Amandla Electrical - yintoni na le nto? Development kunye neengxaki kombane Russian

Industry na ilizwe iquka iintlobo ngeentlobo mveliso, ezifana zobunjineli okanye umbane. Ezi ndlela apho ukuphuhlisa ilizwe ethile kumazwe ahlukeneyo abe kwamagama ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana imithombo yendalo, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe, njalo-njalo. Eli nqaku sigxile ebalulekileyo kakhulu kwaye likhula ngokukhawuleza kushishino umhla - kumandla ombane. kushishino Amandla - ilicandelo sele ukuphuhlisa iminyaka emininzi rhoqo, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwanyanzeleka ngenkuthalo ebelisiya phambili, ukutyhala abantu nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla indalo ngakumbi.

Yintoni na?

Ngoko ke, oko kuqala kuyimfuneko ukuze siqonde ukuba yintoni na yonke le mveliso. amandla zombane - lo ukwahlulwa amandla, leyo unoxanduva lokuyila, ukwabiwa, ukudluliselwa kunye nokuthengiswa umbane. Phakathi kwezinye amasebe Kwesi sigaba shishino lwamandla yombane yeyona ethandwa kakhulu kwaye kakhulu yezizathu ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa lula wayo zokusasaza, ithuba transfer yayo phezu imigama emide ukuze amathuba elifutshane ngexesha kunokwenzeka, kwakunye ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo - amandla ombane akukho ngxaki xa kuyimfuneko similise kwezinye iintlobo zamandla ezifana ubushushu, ukukhanya, iikhemikhali kunye ukuze on. Ngenxa yoko, uphuhliso loshishino uhlawula ingqalelo kakhulu urhulumente amagunya ehlabathi. amandla zombane - yinto shishino apho elizayo. Yiloo nto abantu abaninzi becinga, yaye yiloo nto kufuneka ufunde inkcazelo engakumbi malunga usebenzisa eli nqaku.

kwemandla Inkqubela

Ngoko ke ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ungenza indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba ihlabathi, ishishini, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukujonga njani ushishino samandla kukuveliswa kuwo kwimbali ubukho bayo. Ngoko nangoko ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuvelisa umbane iboniswe iibhiliyoni iiyure kilowatt. Ngowe-1890, xa umbane nje liqala ukuphuhlisa, ukuvelisa iiyure ezigidi ezisithoba kilowatt /. jump Big kwenzeka ngowe-1950, xa kwenzelwa ngaphezu izihlandlo ezilikhulu ngaphezulu umbane. Ukususela ngoko, uphuhliso sele imitsi ezinkulu - leminyaka ngalinye zongezwa ukusuka amawaka ezigidi kW / h ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yoko, ngowama-2013 amagunya ihlabathi labakho-mali ka-23,127 ezigidi kW / h - an nani Amazing iyaqhubeka ikhula ngonyaka ngamnye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi umbane elinikiweyo China nase-United States of America - la mazwe mabini abe kushishino umbane ahambele phambili. China akhawunti ye-23 ekhulwini zonke umbane ehlabathini, kunye US share - 18 ekhulwini. Ziye ke ilandelwa yi-Japan, Russia kunye India - ngalinye kula mazwe ephindwe ubuncinane ezine isabelo ezincinane kwemveliso umbane lwehlabathi. Kulungile, ngoku uyazi kwakhona kwaye geography jikelele umbane - lixesha ukuya kwiintlobo ezithile zamashishini.

Namandla thermal

Sele siyazi ukuba umbane - i icandelo amandla, kunye namandla ngokwayo, nayo, kuba nesebe shishino xa lulonke. Noko ke, eyayizalwa ayipheli apho - umbane, kukho iintlobo ezininzi, ezinye zazo eliqhelekileyo kwaye ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, abanye ithandwa kangaka. Kukho icandelo amandla ezinye zombane ezisebenzisa iindlela ezingaqhelekanga ukuphumeza imveliso umbane elikhulu-isikali ngaphandle imo engqongileyo, kwakunye neutralization iimpawu elibi ngendlela yesintu. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Inyathelo lokuqala kukwazi ukuthetha ngayo kwicandelo wamandla oshushu, ekubeni eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye kakuhle yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Njani na umbane ngale ndlela? Omnye lula ukucinga ukuba kule meko kukho conversion amandla oshushu zibe nobushushu ifunyenwe kukutshiswa kwamafutha ezahlukeneyo. ubushushu Ludityanisiwe namandla inokufumaneka phantse kuwo onke amazwe - kodwa le yinkqubo kakhulu elula lula ukufumana izixa ezikhulu yamandla ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo kwaye yenye yezona neziyilimazayo indalo zitshabalalise okusingqongileyo. Okokuqala, ukuba umbane usebenzisa amafutha eziphili zamandulo, nto leyo ngonaphakade nakanjani iphele. Okwesibini, iimveliso yokutsha zikhutshelwa emoyeni, yingozi kuyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho iindlela ezizezinye okuvelisa umbane. Nangona kunjalo, oku konke umbane zemveli - kukho nezinye, kwaye siya kugxininisa kuzo.

Imboni amandla enyukliya

Njengoko kwimeko yangaphambili, xa kuqwalaselwa ishishini amandla enyukliya banokufunda lukhulu isihloko. Isizukulwana Power kule meko evela reactor zenyukliya, apho ukuqhekeka athom kunye umphakathi zabo nokwahlula - ngenxa yezi zenzo kwenzeka energy amadlozi enkulu leyo ke similise umbane. Akuthandeki ukuba nabani na uyazi ukuba le yeyona engakhuselekanga umbane. Industry, asinguye wonke lizwe isabelo yayo yemveliso yehlabathi kombane yenyukliya. Naliphi na ukuvuza a reactor oku kunokukhokelela engozini enkulu - ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukukhumbula eChernobyl, kwakunye siganeko eJapan. Kutshanje, Noko ke, ukhuseleko yokunikwa ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi, izityalo amandla enyukliya yayakhiwe kwixesha elizayo.

amanzi

Enye indlela ethandwayo ukuvelisa umbane kukufumana kwi emanzini. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kwizikhululo ngamanzi, oko ayidingi eyingozi iinkqubo ngokucandeka lama-atom okanye neziyilimazayo indalo zitshabalalise okusingqongileyo ukutsha amafutha, kodwa kumele nobubi bayo. Okokuqala, oko kukwaphula ngokwesiqhelo yemilambo - balakha idama, apho kudala amanzi eziyimfuneko turbines, yaye ngaloo amandla. Amaxesha amaninzi, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamadama ifunxwe ize besifa imilambo, amachweba kunye nezinye idama lamanzi zendalo, ngoko awunaku kwazi ukuba le yeyona ndlela ogqibeleleyo eli candelo amandla. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi iinkampani amandla ombane abaphathwa ngayo iintlobo bemveli kunye nezinye zokuvelisa amandla.

amandla enye

isizukulwana amandla ezizezinye - yingqokelela iintlobo umbane, ngaphandle yemveli kakhulu ngenxa yokuba akukho mfuneko isicelo sohlobo oluthile nobungozi kokusingqongileyo, kwaye phantsi ukuba akukho namnye usengozini. Sithetha hydrogen, kumanzi, lokutshangatshangisa kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi ingumoya kunye namandla elanga. Ukuba ugxininiso - abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kubo ikamva shishino. Yintoni eyona yezi ntlobo?

Wind amandla - kukuba ukufumana umbane umoya. Xa amasimi kunye nephiko zakhelwe, leyo kakuhle kakhulu kwaye kuvumela amandla zimbi kakhulu kunokuba kwiindlela ezichazwe ngasentla, kodwa intshukumo ye-injini zomoya kufuneka umoya kuphela. Kakade ke, lo engxakini kule ndlela kukuba umoya - lo nto ukuba awukwazi ukubenza, kodwa abaphengululi esebenzela ukuphucula ukusebenza iphendukile mihla. Ke ukuba amandla elanga, kukho umbane efunyenwe imitha yelanga. Njengoko kunjalo kunye nembono ezidlulileyo, kukho kwakhona kufuneka ukuba sisebenzele ukwandisa umthamo yokugcina njengoko ilanga likhanya akusoloko - okanye xa imozulu esibhakabhakeni, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ngaxa ethile kuza ubusuku xa solar panels abanako ukuvelisa umbane.

zokuhambisa umbane

Kulungile, ngoku ke uyazi zonke iintlobo eziphambili kokwenziwa kwamandla,, njengoko unako ukuqonda kwinkcazelo umbane, yokufumana zonke kungaphelelwanga koku. I-eneji efunekayo ukuze ukudlulisa kwaye anikezele. Ngenxa yoko, amandla ombane usasazwa ugqithiselwa phezu imigca ngamandla. Oku abaqhubi ebuntsimbi ukuba ukudala uthungelwano lombane enkulu kulo lonke ihlabathi. imigca ngaphambili phezulu kakhulu wayedla - abo ungabona ecaleni kwendlela, waphoswa umhlathi omnye komnye. Kutshanje, Noko ke, imigca intambo ukuthandwa bafumane ukwandisa kutyalwa komhlaba.

Imbali kuphuhliso lwamashisini ugesi Russian

imboni kagesi Russian baqala ukuphuhlisa ngexesha elinye, kwaye xa ihlabathi - ngo-1981, xa ukudluliselwa kwamagunya yombane sele ziphunyezwe ngempumelelo okokuqala kwi phantse ezimakhulu mabini km. Xa leyinene ushishino pre-revolution Russian amandla ombane iye emangalisayo ngokwaneleyo - imveliso yonyaka kombane kwi lizwe enjalo 1.9 billion kuphela kW / h. Xa revolution kwenzeka, Vladimir Ilich Lenin wacebisa ukuba iRussia isicwangciso kombane, leyo ukuphunyezwa kwaqaliswa nangoko. Sele 1931 yena Wamitha ke loo sicwangciso sele kubulawa, kodwa isantya sophuhliso iyakhuthaza kangangokuba ngo-1935, esi sicwangciso kwagqithiswa kathathu. Ngenxa kule guqula, sele ngo 1940 imveliso umbane yonyaka eRashiya yaba ku-50 ezigidi kW / h, nto leyo amaxesha amabini anesihlanu ngaphezu phambi revolution. Ngelishwa, inkqubela omkhulu luphazamisekile yi Second World War, Noko ke, emva kokuba wachacha kokugqitywa yayo, 1950, i-eSoviet Union Bamrhola 90 billion kWh / h, emalunga neshumi ekhulwini ukuveliswa kombane jikelele ehlabathini lonke. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-gqira, yiSoviet Union weza kwindawo yesibini ehlabathini zokuvelisa amandla, nolwesibini kuphela eUnited States. Le meko wahlala kwinqanaba elifanayo eliphezulu de ekuweni waseUSSR, xa amandla ugesi na ushishino kuphela bahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yalo mcimbi. New Law on Umbane, apho kwi eminyaka ezayo kufuneka uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kolu shishino eRashiya esatyikitywa ngo-2003. Kwaye ilizwe ngokuqinisekileyo ihamba kwelo cala. Kodwa inye into - ukusayina uMthetho kwi Umbane, yaye omnye - ukuliphumeza. Oku kuya kuxutyushwa ngakumbi. Uyazi namhlanje kukho into iingxaki loshishino lwamandla yombane of Russia, kwaye baya kukhethwa indlela yokusombulula kubo.

umthamo kwemfuneko ugesi

imboni kagesi Russian ikwimeko ngcono kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ngoko ngokukhuselekileyo bathi nkqubela. Noko ke, xa iqonga amandla kutshanje kwakukho iingxaki eziphambili kweli shishini kweli lizwe. Kwaye ke wokuqala babo - okugqithiseleyo wokwenza umbane, apho zibangelwa ubunzima umthamo ophantsi sokwakha izityalo amandla eSoviet Union endaweni yokwakha inani elincinane lezityalo eliphezulu. Zonke ezi zikhululo kusafuneka ukuba agcine, ngoko ke zambini meko. Lokuqala - umthamo output lo msebenzi. Olu khetho bekuya kuba ugqibelele ukuba iindleko enkulu yeprojekthi enjalo. Ngoko ke, Russia kungenzeka ukuba sihambe ngendlela kwicala imveliso yesibini, eyile ukunyuka umbane.

ukungenisa endaweni

Emva kokuba ukuqaliswa lwezikhululo yasentshona kushishino Russian unomdla kakhulu waziva aphila izinto kwamanye amazwe - oku bachaphazeleka kakhulu icandelo lombane, apho phantse namnye karhulumente mihla umsebenzi yonke inkqubo yemveliso umbane ezithile uthathe indawo kuphela kummandla we-Russian Federation. Ngako oko, uRhulumente uceba ukwandisa umthamo imveliso kwicala elifanelekileyo, ukulawula indawo yabo kwaye uzame kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba bahlukane ukuxhomekeka amazwe.

umoya ococekileyo

Ingxaki kukuba iinkampani Russian mihla esebenza kwicandelo yombane kakhulu kakhulu singcolisa umoya. Nangona kunjalo, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Environment ye-Russian Federation ukomeleza imithetho baba ngakumbi ukuqokelela izohlwayo ukunyhashwa. Ngelishwa, iinkampani ezisokolayo kuyo asikulungiseleli ukuzama ukuphakamisa imveliso yawo - lifake yonke imikhosi ngaphandle yokutshayela inani "green", yaye zifuna umthetho unciphiso.

izigidi ezikweletini

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ityala iyonke abasebenzisi ombane lonke Russia ka imalunga 460 billion engange Russian. Kakade ke, ukuba ilizwe ukuba ziyisebenzise yonke imali ukuba wayenetyala, wayedla ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu umbane. Ngoko ke, urhulumente uceba toughen izohlwayo ngenxa yokulibaziseka ekuhlawuleni iindleko zombane, yaye uya kumema abo abafuni ukuhlawula amatyala kwixesha elizayo, faka iiphaneli zabo solar kunye nonikezelo lwamandla ngokwalo ngokuzimeleyo.

market olulawulwayo

Ingxaki ephambili ishishini amandla yasekhaya - imarike kuyinto nokulungiseka ngokupheleleyo. Kumazwe aseYurophu, lokulawula imalike lwamandla phantse engekho ngokupheleleyo, apho kukho ukhuphiswano yokwenene, ngoko ke icandelo iyakhula ngokukhawuleza. Yonke le mithetho kunye ummiselo enokuthintela kakhulu kuphuhliso kwaye ngenxa Russian Federation sele uqalile uthenge umbane evela eFinland, apho imarike kakhulu ezingalawulwayo. Kuphela isisombululo kule ngxaki - inguqu kwindlela yorhwebo kunye kwaliwa ngokupheleleyo ummiselo.