Chromium, i element kwemichiza: inkcazelo, iimpawu, kunye abalinganiswa ubisi

Chromium - element imichiza ne zenani 24. Oku, ecwebezelayo, metal lwentsimbi ezingwevu nzima nto leyo olugudisiweyo kakuhle, yaye akafuni ukungcolisa. Used in aluminiyamu ezifana insimbi, kwaye daka. Umzimba womntu kufuna imali encinci trivalent chromium ukuba iswekile ukutya kodwa Kr (VI) yityhefu kakhulu.

iikhompawundi chromium ezahlukeneyo ezifana chromium oxide (III) kunye chromate nelothe, anemibala eqaqambileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa ipeyinti kunye zombala. Ruby umbala obomvu ngenxa yobukho nesiqalelo chemical. izinto ezithile, ingakumbi dichromate potassium kunye iioksidenti sodium zisetyenziselwa igcwala ka-oganikhi khompawundi, kwaye (nge-sulphuric acid) nokucoca zokubhala. Ukongeza, chromium oxide (VI) lisetyenziswa ekuveliseni tape ngemagnethi.

Discovery kunye etymology

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa into imichiza yi chromium. Ngowe-1761, uJohann Gottlob Lehmann efumaneka ezintabeni phambene-orenji-red ezimbiwa, waza wayibiza ngokuba "bakhokelayo eSiberia ebomvu." Nangona kuye ngempazamo zachongwa yikhompawundi ukhokelo selenium nesinyithi, into ngenene chromate imichiza indlela ekhokelayo PbCrO _4. Namhlanje ke yaziwa njenge krokont ngezimbiwa.

Ngowe-1770, uPeter Simon Pallas batyelela indawo apho Lehman wafumana ebomvu kukhokela neeminerali waba iimpawu luncedo kakhulu kudala in ipeyinti. Ukusetyenziswa eSiberia lead ebomvu njenge yepeyinti yafumana ekhawulezayo yobhekiso phambili. Ukongeza, umbala oqaqambileyo emthubi krokonta yaba silk.

Ngowe-1797, Nicolas-Lui Voklen wafumana iisampulu red lead ore. Krokonta ngokuxuba kunye zehydrochloric acid yaba CrO ₃ oxide. Chromium njengento wemichiza eyedwa ngo-1798. Vauquelin bakufumana ngokufudumeza le oxide kunye namalahle. Kwakhona unako ukubona imizila chromium ngamatye anqabileyo ezifana Ruby ne-emeraldi.

Kwi-1800 kunye Kr zisetyenziswa ubukhulu becala ipeyinti neemfele iityuwa. Namhlanje i-85% metal ezisetyenziswa aluminium. Abanye isetyenziswa lweshishini lemichiza, eyimveliso refractories kunye noshishino Foundry.

Your pronunciation chromium imichiza element elivumelana χρῶμα yamaGrike, elithetha "color", kuba ezininzi iikhompawundi ezinemibala leyo ilungiswe ngoko.

Mining and production

Element akhutshwa chromite (FeCr ₂ O _4). Malunga nesiqingatha eli ekrwada yi geni eMzantsi Afrika. Ukongeza, Kazakhstan, India kunye Turkey abalimi zalo ezinkulu. Ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke iidipozithi of chromite ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ngokobume bahlala bebekelwa Kazakhstan kunye nakumazantsi Afrika.

Le iidipozithi zomthonyama chromium metal zinqabile, kodwa zikhona. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe eziveliswa kule yeyam "abaphumeleleyo" eRashiya. It is a umbhobho kimberlite zizityebi iidayimani, kunye nokusingqongileyo nokunciphisa yanceda uhlobo chromium ecocekileyo kunye nedayimani.

Kuba imveliso industrial ngentsimbi chromite ekrwada iphathwa nge etyhidiweyo kwealkali (sodium hayidroksayidi, NaOH). Oku kwenza sodium chromate (Na ₂ CrO _4), apho zingaphungulwa carbon ukuba CR _{2 3} oxide. Le oksayidi metal ifunyenwe ngokufudumeza phambi aluminiyam okanye lesilicon.

15 million okulahlwayo ore chromite zaveliswa kunyaka wama-2000, nto leyo hlulwa libe okulahlwayo 4 ezigidi ferrochrome, 70% iqulethe ingxubevange chromium-yentsimbi, ixabiso lemarike kuqikelelwa ukuba $ 2.5 Bln.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Uphawu chemical isiqalelo chromium kungenxa yokuba kuthiwe sisinyithi, nokutshintshwa kwexesha yesine lwezakhi kwaye ibekwe phakathi vanadium kunye manganese. Okubandakanywe qela VI. Linyibilike ngo-1907 ° C. Xa kukho ioksijini chrome Iifomu ngokukhawuleza umaleko obhityileyo oxide ekhusela metal asabela phambili oksijini.

Njengento lotshintsho, idityaniswe zizinto ngawona ezahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela akha iikhompawundi nge eyahlukileyo neqondo igcwala. Chromium - chemical ielementi kunye ithi ezingundoqo-phinde ngo 2, +3 no +6, apho 3 yeyona izinzile. Ukongeza, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, kukho imeko +1, +4 no +5. iikhompawundi chromium kwi igcwala zikarhulumente +6 ke oxidizers olomeleleyo.

Yiyiphi umbala i Konqueror? Zemichiza element unika steel aluminiyam isardiyo nombala. Cr _{2 O-3} zisetyenziselwa wokucoca metal, ukuba isetyenziswe sombala ebizwa ngokuba "nemifuno chrome". ityuwa lakhe efafazwe iglasi oluhlaza. Chromium - into imichiza zimi phambi kwenza ebomvu isardiyo. Ngako oko ke kusetyenziswa ekuvelisweni neekorale ezininzi zokwenziwa.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo babe weight chromium atomic ukusuka ku-43 ukuya 67. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imichiza isiqalelo esebenzayo iqulathe iintlobo ezintathu esitalini: ⁵² Kr, ⁵³ Kr kunye ⁵⁴ Kr. Kwezi, i ixhaphakileyo ⁵² Kr (83,8% azo zonke chromium zendalo). Ukongeza, radioisotopes ezichazwe 19, apho esitalini kakhulu ⁵⁰ Kr kunye nesiqingatha-ubomi ngaphezu 1,8x10 ¹⁷ iminyaka. ^Ngowe-51 Cr isiqingatha-ubomi - iintsuku 27.7, yaye zonke ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive asidluli iiyure ezingama-24, yaye abaninzi kubo ihlala ngaphantsi komzuzu omnye. Isiqalelo kwakhona une meta ezimbini.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo chromium ngayo kuqweqwe lomhlaba, zaziye Isotope lwe manganese, nto leyo esetyenziswa yokwakheka komhlaba. ⁵³ Cr akhiwa ukubola radioactive ⁵³ MN. Umlinganiselo woviwo MN / Kr Isotope komeleza ezinye iinkcukacha malunga ngembali Ekuqaleni kwenkqubo elanga. Utshintsho kwi olinganise ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Kr kunye MN / Kr wazo ezahlukeneyo ingqina ukuba nuclei ezitsha ebekwe ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba lokusekwa kwenkqubo elanga.

Chemical chromium sakhi: iipropati, imichiza ubisi

Chromium oxide (III) Kr _{2 O-3,} okwabizwa ngokuba sesquioxide, yenye oxide ezine lwesi sakhi chemical. Kubhaliwe ifunyenwe kwi chromite. Compound eluhlaza idla ngokuba "green chrome," xa isetyenziswa sombala ngenxa yokudweba kwi lwawo kunye negilasi. Le oksayidi songanyibilikisswa asidi ukwenza ityuwa, kwaye kwealkali netyhidiweyo - chromites.

potassium dichromate

K ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ yindlela enamandla arhente oxidizing kwaye usuke waba njengendlela nokucoca zokubhala evela zomgquba. Ukulungiselela le njongo isetyenziswa kumxube ifumile kwe-sulphuric acid wamandla. Noko ke, maxa, kukho indawo sodium dichromate, ngokusekelwe ukunyibilika aphezulu yokugqibela. Ngapha koko, oko banako ukulawula inkqubo igcwala ye-oganikhi khompawundi ngokuthi zokuguqula utywala ephambili ukuba aldehyde uze emva koko carbon dioxide.

potassium dichromate chromium kungabangela dermatitis. Chrome mhlawumbi unobangela zegazi ezikhokelela kuphuhliso dermatitis, ingakumbi izandla kunene, nto leyo engapheliyo kwaye kunzima baphiliswe. Njengezinye iikhompawundi ze Kr (VI), potassium dichromate carcinogenic. Maziphathwe iiglavu kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo.

chromic acid

ezimbaxa ezingenzeka na isakhiwo H ₂ CrO _4. Nam Chrome okanye dichromate asidi awufumaneki kwindalo, kodwa anions zazo zifumaneka ezahlukeneyo izinto. "Chromic acid 'nto leyo ingafunyanwa ku yokuthengisa, enyanisweni yinto acetic acid - trioxide CrO _3.

chromate Lead (II)

PbCrO ₄ abe umbala omthubi kunye cishe ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, eyifumanayo isicelo njengoko sombala Umbala, ebizwa ngokuba "izithsaba omthubi."

Cr and pentavalent Us

Chrome lunomahluko sisakhono yayo ukuze yenze uqhagamshelwano pentavalent. Ephindeneyo kudala Cr (I) kunye hydrocarbon olukhulu. Pentavalent wosana atom chromium. ifomula wayo angabhalwa Ar-Kr-Kr-iAri, apho Ar imele iqela elithile enuka kamnandi.

isicelo

Chromium - element yemichiza kabani iipropati wabeka izicelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zazo ziboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Metals jize ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye umphezulu ecwebezelayo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye aluminiyamu chrome ezifana insimbi, ezisetyenziswa umzekelo zokutya. Kwakhona kusetyenziselwa isicelo ukutyabeka Konqueror.

Chromium yi ngunobangela ngayo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba yenza ababu- ukuba leHamas lezitena niya kulirhola. iityuwa Its obukeka isikhumba. potassium bichromate isetyenziselwa igcwala of iikhompawundi organic ezifana alkoholi kunye aldehydes, kwakunye nokucoca zokubhala. Lusetyenziswa arhente ukulungiswa ukuze abe yidayi elaphini, kwaye kananjalo kusetyenziswa nokufota bokuprinta.

CrO ₃ zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa tapes zemagneti (umzekelo, ingxelo) aneempawu ngcono bhanyabhanya kunye oxide yentsimbi.

Indima eziphilayo

Trivalent chromium - izinto yemichiza ezifunekayo nethe eswekile ebantwini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, hexavalent Cr yityhefu kakhulu.

amanyathelo okhuseleko

Ebuntsimbi chromium compound Kr (III), adla kuthathwa ukuba ibe yingozi kwimpilo, kodwa kwizinto eziqulathe Kr (VI), inokuba yityhefu tapeworm okanye ukurhogele. Uninzi izinto abanjalo ukubacaphukisa emehlweni, isikhumba kunye ngenwebu yangaphakathi. Nangokuvela okuqhubekayo iikhompawundi chromium (VI) kunokubangela umonakalo iliso ukuba ayiphathwa kakuhle. Ukongeza, eyaziwayo carcinogen. A ithamo ezinkulu isiqalelo kwemichiza - malunga nesiqingatha itispuni. Ngokutsho kweengcebiso World Health Organization, ukufumaneka eliphezulu ngokuvunywe of Kr (VI) emanzini okusela ngu 0.05 mg ilitha nganye.

Ekubeni iikhompawundi chromium zisetyenziswe iidayi kunye bed yesikhumba, ukuba afunyanwa rhoqo kumhlaba kunye komhlaba bashiya izixhobo zoshishino ezifuna ekucoceni lokusingqongileyo kunye nokufunyanwa. Primer equlethe Cr (VI), nangoku ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini aerospace kunye ishishini ngomatshini.

iipropati element

Iimpawu ezingundoqo wenyama chromium zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I atomic Inani-24.
• ubunzima Atomic: 51,996.
• Lokunyibilika: 1890 ° C.
• point abilayo: 2482 ° C.
• Igcwala karhulumente ka-phinde ngo 2, +3, +6.
• Electron uqwalaselo: [Ar] 3d ⁵ 4 ^1.