Aircraft yenethiwekhi "eMidway": iimpawu eziphambili, izixhobo. US zenethiwekhi

abathwali Aircraft - iinqanawa iingangamsha ukuba amele amandla omkhosi karhulumente. Midway - umdlali ophethe moya, elibe ndakukhupha emkhosini kunye US waseManzini engama-47. Inqanawa bakhonza engenazimpazamo kwaye Melika inxaxheba ngquzulwano Vietnam. Ngowe-1992, wayishiya US Navy carrier lwezithuthi, waza waguquka ngenqanawa imyuziyam kwiminyaka emihlanu. Namhlanje siye sihlolisise le nqanawa enhle, imbali yawo, isixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi umdla.

History of indalo

Ngomhla kwakusakhiwa udidi olutsha Unjengeenqanawa US Navy carrier fleet kubonakala ekupheleni kuka-1941, emva kokuhlaselwa Japanese kwi Pearl Harbor. Kangangexesha, urhulumente US kunye nolawulo lwezithuthi ayikwazanga ukufikelela kwimvumelwano uhlobo olutsha noweenqanawa. Franklin Roosevelt ne Admiral Ernest King babekholelwa ukuba imfuneko yokuba kwakhiwe abathwali moya encinane. Ngelo xesha, Admiral Chester Nimitz baphikelela ukwakhiwa abathwali moya kunye ukubana abantu tonnes ubuncinane 45 000. Ekugqibeleni, Nimitz wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ulawulo, yaye ngoDisemba 1942, Roosevelt iphumeze iprojekthi yokwakha zenethiwekhi ezimbini inqwelomoya kunye ukubana abantu tonnes nje kwama-40 000.

Ngo-Oktobha 1943, kummandla ka Virginia sabekwa moya carrier CV-41. ekwakhiweni kwayo yathatha iinyanga 17. NgoMatshi 1945, ngokubhengezwa amisiweyo carrier moya entsha, ukondla amathemba kuba US Naval izithuthi.

ezazingaphambi

Phambi kokuba kubekho yenethiwekhi moya "eMidway", abathwali moya American kakhulu ezininzi ezinamandla udidi "Essex" iinqanawa. "Midway" efunyenwe kubo ezinye iimpawu: scheme kwamathandabuzo, kwakunye bekwilift ubeko moya kunye "iziqithi". Ngokumalunga umahluko yangaphandle, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo waba itshimini omkhulu kunye ukusika, ekube i "bazalwana ezinkulu".

design

I imizobo lokuqala enzima carrier moya, abalunikelwayo kwakanye bekufanele ukuba indawo i "Essex", zaye zaqulunqwa ngo-1940. Uphuhliso waba swing ngokupheleleyo, nangona kude 1942 amathuba yokwakha wenqanawa aso amakhulu kunokuba mbaxa. Ukuqulunqwa kwale projekthi iphenjelelwa ngamandla ziziganeko kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Le ngxoxo iingwanyalala ubabalo ukwandisa ugcino umkhombe ukufa inqanawa "nozuko" nedabi eMidway (kungoko ke igama yenethiwekhi).

Ekubeni amandla wenqanawa entsha ababelawula ngaphambi kakhulu kunabanye, weza kudidi olukhethekileyo kuyo. Aircraft carrier udidi eyabelwe CV-B, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1952, yiyo ngaphezulu abathwali moya mihla eUnited States, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imfuneko kucalulo elitsha.

zokwakha

Yakha i yenethiwekhi moya "eMidway", ogama bungu ngaphezu eqinileyo, ngaloo mihla akuzange kube lula nokuba uhlanga iphuhlisiwe like Melika. It ifanele kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwizibuko ezomileyo, nto leyo ke encinane kakhulu. Kodwa ngethamsanqa, ngexesha wokutyikitywa imizobo kule projekthi ye enzima carrier moya ukuba baphume kuloo masango, Nezingathanga ukuthatha ukubeka ukwakhiwa Zempi "womntana."

Aircraft yenethiwekhi ne index CVB-41 wathunywa inkampani imikhumbi enkulu Newport News imikhumbi. Kwenzeka ukuba, igama "eMidway," umkhombe yanikwa kuphela ekwindla ka-1944. Ababenaye iklasi kwegama elifanayo neempahla ezimbini ngaphezulu, "Franklin D. Roosevelt" ifildi yodibaniso "Koral Si". Le hero of incoko yethu sesilungile kwiinyanga-23 emva kokuba inqaku lencwadi. Aircraft yenethiwekhi "eMidway", ubude yayo njengoko 295 eemitha, waba impumelelo yaseMelika. Ngelo xesha yena kuqwalaselwa kuphela unit inamandla ukulwa, ukulungele ukusebenza kuyo nayiphi na imiqathango, kunye nomsebenzi lokwenyaniso zobugcisa. Lifikile ixesha lokuba bafunde, ukuze umdlali ophethe moya "eMidway" uzuze intlonipho engaka.

yokuvikela

Kokubeka carrier yayiquka ibhanti isikrweqe kunye nemigangatho emithathu vehicles. Ngaphezu koko, oko babhukishe kwezinye iindawo zalapha. Flight sinendawo ke ekhuselweyo-87 mm isikrweqe umaleko. Ukongeza tyaba, inqanawa ubephethe ukhuseleko eqinileyo kakhulu nkqo. Le yenethiwekhi moya yafakwa i ibhanti vehicles ka-193 mm, ukuba ayisoze yenzeke kwakhona ngeenqanawa kule klasi. Kodwa apha kukho ezinye bokuqonda. Ngexesha ulwakhiwo preponderance onomtsalane isitya kwicala lasekunene kwafunyanwa, ngoko isikrweqe-193 mm ezigcinwe kuphela kwicala lasekunene. Kwelinye icala lasekhohlo ngayo wanciphiswa 178 mm kwaye kakuhle bahlabeka ukuya ezantsi ukuya ku-76 mm.

Ngokubhekiselele koku kungasentla ibhanti engundoqo iintonga, akukho ngedatha ethembekileyo. In version mnye, iintonga ububanzi-50 mm, kwaye kwelinye - kuphela sheathing phawundi-30. Le ibhanti ivaliwe kwi traverznyh iShushan ngokusebenzisa bulkheads-160 mm. ibhokisi Steering gear angamkhuseli iintonga: emacaleni - 193 mm; ngaphambili nangesemva - 160mm, phezulu - 127 mm, nasezantsi - 63 mm. Nenqaba conning, wayifulela yi-165 mm iintonga emacaleni kunye 87 mm - ngaphezulu. Ezihamba Iinkqubo eziphambili zolawulo ziye zifakwe apha umbhobho 102 mm ubukhulu.

ukusebenza uqhuba

Inkqubo isimiso wenqanawa yayiquka iinjini ezine turbozubchatyh "Westinghouse", apho udibene na coppers abalishumi "Babcock Wilcox Kuphela." Motors actuated ezine imitha-5.5 amagciwane Screw ngesantya ujikeleziso 200 ngomzuzu. amawaka 10 neetoni amafutha inqanawa uyiphosayo 15 neekhilomitha ezili-. Xa eyila izicwangciso ukufumana amafutha ephantsi, kodwa isikrweqe omninzi yazisa utshintsho. Le boilers bahlala kwindawo yokuqala kunye aft iindawo carrier, siyinxalenye yezinye manzi. Power Plant wahlala ezingama-26 amagumbi. Kwelinye icala, oko kwandisa ingumthi onamandla, kwelinye icala - inkonzo esintsonkothileyo. Apha icebo elolo hlobo isicelo Ngenxa ukugcinwa nzima.

Isantya carrier waba amaqhina-33, ngelo xesha nje Isalathisi obalaseleyo naxa kuthelekiswa ngesitya ngaphantsi ngokubanzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba inqanawa, kwakunye nabameli odidi "Essex" kakuhle igcinwe amandla. Ubungqina oku uhambo imayile 4452-, awawenzayo ngesantya kumyinge we 32,5 amaqhina.

izixhobo ezincedisayo

Aviation izixhobo zobuchwepheshe eziphambili ezimbini catapults isitya sentsimbi, iilifti ezintathu kunye abagqibe ezimbalwa. axhotyiswe ngokufanayo zakutshanje (ngelo xesha, kunjalo) uguqulelo lwe "Essex". Ukongeza, ophethe moya "eMidway" zixhotyiswe nge inkqubo kokufaka nenkonzo izixhobo moya. Isilinge H-Marko-IV-1 ukuya track eqhotyoshelweyo side isantya fighter 145 km / h. Ukulayisha isilinge ichitha imizuzwana 60 kuphela. Ke aviafinisherov, bayeka moya ton-13.5 luphaphazela ngesantya seekhilomitha 90 / ngeyure. Ezimbini moya bekwilift nemilinganiselo 16.5 / 14 m kunye ethwele umthamo iitoni 12 obekwe kwi kumgangatho. Eyayifakwe liphakamise ukuba sele neemitha ezine waza ukuya kwiitoni-8.

Vehicle Power ziquka turbogenerators 8 AC amandla 1250 kW nganye. ombane mbane ngu 440 umbane V. efakiweyo siyinxalenye yezinye manzi ezikufutshane ukuya ngasemva gumbi kwibhoyila. Ukongeza, iperi namacandelo ekwanti ikwindawo umbane diesel ezingxamisekileyo umthamo abangama-2850 kW. Ngenxa yoko, amandla iyonke ophethe moya lifikelele irekhodi eliphezulu - 12 850 kW. Amahobe izityalo kwetyuwa ukunika ngokupheleleyo emkhombeni amanzi kwibhoyila kunye neemfuno zasekhaya.

yokuhlala

ifildi yodibaniso crew yayiquka kungekuphela nje wodwa, kodwa abasebenzi mboni. Ngokutsho amacebo 1943, inani abasebenzi kwafuneka enze 3443 umntu. Kwezi, 2112 (oomatiloshe-2006 kunye namagosa 106) ababekolo umkhombe, yaye abantu 1331 - kubasebenzi mboni. Ukongeza, indawo 140 elilalela kucingelwa, xa inqanawa iya kuba flagship. Ngokutsho projekthi uthiwe yenzelwe iindawo ngakumbi ukuphepha yokugcwala kakhulu. Noko ke, ngo-1947 i qembu sele abantu 4100, iimeko abakuphila eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo. Noko ke, wengxinano ngelo xesha ubunzima bonke abathwali US.

izikhali

Le umkhombe baxhotyiswe imipu ezininzi enamandla esetyenziswa kwi iinqanawa moya-ethwele. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho 18 nemipu 127 ukuvuleka, 21 - 40 28 - 20. Iziphathi ezifana "tiko" ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka siphu- ngokwemiqathango Zenith iingalo. Endaweni guns 127-millimitha kunye nobude Umphanda 38 calibres, isitya esitsha wafumana inkanunu-127 mm MK-16. zaye ke ziphuhliswe ukuze inqanawa "Montana", lokwakha akazange athathe indawo. Umpu belucwangcisiwe ku ufakelo inqaba owodwa kwaye baba yokusebenza umxhelo. Aircraft yenethiwekhi "eMidway" kuphela inqanawa lafumana umpu MK-16. Kamva ke efakwe kwi ababhuqi Japanese "Murasame", kodwa ke imipu kuthatyathwa "eMidway" ngexa yotshintsho kwi 50.

Kuba isitya wokhuselo kufuphi lixhotyiswe chetyrehstvolnymi "Bofors" 40 nabangatshatanga-umphanda "Oerlikon" 20-abanjalo. Ngelo xesha yokungena gunnery yomkhosi wamanzi US Army yamkela enye-othwala 18 no-21 ufakelo chetyrehstvolnuyu.

iqela air

Ukususela ngo-1945, lo othwala moya wazala ababelwa Chance Vought F4U Corsair. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva ababekhwele wafumana Fighters Grumman F8F Bearcat kunye Grumman F8F Bearcat. Ekuqaleni 60 malunga enqanaweni wabonakala Jets Grumman F9F Panther. Ngowe-1956 inkonzo yayo lulahla loo carrier moya uqale: F3H yiDemon, Vought F-8 ayehla, Douglas A-3 no-4 Douglas A-Skyhawk. Le yokugqibela ngo-1970, indawo kwi-A-7 Corsair II.

Ngowe-1965, yonke indawo nabalwi amatsha - McDonnell Douglas F-4 phantom II. Ngowe-1986, kwafakwa yi moya F / A-18 oonomeva. Ekuqaleni-70 ekwinqwelo zidlula ukudla bomber wangena Grumman A-6 Umhlaseli. Lulahla le yenethiwekhi moya kwakhona wakhonza ntaka SH-2 Seasprite, eyasetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa ulondolozo umkhumbi imithwalo delivery. Uye wasebenza kwiindawo apho ke akunakwenzeka ukuba Dock pier. Ukususela namhlanje, bonke Group Air yinxalenye sesichengeni moya.

radars

ifildi yodibaniso izixhobo radar Midway zange kwahluka ukusuka 'Essex "izixhobo. Wawuhlanganisa izitishi radar ezimbini ukubhaqa ekujoliswe emoyeni, radars ezimbini ukubhaqa ekujoliswe kumphezulu, a altimeter radar kwaye inani elikhulu lezikhululo elawula umlilo.

kwempucuko

Inqanawa ngokuphindaphindiweyo lisulungekile. Ukuphuculwa lokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1955. Injongo yawo kukunyusa lokudla othwala nokwandiswa lwezakhono zawo. Uyilo inqanawa ufumene inani lotshintsho. Ezona ziphambili zezi:

1. Runway eziku ngama-8 xa kuthelekiswa esqwini longitudinal ophethe. Ngenxa eli lungiselelo encinane kufuneka ithuba lokuba enze elakhiwe ngaxeshanye kunye nokuthatha angabikho enqanaweni.
2. umphunga endaweni ababini abadala catapults isitya baxhotyiswa amathathu anamandla kakhulu.
3. ekomelezeni inkqubo elekhtrons zaye zaveliswa. Inani iintambo wayaphula lifinyele.
4. bekwilift sizilungiselela yabangela, ukwandisa umthamo wabo.
5. "Island" ilungiswa kakhulu kwaye axhotyiswe kunye nenani izixhobo ezitsha.
6. Inqanawa ufumene "bahlasele impumlo." Entsha
7. Inani zokudubula yancitshiswa ku-8.
8. ivelufa Air indawo entsha - enamandla ngakumbi.
9. Umthamo moya amatanki amafutha yanyuswa.
10. Kwamanzi isikrweqe ibhanti dismantled.

Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni inqanawa zinyuke ukuya 62 kweetoni eziliwaka.

Ekupheleni 1966, nokuhlaziywa yesibini ophethe moya "eMidway", nto leyo yaba likhulu kwimbali yotshintsho ebanzi enqanaweni. Iziphumo update zezi:

1. iilifti makaye umthamo high ukuwaphatha.
2. Imadlana Inani isilinge ngezibini - emibini.
3. inkqubo unyathela ephuculweyo.
4. Ukuphinda ummandla kumgangatho yokubhabha.
5. Ukuphuculwa "siqithi".

Ngezi utshintsho nqanawa wahlala kwinkonzo de 90. mali lwayo waba million 202 zeerandi.

ofisi

NgoFebruwari 1946, inqanawa leyo aziwa ngayo kwicandelo moya yenethiwekhi kuqala. NgoMatshi kulo nyaka, ophethe moya kuvavanywa ubuchule kunye nezixhobo ezenzelwe sezulu esibi kubanda. Xa kwentwasahlobo, inqanawa wenza bekusungulwa evuthayo "V-2".

Uvavanyo inzima "eMidway" ifildi yodibaniso yaba iintengiselwano Frostbite ebandakanya nobuchule uqeqesho inkonzo kwi Far North.

Ngehlobo lowe-1951 wasebenza phezu iimvavanyo transfer inqanawa moya F9F-5 kwi-Atlantic Ocean. Kunyaka olandelayo, "eMidway" wathabatha inxaxheba uhlela kunye nemikhosi NATO. Ngowe-1954, inqanawa uzibophelele phantse umjikelo, isiphelo ingongoma apho kwisiqithi Taiwan. Nantsi ke, njengokuba njengenxalenye US Seventh Fleet, yaba isiseko kuba moya, nesigubungelo ngobungxamo yesiqithi ngexesha lentlekele yokuqala eTaiwan.

NgoMatshi 1965, lo moya moya carrier wahlasela ekujoliswe zomkhosi e North noMzantsi Vietnam. Xa iyonke, ngexesha bazame War Vietnam "eMidway" shot phantsi moya ezisibhozo. Ngowe-1971, emva kokuba kophuculo, inqanawa ndabuyela Vietnam, apho misela ukuba lo moya iindlela kumazibuko asekuhlaleni. Ekugqibeleni, yemfaneleko yenethiwekhi Vietnamese wafumana ibhaso kamongameli of America.

Ngowe-1975, le nqanawa zathatha inxaxheba kwi ukusebenza "umoya uveza." Aprili 29 Byong-Ly - Air Force Major South Vietnam - bakhutshwe njengentsapho-moya Cessna O-1. Isihloko ngaselwandle, moya wadibana yenethiwekhi moya "eMidway". Emva iinzame eziliqela, inqanawa liseke unxibelelwano kunye nenqwelo-moya. Last Ndambuza ngale emhlabeni. Ukuze athathe indawo, abasebenzi kwafuneka ukukhulula kumgangatho ukubhabha moya. Abanye babo bade owaphosa emanzini. Lo moya lawela ngokukhuselekileyo kwi kumgangatho, yaza induna ngokobuqu wancoma pilot ngenkonzo enomkhondo nenkalipho yabo. Owaphosa izixhobo yamanzi ixabise i US Navy of $ 10 million. Eli qela ophethe moya wachukumiseka gqitha seso senzo Vietnamese ezinkulu nokuba yamnceda ukufumana umsebenzi kwi kwizikhewu ezikule of America.

Kwi-80 "eMidway" kunye neqela ezinye iinkundla ziye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibiziswe ukubonisa US ngamajoni ngokunxulumene nenkxalabo North Korea. Ngo March 1981 ntaka anesibini ukubhabha eqela moya carrier 17 abaye ubunzima ngenxa ukuwa ntaka emkhosini, wamhlangula. Sam ntaka kwakhona uvukile ngomhla kumgangatho.

NgoJuni 1990, isiganeko kabuhlungu kwenzeka ababekhwele kweso yenethiwekhi moya. Isitya kwaba udubulo ezimbini, nto leyo emlilweni eyathi yabhuqa malunga 10 iiyure. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubulala amalungu amabini nqanawa, kwaza kwenzakala enye 9. Umcimbi ezihlawulelwayo ngaphezu kwekhulu neentatheli zamazwe ngamazwe. Media ezenziwe isiganeko ingxaki enkulu, kwakukholelwa ukuba nqanawa ke umhlalaphansi.

Ngowe-1989-1991. umkhumbi uye wabandakanyeka inzondo nxamnye Iraq, ingakumbi ukusebenza "Desert Storm". NgoJuni 1991, iye yanceda abantu kwiiPhilippines abachatshazelwa yi kuqhuma iNtaba Pinatubo.

Uguqulo ibe imyuziyam

Ngowe-1992, inqanawa wavalelwa reserve. De 1998, kwakunjalo ubume caretaker e Bremerton Washington. NgoSeptemba 2003, ophethe moya aqalise uhambo lwakhe lokugqibela. Isiphelo ingongoma ndlela yaba ebanzi pier e yiPort San Diego, apho loo nqanawa ijike yaba imyuziyam. Ukuvulwa kwenzeka Juni 7, 2004. Kunyaka wayo wokuqala ukusebenza lolondolozo lwembali watyelelwa ngaphezulu kwe 870 amawaka abantu, nto leyo kabini ngaphezu ezilindelekileyo kwiinkokeli projekthi.

Ngenxa yenkonzo ende enjalo le nqanawa yamkela amanqaku amaninzi. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yile ngqungquthela kaMongameli wokubulela. Kwakukho namabhaso okuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yamajoni yaseVietnam, inkululeko yaseKoiten kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ezinye izibhengezo kwiinqanawa zazisetyenziswe ngaphezu kweyodwa.

Isiphelo

Umqhubi wendiza "Midway", iziganeko esizihlolisayo namhlanje, uye waba ngenye yeenqanawa ezigqwesileyo ze-US Navy. Yena, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyamangalisa ngobukhulu bakhe kwaye ubonakalise amandla okwenza izixhobo zempi zanamhlanje, nangomnye - usikhumbuza ukungabikho kwemfazwe yemfazwe. Imfazwe - ihlazo lehlabathi. Kwaye kuya kuba ngcono ukuba iibhiliyoni zeedola zingenalo imali kwimicimbi yempi, kodwa kwinto eluncedo ngakumbi.