Art. 421 of the Code Civil kunye iikhomentari

Kubonelelwe Art. 421 ze-Civil Code inkululeko contract isebenza kuzo zonke imibutho kunye nabantu. UNorma akavumi ukunyanzela ukuba benze imicimbi, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isibophelelo eso lobalelwa kwisifundo ngokungqinelana nomthetho okanye ibinzana ngokuzithandela ukuthanda ngaphambili. Cinga iinkcukacha Art. 421 Civil Code (kunye nezimvo).

Okukodwa yonxulumano

Ngokuhambelana n. 2 tbsp. 421 of the Code Civil, umntu angene kwisivumelwano, okanye ezingabonelelwanga ngezenzo zomthetho kunye nezinye emisiweyo. Imithetho yokugqibela kwiintlobo ezithile kwezivumelwano ezichazwe amaxwebhu asemthethweni azisebenzi. Oku kusebenza kwisivumelwano, ecingisisiweyo iimpawu echazwe ibango. 3 tbsp. 421 of the Code Civil. Lo mthetho, nangona kunjalo, oku ukuvala amathuba yokusebenzisa isifaniso komthetho ukuya sengqondo ngamnye nxaxheba wo yingisela. Amaqela atyikitye isivumelwano apho kukho izinto kwezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo, kucacisiwe kule mthetho okanye ezinye izixhobo (contract mixed). ubudlelwane Legal evela kwiimeko ezinjalo, imithetho emiselwe izivumelwano, ezi ngamasuntswana ziye zasetyenziswa xa omnye aluphumi uhlobo kwentengiselwano okanye akafumaneki yi-nxaxheba ngokwabo.

iimeko Iimpawu

Bona echazwe Art. 421, 422 of Code Civil. Ukungqinelana izinga yokuqala, imiqathango ebekwe ngesivumelwano abathathi-nxaxheba wo yingisela. Le ngaphandle kuxa into bento kwekhontrakthi emiselwe ngumthetho okanye esinye isenzo ngokusemthethweni. Esi sikhundla isetelwe into. 422. Ukuba iimeko esivumelwano kubonelelwe ukusetyenziswa eqhelekileyo leyo kuvunyelwa kangangokuba nxaxheba zigqitywa enye, ukuze lungambangela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Amaqela kufuneka banelungelo lokwenza nezinye iimeko luphawulwa phambi kuyo. Ukuba akukho sivumelwano, xa p. 4 Art. 421 of Civil Code of imeko intengiselwano ebekwe yi eqhelekileyo dispositive. Ukuba iimeko azichazwanga mhlawumbi okanye ngamaqela, baya kubonelela, ngokungqinelana ne isiko esebenzayo kubudlelwane anikiweyo.

Art. 421 Civil Code (namazwana)

Ubudlelwane-nxaxheba ingeniso yoluntu esekelwe ukulingana kwabo ngokusemthethweni. Inxalenye 1 Art. 421 of the Code Civil ibonisa oku ngokucacileyo. Kobudlelane kwezifundo ngaphandle ngaphantsi onamandla omnye komnye. Oku kuthetha ukuba isiphelo isivumelwano kunye nokuzimisela kwemiqathango yalo kuphela ngokuzithandela ngokwendalo kwaye zisekelwe phezu iimfuno zamaqela. Umgaqo inkululeko ubudlelwano, ngaloo ndlela eyakha ezingummiselo yaqala enkulu komthetho zabucala. Oko ke ukubaluleka kwayo yentlalo noqoqosho yeyona ngokuhambelana nesokuvuma inviolability kwempahla ngamnye.

Nokubonakaliswa esebenzayo imiqathango

Ngokutsho imithetho n. 1 tbsp. 421 of Civil Code of the Russian Federation, ngabalawulwa bengena intengiselwano, ilungelo lokugqiba:

1. Imfuneko ukugqiba lungamkeleki. Baya kuba yokuzithandela ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ngenkani.
2. Imeko yomthetho kweso sivumelwano. Nxaxheba ngokwabo ngokungqinelana neemfuno zabo kucacisa uhlobo lolwalamano yoshishino.
3. Umxholo kwekhontrakthi. Amaqela ngesivumelwano mutual ukuseka ngokwemiqathango zokuxhamla wentsebenziswano.

Ngaphezu koko, inkululeko sibophelelo kubonakaliswe nangezinye iindlela. Umzekelo, ngokungqinelana ulawulo jikelele, amalungu angasiphelisa lungamkeleki kungokuvumelana.

ngenkani ngaphandle

Ngokuhambelana ne Art. 421 of the Code Civil, nxaxheba yendlela ngokuzimeleyo isigqibo nabalimi ubudlelwane okanye bayeke kuyo. Akukho zamaqela akayi kunyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela abo okanye ezinye iimeko ngokuchasene nentando yakhe. Umthetho uvumela ukuba isiphelo ngenkani kwisivumelwano, kodwa kuphela ukuba batye. Oku kwenzeka, umz, ukuba umsebenzi ohambelana lunikiwe imimiselo okanye eyamkelweyo ngokuzithandela ngaphambi hypothesis. Art. 421 of the Code Civil libhekisela ekuyekeni ixesha labo kulo mkhuba yali. Kumaxesha Soviet, imbopheleleko ukungena kwizivumelwano uye wanatyiselwa ngokusekelwe kucwangciso ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izenzo zolawulo. Ngako oko, wenqwelwana bemkile ngenxa ubukho iindidi ezifana izivumelwano zoshishino.

Kujongwa uhlobo lobudlelane

Art. 421 of the Code Civil umisela ilungelo izifundo lokukhetha, hlobo luni lwesivumelwano zaphetha. Avumelekile ukuba basayine imvumelwano ibe emiselweyo, kwaye ezimiselwe ngokomthetho kunye neminye imiqathango. Last ngokuba "contract engenagama." Ngelo xesha, Kambe ke, asifanele kuba sivumelwano uphikisana kunye nezibonelelo yomthetho ekhoyo kwaye ihambelane nemigaqo esisiseko ingeniso yamakhaya. Umthetho ngoku iseke uluhlu ethile kunye alupheli kwezivumelwano. Izifundo kwakhona zinyanzelekile ukuba ukunyenyisa phantsi intengiselwano phantsi iintlobo imigangatho ezaziwayo.

Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu kule nkqubo ekhoyo kwezoqoqosho, xa semthethweni rhoqo libe lisalele ngasemva neemfuno zee-arhente zoqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi iintlawulo ezenzeka namhlanje utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, Stock Exchange, hayi kuzo zonke iimeko babe AMAGQABAZA ▸ ezibekwe mthetho. Kungenzeka ukuba akhuphe isivumelwano ngagama kuvumela ngabalawulwa ingeniso yoluntu ngokwazo ukuphelisa izikhewu ezikhoyo kwimigaqo evela yobumbaxa uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lobudlelwane zoshishino.

izivumelwano ingxubevange

Kufuneka ahluka ukusuka iimvumelwano ngamagama. kwezivumelwano mixed ebizwa apho kukho izinto ezinye izivumelwano ezichazwe kwi amaxwebhu lwemithetho kunye nezinye emisiweyo. Ngako oko, ukuze imicimbi enjalo, imithetho elawula izivumelwano, amacandelo apho bathathwa izifundo. Ngokomzekelo, xa Art. 501 lo Mthetho simisela ithuba nokubhaliswa kwesivumelwano ukuqasha sentengiso. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umthengi kufuneka kuqala ube kumqeshi. Phambi kokuba intengiso into kumaqela imithetho sesibhambathiso sokuhlala. Emva kokuba uqeqeshelwa ukuba umqeshi ubunini sikhundla iya kusetyenziselwa ukuthengisa.

isivumelwano Ukuxuba kugqalwa bafake imali-akhawunti ebhankini. Ulilungiselele in Art. 850 Code. Olo isivumelwano kubizwa ngokuba i overdraft. Phantsi ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano, ibhanki obuyisela umthengi amabango abatyalwayo ngaphakathi kumda lusekiwe, nokuba akukho mali kwi-akhawunti okanye isixa esikhulu, kunokuba na kuyo.

bokuqonda

Lo mthetho akambeki nayiphi na imiqobo kwisivumelwano, nto leyo eya kuba kuyo ngamalungu, Walizinzisa, kunye ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo. Nangona yokuba akasayi ugalelwe phakathi intsingiselo nto wesithathu. 421 of the Code Civil, kuya kusetyenziswa yona kule nxalenye efanelekileyo imithetho lesivumelwano igama. Ngokuba ezinye ngokoMthetho xwebhu luya kuvavanywa ukuba ukuthotyelwa komhlathi wokuqala Art. 8 of the Code.

isivumelwano Ukuxuba kufuneka ahluka ukusuka entsonkothileyo. Le yokugqibela ifuna ubukho ukuhlanganiswa eziliqela ezahlukeneyo iimvumelwano, imiqathango leyo zisekwa kuxwebhu olunye. Umzekelo, kule mvumelwano yonikezelo kusenokuba izinto ikhoyo inshorensi imithwalo, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, njalo-njalo. Ubukho kwezi meko ayifuni ubhaliso kwezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo, kodwa oko kungakhokelela ukuvela isenzo esisodwa.

Meaning izithethe dispositive

La malungiselelo badla ngokwaneleyo isetyenziswe ulawulo ulwalamano zezivumelwano. imithetho efihlakeleyo benza njengoko iimeko kuphela xa amaqela ayikwazanga kuvunyelwane ngomba othile ngenye indlela okanye musa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa zabo njengenxalenye deal yabo. Eyona nto kubo kubuchule babo ukumisela amathuba derogations evela imithetho eziqulathwe kuyo. Kulo mba, ukusetyenziswa izenzo efihlakeleyo baqala njengendlela inkululeko ubudlelwano. Le migaqo, umzekelo, ukuze ibandakanye imithetho ekuzalisekiseni izibophelelo (inika ulwaneliseko kwenxenye, kokulibazisa, izavenge), ukufika, nokumisela indawo ekwenzeni njalo njalo.

Enyanisweni, xa kumalungiselelo dispositive wabeka ezinye uhlobo iingcebiso nxaxheba intengiselwano phezu imiqathango eyongezelelweyo. Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa le migangatho phezulu ayinalo amaqela uzakuvula kwinani lamanqaku ashiyiweyo kweso sivumelwano. Nemigqaliselo zafakelwa izikhundla zimele uhlobo ngokupheleleyo imeko ethile.

Ukusetyenziswa amasiko

It ukuba p. 5 ka xihloko lexi. Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa izenzo negalelo izikhewu ezikhoyo kwimigaqo. Ngenxa yokuba thina engqondweni umthetho wokuziphatha, musa ukuyibekela kuzo ngqo emthethweni, uMbumbi i ezizimeleyo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwindawo ethile zamashishini, ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngo practice kwakhona ingqalelo njengokubonisa inkululeko ubudlelwano. Ngako oko, eli siko elithile iba (subsidiarity) umthombo eyongezelelweyo komthetho. Kucingwa njenge imeko ikhontrakthi xa nxaxheba intengiselwano nto ngokucacileyo kuvunyelwene okanye loo meko, kwaye ayifakwanga kumalungiselelo ezingezo-inyanzelekile yomthetho.

izithintelo

Baya ekugqibeleni uya kumisa kwinkalo zifundo ubudlelwane zoshishino. kufuneka ibe Okokuqala konke okuqulethwe nasiphi na isivumelwano echasene imithetho benze yomthetho okanye amanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni, kungenjalo intengiselwano iya kugqalwa njengento elilize nengekhoyo. Kwezinye iimeko, izithintelo ezibangwa luphuhliso yemodeli kwimarike, nto leyo nako ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngabikho. Umzekelo, ukuba ndimiselwe monopolists abangakwaziyo iwise ngokwemiqathango yezivumelwano ngamahlakani, usebenzisa isikhundla lwalo kunye nokungakwazi ukujongana isiphelo-umsebenzisi omnye kumenzi, oko kuchasene nomgaqo wokhuphiswano.

AmaBhunga elawula umsebenzi kwezolimo, ungabeka uluhlu abantu zixhomekeke kwinkonzo yesinyanzelo, ukumisela uluhlu lweerhafu okanye imida zabo imveliso eyenziweyo.

Kuya kuthathwa nokubekwa okungekho mthethweni ngamahlakani ngokucacileyo iimeko ezimbi okanye ukwala ngqiqweni / ukusilela ukugqiba isivumelwano. Ezo zinto zithathwa wabona yokhuphiswano unfair.

ubudlelwano ukungavunyelwa kwi kakubi kwamalungelo, kuquka inkululeko bangene zoshishino. Kananjalo kubonwa kusisithintelo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale yokuvalwa bugwetyelwe, umzekelo, kwiimeko apho iziko zebhanki, omele iqela kwisivumelwano semali-mboleko, kwanyanzeleka ukuba abathengi isixa uhlasela elikhulu umonakalo ngokusemthethweni ukuba kokulibazisa kwaye ifuna nokunyanzeliswa yokuyikhangela, ebhekisela inkululeko contract.