Ekhululekile Graphic Arts ngoncwadi

Njengoko omnye ubugcisa, iincwadi zayo iindlela zobugcisa, ezisekelwe phezu amathuba zolwimi kunye nentetho. Bona ke bebonke obizwa ngokuba elithi "kuthetha komelo kule ncwadi." Injongo yale nkxaso-mali - kakhulu impressively ukuchaza ebonisa zikhona yaye ukugqithisa intsingiselo, ingcamango bezobugcisa umsebenzi, kwakunye ukudala isimo esithile.

Imigca kunye nezibalo

indlela yokuvakalisa-zokomfuziselo zolwimi - iintlobo ze ezityhutyhayo kunye ngezafobe. Igama elithi "ezityhutyhayo" ngesiGrike lithetha "revolution 'oko kukuthi, lo ethile binzana okanye igama elisetyenziswe ngendlela yokomfuziselo. Imikhondo zombini iindlela ezichazayo novakalelo kuncwadi umbhali usebenzisa imifanekiso ngakumbi. Epithets, izikweko, personifications, isibaxo kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa ezinxulumene bentaba. Izafobe - intetho ebheka khona, ngokwenjenjalo siqinisa ithowuni ngokweemvakalelo zomsebenzi. Uchasaniso, epiphora, inversion, kunye nabanye abaninzi - luyindlela ukumelwa uncwadi ezimalunga yokwamkela zobugcisa phantsi kwegama jikelele "ngezafobe". Ngoku jonga ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

epithets

Icebo ezivame - kukusetyenziswa epithets, ukuba emise, kaninzi Nakuba, amagama, picturesquely echazwe echaza into. Epithets esidibana lwemveli ( "uyalihlonipha itheko", "ubuncwane ezingenakubalwa igolide" kwi lo amaqhawe "Sadko") kunye nemisebenzi yombhali ( 'silumke yaye buthuntu "isandi iziqhamo bewile kumbongo Hope ngayo). Le walithiywa ecacileyo, umfanekiso ngokweemvakalelo ngokuqaqamba, wadala ngamazwi lomculi.

izikweko

Igama elithi "sikweko" kwanawezayo kuthi, evela ulwimi isiGrike, kwakunye nesikhundla uninzi tropes. Ngokoqobo lithetha "zinentsingiselo yokomfuziselo." Ukuba umbhali ufanisa nethontsi nombethe wokudla diamond, kunye neqela lomlilo rowan nebomvu, ngoko sithetha isikweko.

tiga

ulwimi olubonakalayo umdla kakhulu kuthetha - tiga. Iguqulwe kwi-Greek - ukuthiya ngokutsha. Kulo mzekelo, igama yento watshintshelwa kwesinye, kwaye wazalwa ngendlela entsha. Iphupha omkhulu beze kwenzekayo kuPetros oMkhulu zonke iiflegi eziya kuba 'ukutyelela thina "evela Pushkin kaThixo" yeBronzi abamahashe "- i umzekelo tiga. Igama elithi "indwe 'kule meko endaweni ingqikelelo' eli lizwe, urhulumente." Tiga lula lusetyenziswe nakwabeendaba yaye sincokola ngayo, "White House", umzekelo, igama ayikho isakhiwo, nabemi bayo. Xa sisithi "badlula amazinyo ', sithetha ukuba lizinyo wanyamalala.

Synecdoche translation - ratio. Oku kwakhona ukudlulisela yexabiso, kodwa kuphela ubungakanani, "i-German wafudukela uhlaselo" (okuthetha ukuthi regiments baseJamani), "apha iimpukane intaka akayi apha irhamncwa" (Kakade ke, izilwanyana ezininzi neentaka).

Izafobe

iindlela zezafobe-ezibonisa uncwadi - kuba njalo Izafobe. nani zesimbo, leyo ukuze babuye kuba yimpazamo zobugcisa - ukuvumelana engahambelaniyo, in kukuguqulela igama lesiGrike iyalila "clever-isiyatha." Imizekelo Izafobe - amagama iincwadi ezaziwayo-kakuhle "Hot Snow", "Virgin Umhlaba Ukupheqa" okanye "Abaphilayo Corpse".

Okukhona kunye parcelling

Amaxesha amaninzi, njengoko iindlela amabinzana okukhona (ukusetyenziswa ngabom ngesivakalisi esifanayo kwimiqolo ezisecaleni kunye nezivakalisi) kunye parceling (hlula amabinzana zibe elilodwa). Umzekelo wokufumana yokuqala kwincwadi kuSolomon: ". Le ixesha lokulila umbambazelo, kukho nexesha lokudloba ' Umzekelo wesibini:

• "Ndisaya. Kwaye uza. Thina nawe endleleni.
  Ndiza kufumana. Wena - aniyi kuyifumana. Ukuba uza ukuya emva. "

inversion

Yiyiphi indlela yokuthetha kwintetho zobugcisa bahlangane kwakhona? Inversion. Eli gama livela kwigama lesiLatini eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "transposition, inversion '. Kule ncwadi, isichasi kuthiwa lobeko amazwi okanye iinxalenye sentences with umyalelo eqhelekileyo kubuyela ebutsheni. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba le ngxelo kubonakala ngakumbi ebalulekileyo, ukuluma okanye bala: "Le ukuzeka kade umsindo yabantu bethu!", "The Age of crazy, spacey."

Ubaxo. Litotes. indida

Yokuvakalisa Graphic Arts kwiincwadi - oku isibaxo, litotes, isigqebelo. Yokuqala neyesibini zihlelwa ubaxo, Izithetha. Isibaxo kungenziwa ngokuba inkcazo hero Mikuly Selyaninovicha, ngubani na enye ngesandla "povydernul" ulima emhlabeni, nto leyo lonke "Horobrih druzhinushka" iVolga Svyatoslavich ayikwazanga kuva. Litotes, phezu koko, yenza ukuba umfanekiso aphakame kakhulu ezincinane xa inja elincinane kuthiwa "kungekhona ప్రదాత umniki." Indida kukuba ngokoqobo izandi eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "lokufeza 'eyenzelwe kubiza injongosenzi akunjalo, njengoko kubonakala. It is a yokucukucezwa ngokungangqalanga apho intsingiselo yokoqobo into efihlakeleyo phantsi kwingxelo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, nanku inkomba isigqebelo emntwini ulwimi-esile libotshelelwe, "Yintoni na, uCicero, amagama amabini akukwazi ukuhlanganisa?" Isigqebelo kengoku isibheno kwinto yokuba uCicero waba neciko olukhulu.

Nokuzenza kwakunye nokuthelekisa

iindlela amahle zithelekiswa kunye sokuzenza. Ezi zixhobo ezibonwayo ukwenza iincwadi okhethekileyo, imibongo, kunomtsalane erudition yenkcubeko umfundi lowo. Ukuthelekisa - ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo ndlela xa iqhwa olephuzayo omtsha kwisahlulo luthelekiswa, umz, kunye ibubu iingcongconi, iimpukane ekukhanyeni (Pasternak). Okanye, njengoko uYosefu Brodsky, kukho ukhetshe ephaphazela esibhakabhakeni "njengoko ingcambu." Xa ukuzenza izinto ezingaphiliyo abe ukuthanda wegcisa iipropati "live". Oku "uphefumla iimbiza" apho "uba yesikhumba ibhatyi efudumeleyo," Yevtushenko okanye ezincinane "klenenochek" Yesenin, ngubani "wanye" "eluhlaza emthini abadala udumbe" kufutshane nalapho ekhula. Yaye khumbula Pasternak Blizzard ukuba "sculpts" kwi window 'izangqa iintolo! "

Kune. Kwezidalwa. uchasaniso

Phakathi amanani zobugcisa nga ithetha ukudlala ngamagama, kwezidalwa, uchasaniso.

Pun, elithi imvelaphi French kubandakanya bebetha neentsingiselo ngokuhlakanipha ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, a joke, "wathi rhuthu isaphetha sakhe waza waya azenza costume Chipollino".

Zidanga - ingxelo ngayo ngokwemigaqo yohlobo olunye lwe ukwanda okanye ukuncipha namandla ngokweemvakalelo: beza, wabona, waqhubeka.

Uchasaniso - umahluko eyothusayo phakathi Kubukhali kwi Pushkin kaThixo "Little Ziintlekele" xa uchaza itafile, apho elisanda babeqhele ukuya kwenza isidlo, kwaye ngoku kufanelekile ibhokisi. Ukufumana uchasaniso inyusa ingqiqo ongemhle Nakuba kwembaliso.

Nazi iindlela eziphambili yokuvakalisa into ayicingayo, igcisa isebenzisa ukunika abafundi bayo nezisemaphandleni isiqabu kunye nehlabathi bala mazwi.