekiso yokungena ezimisele. Ngokomzekelo, xa inani neemfuno jikelele zabaviwa abanyulwe kweminyaka ikhoyo engama-30, imfuno iminyaka emi-5 osodlosti kunye abalasela. Wonke leNdlu yeeNgwevu Russia - ngowona mthetho okanye esilawulayo i Federation.

Njengoko kwenziwa eMelika

ENdlu yeeNgwevu - Lo impembelelo yesibini ezopolitiko nabantu likarhulumente emva kwirhuluneli. inani lawo elipheleleyo eUnited States - amalungu 100, abameli 2 ukusuka kurhulumente. Kukhethwa ukuba US yeeNgwevu, njengoko umgaqo, kuba inzima ngaphezu States:

• abantu ababini kuphela kurhulumente kunye sabakho;
• US eNdlu yeeNgwevu inyulelwa isithuba seminyaka emithandathu, okt qho kwiminyaka emi-2 iphembelela kwisithathu inani elipheleleyo lamalungu ..;
• inkqubo yonyulo uyakwazi ukuthatha inani elikhulu kwezibonelelo zemali kunye nasengqondweni.

Ukuze sibe nethuba ngokwenene ngumviwa zaseburhulumenteni iNdlu yeeNgwevu, umthetho ufuna:

• ixesha elaneleyo ukuba umntu owaziwa, ekukhethwa ukuba ibe kwi karhulumente kunye federal kwinqanaba kwi imeko yezopolitiko;
• ube iwonga elungileyo kwezentlalo: irhuluneli, a States onamava, usodolophu isixeko esikhulu, ezinye Its kanye nempumelelo;
• amaziko malunga nefuthe elikhulu yaye amandla mali;
• Umviwa ngamnye kufuneka kutyunjwe nguRhulumente maverick umbutho party mlilo liwina ukhetho kunzima kakhulu lithi.

Eli phulo nokunyulwa iNdlu Yeengwevu kuqhutyelwa ngendlela efanayo a bungwanyalala, njengoko yokhetho. Kulo nyaka, izigidi ziphele kumajelo eendaba zonke ngoku ke pop hlakalo up. Bakhuphisane kumzabalazo umgqatswa enye evela Republican kunye namaqela Democratic. Ukuba ukhetho intsha lubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo okokuqala, ngoko unyulo olulandelayo, uba phantse gidi. Senator kwi US - ukuba uluntu ebambe isikhundla sakhe ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwiminyaka engama-30.

uxanduva Senator

Ilungu yeeNgwevu nawuphi na urhulumente sinikezwe inani kwamagunya kunye noxanduva, intsebenzo leyo ifuna abavoti yayo. Ekubeni umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ibandakanya iintlanganiso kunye neengxoxo, amaxwebhu, igosa kufuneka nakanjani bathathe inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zabucala ekwenzeke kuzo ilitye le, amalungu apho yena. ENdlu yeeNgwevu ucinga eyilwayo ezichaza nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle zeNkampani inxaxheba kulawulo lwezemali, ipropati yoluntu, imicimbi yenkcubeko, ishishini, kunye nemfundo. amaziko Ilungu yezikhundla zabo inikezela ukumelwa ngokulinganayo kuso ngasinye sezifundo ze-imbumba kwi abasemagunyeni ophakamileyo. Yena inyulelwa ithuba elide ngaphezu epalamente, yaye inani lawo elipheleleyo ihlaziywa qho. ENdlu yeeNgwevu babe imisebenzi efanayo njengoko Chamber asezantsi yamaSekela. Xa unxulumano kunye nePalamente weNdlu yeeNgwevu kukuba ukuhluza isisombululo kunye ezizimisele populist.