Cite de Carcassonne: inkcazelo engakumbi, inkcazelo, imbali kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Carcassonne inqaba - lomculo yokwakha izakhiwo, uninzi lwazo asusela kwixesha kumaxesha, enyanisweni kwinqaba iShushan. Sikhoyo kwisixeko igama enye, ummandla France mihla, kummandla Occitania, kweli isebe Aude. Ngokwemveli, le nqaba aphakathi ebizwa Bhekisela. Iihambo abaninzi eMzantsi yaseFransi ukubandakanya kwinkqubo lwabo utyelelo kule lesikhumbuzo yokuyilwa kakhulu umdla kunye ubutyebi bembali.

Inqaba Carcassonne (France): inkcazo edolophini Nikeza indawo

Le inqaba yayakhiwe phezu kodonga lasekunene komlambo Aude. Le nqaba ibekwe phezu kwentaba ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma kumbindi wesixeko namhlanje Carcassonne. Le dolophu ngokwayo kudala entle qhinga, ukulawula ummandla mhlaba ophakathi zasePyrenees kunye Montagne Noire, nendlela kuLwandle lweMeditera ukuya Atlantic Ocean. Lwentaba, owakhelwe kuyo yinto a ihewu ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu eemitha. Ummandla isixeko ezingama ezikwere zeekhilomitha 65, kude elingaphezu ubungakanani zonke ezinye iindawo zokuhlala kwiphondo Aude.

protohistory

Le nqaba of Carcassonne (France) wayesaziwa ngexesha iimfazwe Gallo namaRoma. Abantu babehlala kwezi kwiinduli ukususela kwixesha lokuqala. Celtic wakha yokuhlala, eyaziwa ukususela BC ngenkulungwane yesithandathu. Emva koko, ngo-125 BC. e., ngomhla ummandla amaRoma eza futhi esekelwe kule ndawo inkampu onqatyisiweyo (castrum sikhokelo Julia). Kamva, yena ziqukiwe kwiphondo Narbonne eGaul. Le nkampu igama Karkasum yaye ngokuthe ngcembe wafumana amalungelo ububanzi lokuzimela kwaye namalungelo. Ngenxa yokuba baqala ukubizwa "shite" - inqaba, leyo isihloko lesixeko. Ezinye ezinde kunye neendonga, leyo bunokubonwa Carcassonne mihla, baligcine imikhondo wamatye Gallo namaRoma. Emva bezikhulule uBukhosi, kwainqaba wayengomnye iinqaba zobukumkani Visigoth. Akha iindonga zabo iziseko baseRoma. Ukongeza, umlawuli Visigoth Theodoric wayalela ukwakhiwa kwindlu yonqulo. Ngo-725, i-Saracens wayithimba Carcassonne. Amavo ngalo eli xesha ziquka ukubonakala kwegama le dolophu ukuba elo xesha. Kuthiwa, xa iShushan ongqingiweyo Karl Veliky, umfazi kakumkani Saracen, nenekazi amathambo, wengcibi wamnyamezela ukuba lokurhoxa. Enyanisweni, zegunya Arabhu kwaqhubeka de 759, xa bathe bagxothwa kula mazwe Pepin yiShort.

abanemvume

Ukususela ekupheleni nqaba-ngenkulungwane yesibhozo Carcassonne yaba Carolingian. Kodwa ukusukela ukuba engazihlambanga indlela nokuba uyakwazi ukulawula esi sixeko, kuyo esikhundleni waqalisa ukwenza iigrafu. Kodwa ke bonke namanenekazi emihle, ukuba kakhulu nempembelelo uphuhliso nezinto zabo. Kodwa xa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, Carcassonne osezandleni i Vikontov Trenkaveley uhlanga enamandla ngenxa umtshato kunye yindlalifa kwigrafu wokugqibela, umzi itshintshile. Kukho a nqaba yakhiwa, yaye nokonakala nokomelezwa lalungiswa. Bawarhawula khonkcweni kwinqaba iShushan. Xa ulongamo Trencavel isixeko yafikelela uphuhliso zayo zezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Viscounts baba akhonze ka Count of Toulouse nokumkani Barcelona.

Le oyindumasi Cathars

Idolophu ezinqatyisiweyo Carcassonne eyaziwa ngendima yakhe yenkolo ekuthiwa-Albigensian. ababusi balo Unyamezele uso zamaKristu belo xesha, apho Roman Catholic Church ekuthiwa Cathars imbuka. Trencavel wawanika imbeko nentlonipho, akadla esandleni esandleni Crusaders. Ngo-Agasti 1209 umkhosi ukhokelwa isithunywa kapopu Arnaud-Amaury wathabatha ulawulo yesixeko. Raymond-Rozhe Trenkavel, waya thethana kunye nabangqingi, yathinjwa yaye kuyabonakala ukuba ityhefu. viscount New owamiswayo ukuba inkokheli yenkolo, Simon de Montfort. Bonke abahlali bagxothwa umzi ebubingelelini efanayo wearable.

Ixesha kobunganga French kunye Kwamacala

Xa Omnqamlezo wayithimba Carcassonne, le nqaba waba inkampu kubamba Occitania. Simon De Montfort iye nowayomelezayo. In sivuselelane babevunyelwa ukuba ahlale kuphela namahlakani ayo kwaye ethembekile izidwangube zakhe, nabarhwebi. Bonke abanye abemi besixeko zakhiwa kule ndawo. Enyanisweni, ngaloo mihla, Carcassonne wamomeleza hayi ukuziphendulela kwiintshaba yangaphandle, kodwa ukuthintela oksitantsev qhankqalazo. Xa novalo zenkulungwane weshumi, unyana ka-Raymond-Roger wayezama ndiwuthimbe lo mzi ngenxa yesaqhwithi, kodwa zange baphumelele, yaye wanyanzeleka ukuba abalekele ubukumkani naseAragon. Ngowe-1247 le nqaba phantsi kolawulo French. Emva kokuba ukusekwa Kwamacala e Occitania isixeko waba ngomnye beemboniselo zamapolisa ezintsha zonqulo. Apha kukho kwintolongo ekhethekileyo nabawexuki - Moore. Kude kube ngoku, izikhokelo ezibonisa ekuthiwa-Tower of Kwamacala. Kulo kwacaca indawo apho ngabaqhekeki batshiswa esibondeni phezu kweendonga komlambo Aude.

kwiminyaka elandelayo. Ukubuyiselwa kwe lomculo

Embindini nqaba ngenkulungwane weshumi Carcassonne waba umda phakathi eFransi naseAragon. Waye kungenakugqithwa kangangokuba ngexesha Iminyaka Elikhulu War, amajoni aseBritani azikhange zikwazi ndiyithabathe yesaqhwithi. Ubengenako na lo umkhosi wama-Huguenot ngexesha ngquzulwano zonqulo kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Kodwa emva 1659, xa ummandla iphela kwiphondo Roussillon osezandleni eFransi, umda waya entshonalanga, kunye nexabiso Carcassonne zehla kakhulu. Iinqaba bashiywa. Yawa azisalungiseki kunye nesixeko Carcassonne. Le nqaba kukuba ngexesha uNapoleon waba ayinyamezeleki ngokufanelekileyo. Le waze wagqiba ekubeni achithe kuyo. Kodwa ke umbhali odumileyo nempumelelo Mérimée wakhokela iphulo kawonke wokwenene ukugcina nelifa ephakathi. Kamva, kwaqalisa kukubuyisela kwayo lesikhumbuzo yezembali, apho likhokelwa ingcali abadume lweeplani aphakathi ixesha Viollet-le-Duc.

njani i Bhekisela yanamhlanje

Nangona umsebenzi ekubuyiselweni dolophu endala wanika inkangeleko asiyoyenene kakhulu, lo msebenzi yathatyathwa into buchopho. Ngoku Carcassonne enqabeni kunye lomculo yayo yokwakha ukususela 1997. yinxalenye UNESCO World List Heritage. Ene zonke ezikhumbuzo zembali yahlulwa phakathi abanini ezahlukeneyo. Walls, nqaba count yakhe, kweenqaba ezinde iinqaba ziyipropathi karhulumente. Bona zihlelwa ezikhumbuzo ebalulekileyo yesizwe. Ezinye kummandla bobabo umasipala Bhekisela. Nciphisa izitrato zamaxesha, izikwere kunye zokutyela isitayile aphakathi ukunika isixeko ikhubalo ekhethekile.

main ezinika umdla zotyelelo

Carcassonne inqaba engqongwe ibhanti kabini yeendonga. ubude bazo lilonke malunga ezintathu neekhilomitha. Kwi iindonga 53 ezinde kunye barbacans ukuze kukhuselwe isixeko iinjini zokungqinga. Ukongeza kwezi ezinika uphambili zilandise Count kaThixo Inqaba kunye Cathedral Yabangcwele Nazarius kunye Celsius. Phambi ekungeneni engundoqo enqabeni yomkhosi, phambi kwamasango Narbonne ungabona uBharnabhas Ladies isakhelo. Ukwakhiwa kwe yecawa yahlulwe ezimbini - i Romanesque kunye Gothic. Ingaphandle icawa ezihonjiswe gargoyles kunye uqoqo. Xa ibandla kukho kwakhona i window endala kwiglasi nebala. Phakathi amangcwaba umdla yi-BAS isiqabu imbeko kaSimon de Montfort. nqaba ekuthiwa-Count ngayo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, waba imyuziyam zakudala. Ngaphezu koko, kwinqaba iShushan kukho kumboniso eyayinikelwe Kwamacala, nto leyo ithetha ngembali sokugweba kunye nezixhobo oluboniswe nxaniso.

Carcassonne (enqabeni): ncomo

Abakhenkethi abaye batyelela apha, Ndikwachaza lomculo aphakathi njenge kwindawo ezizodwa kunye ngembali yamandulo nokobuqhawe kuko. Yena mhle, "namnandi" kwaye obhaptiza ingumhambi ngokupheleleyo kumaxesha amandulo, ngokungathi usenza isiganeko party. Kunokuba lokuhlola umlindo, kuzo zonke iinkcukacha. City kwabonakala ukuba zanyamalala imikrolo ephakathi. akukho nto yenziwa bhanyabhanya ezininzi zembali. Ukususela iindonga usongo ezinqabeni kwaye ephefumlayo amandla kunye namandla. Yaye esi sakhiwo umxhelo engqongwe akukho nenkangeleko ngaphantsi sithi ndijonge.