Yintoni unesikhululwana yombane? kwizikhululo kunye neenkqubo wokuhambisa umbane

Iingcali Electrical uyazi ukuba yintoni eyenza izityalo amandla sezitishana, kuba yintoni nendlela ukwakha. Bayazi ukuba ukubala njani igunya lazo zonke iparameters kuyimfuneko, njengenani amagophe, ubungakanani ucingo kunye nemilinganiselo sekethe ngemagnethi. Ezifundisa abafundi kwiikholeji zobugcisa kunye nezikolo zezobugcisa. Abantu abane imfundo noluntu bayaqonda ukuba izakhiwo badla bacezela kude kangangoko nezindlu ngaphandle iifestile (bathanda ukupeyinta abalandeli yegraffiti), kuyimfuneko ukuba amnike amandla emakhaya kanye, yaye ukuba angene kufuneka lube kubo, le iilogo eyoyikekayo liciko ngohlobo Skulls nemibane eziqhotyoshelwe izinto eziyingozi. Mhlawumbi abantu abaninzi kufuneka sazi iinkcukacha kodwa ezingasafunekiyo.

A bit of physics

Umbane - yorhwebo kufuneka ukuba yakuhlawula, yaye kulihlazo ukuba agqitywe ngelize. Kwaye oku, njengokuba naliphi na ishishini, ekugqibeleni, lo msebenzi kuphela ukuba ezakunciphisa ilahleko ndabulaleka. Amandla Amandla liphindaphindwe kwexesha, ngoko kwiimpikiswano ilandelayo ukubanjwa ngulo mbono, njengokuba ixesha iqukuqela rhoqo, kwaye ke onokukubuyisa oko umva, njengoko le ngoma ithi, akunakwenzeka. amandla ombane, xa isilinganiselo erhabaxa, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo imithwalo lovukelo, na imveliso ombane ngapha yangoku. Ukuba ukunyamekele ngokweenkcukacha, kwifomula owayo amandla sisiqinisekiso lulwahlulo eneji edliwe kunye necandelo luncedo ebizwa esebenzayo. Kodwa ke into ebalulekileyo akazalani ngqo umbuzo wokuba kutheni kufuneka sibe sikagesi. amandla ombane ke ngoko ixhomekeke amalungu amabini eziphambili kunye nemithetho Ohm kaThixo esiyijowule, ombane kunye yangoku. Low ombane lwangoku kwaye phezulu yinxalenye amandla efanayo, and vice versa, ombane aphezulu yangoku nezisezantsi. Kubonakala, yintoni umahluko? Kwaye oko, yaye elikhulu kunene.

Fudumeza emoyeni? Ndiyabulela!

Ngoko ke, ukuba usebenzisa ifomula amandla esebenzayo, sifumana oku kulandelayo:

• P = U x mna, apho:
  
  U - ombane, kulinganiswa ngo volts;
  I - ngoku ulinganiswa amperes;
  P - amandla, kulinganiswa Watts okanye volt-amps.

Kodwa kukho nenye ifomula ichaza sele ikhankanywe esiyijowule-Lenz, njengoko apho amandla thermal dissipated xa yangoku ilingana kwisikweri se yobukhulu balo liphindaphindwe kweelana nombhexeshi. Ukufudumeza engqongileyo umgca amandla air - kuthetha nto lokusebenzisa amandla. Kwaye ukunciphisa le ilahleko kunokuba isondlo ezimbini iindlela. Eyokuqala kwezi nkalo ukuhla ukuxhathisa, oko kukuthi ukuqina kwala macingo. Eli elikhulu icandelo umnqamlezo, inowuthi ukuxhathisa, kwaye vice versa. Kodwa tirhisa metal zange afune ilize, kuba kubiza, ubhedu ngxi. Ukongeza, izinto flow umqhubi ezimbini akayi kuphela kwandisa iindleko, kodwa nezilinganiso, nto leyo eza kwandisa ukuntsonkotha ukufakelwa imigca yomphakamo-ukuphakama. Nenkxaso liya kufuna ezinamandla ngakumbi. A ilahleko iya kuncitshiswa kuphela ngesiqingatha.

isinqumo

Ukunciphisa iingcingo zobushushu ngexesha zokuhambisa umbane, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ubukhulu aqukuqelayo yangoku. Kucacile, ngenxa yokuba ukuncitshiswa yayo ngesiqingatha kungazehlisa na ilahleko kane. Nokuba uthe wakona ezilishumi? nokuxhomekeka Quadratic, ngoko ke ilahleko iya kuba yiminyaka elikhulu elinamanci izihlandlo ngaphantsi! Kodwa ke amandla ukuba 'ujingi "kunjalo, apho kuyimfuneko abathengi aggregate elindele naye kwelinye ekupheleni komgca ukudluliselwa i ehamba amaxesha amakhulu yeekhilomitha ukusuka mveliso. Isiphetho ukuba kuyimfuneko kukwandisa ombane inani elifanayo amaxesha njengoko yangoku lifinyele. Isikhululo transformer ekuqaleni komgca ukudluliselwa kukwenza kanye loo kwaye iinjongo. Lisuka ngocingo phantsi ombane aphezulu kakhulu kwamashumi kilovolts. Kuyo kumgama yonke olwahlula TPP, izityalo amandla ngamanzi okanye enyukliya ukusuka kwidolophana apho yena, amandla uhamba nge (noko) yangoku encinane. Abathengi kufuneka kwamkela amandla avela umgangatho parameters kwangaphambili ezihambelana lizwe ngo-220 volts (380 V okanye interfacial). Ngoku akuyomfuneko ayikhulise, njengokuba igalelo ukuya kumgca transmission le, kwaye inyathelo-phantsi sikagesi. amandla ombane ukuze zixhase lo isixhobo lonikezelo ekukhanyeni kutshiswa emakhaya kunye mveliso rotors ukujikeleza koomatshini.

Yintoni kwindlwana?

Ukusuka zingasentla, kucacile ukuba umba lubalulekileyo kwisitishana - transformer, ngokuqhelekileyo-isigaba ezintathu. Kusenokubakho eziliqela. Umzekelo, ontlantlu-ntathu sombane kufuneka kufakwe elinye-isigaba ezintathu. A imali enkulu inokuba ngenxa yokusebenzisa eliphezulu. Uyilo le divayisi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kunjalo ineenkalo umxhelo. Indlela amandla okukhulu inikwa kumboleki, isakhiwo ukhangela emibi ngakumbi. sombane isixhobo, Noko ke, nzima, kwaye iquka sombane kuphela. Kukho kwakhona izixhobo ululayite nokhuseleko iyunithi zexabiso, kwakunye kaninzi kwaye ukuba zokupholisa. Enye inxalenye kwizikhululo zombane kunye sezitishana liquka switchboards zixhotyiswe nge ulawulo kunye nezixhobo yokulinganisa.

transformer

Eyona njongo iphambili yalo iziko - ukuzisa amandla kubathengi. Phambi kokuthumela le ombane eziyimfuneko ukuphucula, yaye emva kokufumana kokuba ithotywe kwinqanaba eqhelekileyo.

Ngokuba konke wesiphaluka sombane kuquka nobuninzi lweziqalelo, engundoqo kubo nangoku sombane. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi isixhobo le mveliso kwiyunithi ngamandla aqhelekileyo le sixhobo zasekhaya kunye neesampuli amandla eliphezulu mveliso no. Le transformer iqulethe engathi (eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari) kunye wesekethe magnetic ezenziwe ngezinto ferromagnetic, ngamanye a material (metal), ukwandisa lo mhlaba otsalayo. Ukuze kubalwe le divaysi - ingumzamo yokufunda esemgangathweni kubafundi beekholeji zobugcisa. Umahluko ephambili nesitishi sombane ngayo analogue ngaphantsi eyingozi ebonakalayo, ngaphandle ubukhulu, kuba phambi kwenkqubo sokupholisa, nto leyo isethi kwemibhobho yeoli, basking zilurhangqile coil. Noko ke, nokuyila zonke izitishana zombane, akukho msebenzi lula, njengokuba kuyimfuneko ukuba athathe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi, ukusukela imozulu kunye nesiphelo imithwalo emntwini.

amandla eyendawo

kwemizi kuphela kunye namashishini asele umbane. Apha zonke imfuneko ecacileyo ukuba isicelo 220 volts AC ngokumalunga ibhasi cala 380 okanye phakathi izigaba kumaza-50 Hertz apha. Kodwa kukho kwakhona iqela electric isixeko. Tram kunye neebhasi netroli efunekayo ombane AC ne DC. Kunye ezahlukeneyo. On contact umqhubi kaloliwe kufuneka volts 750 (xa kuthelekiswa emhlabeni, ngamanye naLindiili), kwaye ufuna Sibona ukuba umqhubi 600 no zero volts DC kwelinye, yerabha anyathele ze amasondo insulators. Ngoko ke kufuneka kwisitishana enye enamandla kakhulu. Amandla ombane aguqulwa kuyo, loo nto bulungiswe. balo babulingana nesandla mkhulu kakhulu, ukuba ngoku kwisekethe ilinganiswa amawaka amperes. Loo isixhobo ekuthiwa traction.

ukhuseleko sikagesi

Kwaye sombane, rectifier kunye namandla (kwimeko a izibonelelo traction power) imali eninzi. Ukuba kwenzeke ingozi, ezizezi kwisiphaluka elifutshane kwisekethe le yesibini kwayijikeleza (kwaye kungoko zaseprayimari) yangoku ibonakala. Ngoko ke, akukho icandelo umqhubi umnqamlezo mboleko. I zombane transformer yesitishana uqalisa shushu ngenxa ngezizukulwana ubushushu resistive. Ukuba awufuni ukunika esinjalo, isiphumo kwisiphaluka elifutshane nayiphi na imigca engabalulekanga kwicingo jiko inyibilikiswa okanye zitshiswe. Ukuze uphephe oku, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le umahluko, irhasi kunye nokhuseleko coil.

uthelekiso zahlula izixa ezikhoyo kwisekethe kunye secondary jiko. ukhuseleko Gas kuxhokonxwa imbonakalo emoyeni ubushushu yeemveliso yokutsha, iioyile kunye njalo njalo. ukhuseleko zangoku disconnects nesiguquli xa yangoku idlula yenani elikhulu.

Transformer sikagesi kufuneka ngokuzenzekelayo uyeke xa kuthe logwayimbo kombane.

iintlobo kwizikhululo

Zahluke ngamandla, injongo kunye isixhobo. Abo bakhonza kuphela ukunyusa okanye ukwehlisa ombane, ebizwa ngokuba transformer. Ukuba ufuna kwakhona ukutshintsha nezinye iparameters (sokuquqa uzinziso okanye eqondisa), ngoko ngokuba nesitishi aguqulayo.

Ngu ukusebenza kwayo yokwakha i-SS kwaye eqhotyoshelweyo, eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi (omelene zangumxholo), intrashop (ibekwe ngaphakathi kwindawo yemveliso) okanye abe stand-alone isakhiwo into. Kwezinye iimeko, loo nto ayithethi ukuba amandla aphezulu (iinkonzo amandla zokuhlala ezincinci), kusetyenziswa uyilo imasti sezitishana. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa ngendlu nesiguquli zikagesi, zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko (iifyuzi, kuzo kwesidingo, benza okuchasene zeesekethe, njalo njalo.) Yiyiphi imvelaphi inyuselwa khona.

sikagesi zombane zahlelwa womnatha kunye ombane (ukuya ku 1000 kV okanye ngaphezulu, ngamanye phezulu) kunye namandla (umz, ukususela amawaka 150 ukuya 16 VA. kVA).

Ngokutsho isiseko-oganogram uqhagamshelo kwesitishi lwangaphandle zezi nodular, isiphelo abafileyo-, kuyaqhubeka kwaye isebe.

ngaphakathi kwegumbi,

Isithuba ngaphakathi nesitishi, leyo izindlu abaguquli, busbars kunye nezixhobo olunika intsebenziswano yabo bonke isixhobo ekuthiwa ikhamera. Kokuba enqatyisiweyo okanye ivaliwe. Umahluko phakathi kweendlela ehlukanisiwe indawo yayo elijikelezileyo encinane. Egumbini evaliweyo nelilelona gumbi ekwanti ngokupheleleyo, kwaye oyinikwa ngenjongo discontinuous (wocingo okanye nothango) iindonga. ukuba zenziwe, njengoko umthetho, uyilo standard kushishino. Nogcino lweenkqubo amandla ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo abo egunyazisiweyo kunye neziqinisekiso ezifunekayo, ukuqinisekisile uxwebhu olusemthethweni imvume ukusebenza imigca yomphakamo-ombane. Operational esweni ukusebenza unesikhululwana sombane lisenza umsebenzi okanye Energy, zibekwe kwi ibhodi lonikezelo elingundoqo, leyo zibekwe kude ukusuka MS.

ukwabiwa

Kukho omnye umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ezisebenza sikagesi amandla. amandla ombane isasazwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo zabo, yaye ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa izigaba ezithathu kufuneka babe ababelindele kunokwenzeka. Ukuze ukusombulula ngempumelelo le ngxaki, kukho iinkqubo zokusasaza. EN asebenza kwi ombane enye kwaye ziqulathe izixhobo ukwenza imigca utshintshe nje kunye nokhuselo overload. Nge UR transformer enxulumene iifyuzi kunye benza okuchasene zeesekethe (kwipali enye, enye kwisigaba ngasinye). iinkqubo Distribution kwindawo yokuhlala yahlulwe evulekileyo (ibekwe ngaphandle) kunye ivaliwe (ngaphakathi isakhiwo).

ukuphepha

Yonke imisebenzi kule sombane zicalulwa njenge ingakumbi yingozi, ngoko ke, kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Xa ukulungiswa jikelele kunye nolondolozo kwenziwa blackout ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga. Emva kokuba ombane icinyiwe (zombane bathi "shot"), ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni onke nokumelana eziyimfuneko nisekelwe ukuthintela ukusebenzisa ngengozi yimiqolo umqhubi. Kuba isilumkiso enye iimpawu, yaye "Abantu abasebenza" yaye "Musa ukuyivula!". Abasebenzi ngokukhonza kwizikhululo eliphezulu-ombane, abaqeqeshwe ngokucwangcisiweyo, kunye nezakhono kunye ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiveki rhoqo esweni. Tolerance № 4 inika ilungelo lokuba enze umsebenzi umbane ngentla 1 kV.