Yintoni ukhuphiswano interspecific? izibonelo

Population eziphilayo - eyagcina yenzululwazi ukuba eqwalasela iyantlukwano lobudlelane phakathi eziphilayo ngoweqela abantu ezahlukeneyo. Enye indlela intsebenziswano enjalo ukhuphiswano interspecific. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga iimpawu zayo, iipateni ingenzeka lomzabalazo yommandla, ukutya kunye nezinye izinto abiotic kwi eziphilayo ezihlala kule biogeotsinozah yendalo ngumntu.

Iintlobo kunye neempawu zawo

Ngexesha uphuhliso zembali zohlaza eziphilayo (amaqela ukuba efanayo) afunekayo nemvelo abiotic nezinto zasemanzini. I yangaphambili ziquka imozulu, umchiza ukwakhiwa umhlaba, amanzi kunye nomoya, njl, kwaye yesibini - .. Ifuthe ezinye iintlobo zobomi phezu kwezinye.

Abantu kweentlobo omnye ukuhlala kwiindawo ezithile zokuhlala edyokhweni. izihloko zawo zibizwa abemi. Community elinye uhlobo contact ngokusigxina inane kwezinye iintlobo. Sichaza isikhundla salo zendalo, ekuthiwa crespo eziphilayo.

Interspecific ukhuphiswano, umzekelo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku, wenziwa ngqo kwi kwiindawo idlulela zibe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo koluntu yaye kungakhokelela ekutshabalaleni labemi womnye kubo. Hi xikombiso, ku G. Gause amalinge izazinzulu Russian ziye iintlobo ezimbini ciliates kwi elilodwa. Omnye wabo waqala ukwanda ngamandla kwaye ikhule ngendleko komnye. Ngenxa yoko, ifom ebuthathaka lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo (icinyiwe) iintsuku ezingama-20.

Yintoni umphumo kwemimandla idlulela

Ukuba ummandla kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwezinye iindawo biotope bahlanganisane phakathi kwabantu kuvela ukungaboni womelele ngokwaneleyo kubume yangaphandle, ixesha lokufikisa kunye ukukhwela. Zibizwa ngokuba iimpawu offset.

Kwimiphetho nendawo eyayihlala eziphilayo iintlobo omnye kuphela, abantu babo weni noluntu, emelwe ngabantu enye iintlobo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimeko yesibini phakathi kwenani cishe akukho lukhuphiswano interspecific. Umzekelo with zintaka ngisho Charles Darwin kwi zeGalapagos Islands ngexesha uhambo lwakhe ehlabathini jikelele kwi awahlali "Beagle" - yokuqinisekisa ecacileyo.

Umthetho ngaphandle yokhuphiswano

Le Isazinzulu-zikhankanywe ngasentla G. Gause yaqulunqa umthetho ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo: ukuba trophic kunye nezinye nabantu iimfuno iintlobo ezahlukeneyo omabini livele kuso, ezi zohlaza akhuphisana. Oku ngakumbi ephelisa kwavumela zabo zokuhlala enye, njengokuba kwenzeka ukhuphiswano therebetween interspecies. Umzekelo ebonisa yona - evuna inani zakhele, rudd kunye Roach-besitya kwi ichibi efanayo. Roach Qhotsa zivuliwe ngakumbi yaye adla, ngoko ke asuse ngempumelelo zakhele abatsha rudd.

zohlaza Sympatric and allopatric

Besuka ke ngenxa speciation kuzo. Cinga iintlobo ekuthiwa allopatric. Ukuze ukuchaza ubunyani imbonakalo yazo, sebenzisa i data kwi komhlaba kunye paleogeography. Iisampulu zoluntu ezifana bekhuphisana kakhulu ngokwaneleyo, ekubeni kufuna izibonelelo ukutya efanayo. Oku olu phawu luphawulwa kukhuphiswano interspecific.

Imizekelo izilwanyana baboniswa speciation ngokwezelizwe, - beaver North American kunye ngoboya. amakhulu amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, Asia naseMntla America eziqhagamshelene sebali komhlaba.

Kwi yezwe, kuhlala ziintlobo lokuzalwa namabuzi. Xa kwakukho wethu Strait, inane Euro-Asia kunye American yezi zilwanyana ngenxa divergence ebumba iintlobo ezintsha, zikhuphisane omnye komnye. Umahluko phakathi ngabanye abantu luyenyuka ngenxa iimpawu ukufuduka.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano interspecific?

Cacisa kwakhona ukuba abantu ukhuphiswano eziphilayo interspecific - yinto ubuhlobo eziphilayo akwi inane iintlobo ezahlukeneyo efuna izinto ezifanayo ezifunekayo ukuze baziphilise. Oku kube yokuhlala isithuba, ukukhanya, ukufuma, Kakade ke, ukutya.

Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, uluntu zohlaza ezahlukeneyo ezabelana ndawo mhlaba ubuvuvu ukutya ukunciphisa uxinzelelo ukhuphiswano ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Njani, ke ngoko, lifinyele ukhuphiswano interspecific? Umzekelo - iCandelo uluhlu, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zasemanzini ukutya - ingcwangube uAbhishagi. Nokuba bathe bahlala kwipropati enye, kodwa abantu abemi iintlobo zokuqala zitya ezingenamqolo benthic iimilo intlanzi, kwaye eyesibini - ukufuna ukutya kwiingcamba emanzini eliphezulu.

Kuba eziphilayo autotrophic linophawu kukhuphiswano interspecific. Imizekelo izityalo, ukuxhasa iziphiwo zokunciphisa lomzabalazo sobukho - luhlobo herbaceous kunye nefomu umthi. Ezi abantu zinenkqubo ingcambu multilevel eqinisekisa ukuba ukwahlukana lamanqanaba emhlabeni, apho izityalo ukufunxa amanzi kunye nezithako. Izityalo ezenza inkunkuma (Anemone Ranunculaceae, nangwevu, bearberry) kufuneka ubude taproot ukusuka milimitha eziliqela ukuya iisentimitha-10, kunye neentlobo zemithi ongatshiyo of gymnosperms kunye izityalo ezininzi - ukusuka 1.2 m ukuya 3.5 m.

ukhuphiswano uphazamiseko

Le fom kwenzeka xa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa lo mba lokusingqongileyo efanayo okanye resource. Amaninzi ke ukutya lulonke. Izinambuzane, ezifana izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kwakunye ukhuphiswano interspecific ngokubanzi.

Imizekelo kunye Izithombe nkcazelo experiment ngezantsi asizukuchaza P. Park ukufunda, lwenziwe phantsi kweemeko elebhu. Oosonzululwazi basebenzisa iintlobo ezimbini imifuniselo yezinambuzane, ubandakanyeka Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Abantu yezi ntlobo ukungena ukhuphiswano ukutya (umgubo) yaye amarhamncwa (beetle Badla omnye species).

-In vitro amalinge zaye ukutshintsha imiba abiotic: iqondo lobushushu nokufuma. Bayitshintsha okuba yokonganyelwa uluntu enye okanye uhlobo. Emva kwexesha elithile kwindawo ngumntu (ibhokisi umgubo) kwafunyanwa iisampulu enye kuphela uhlobo nesinye - wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo.

ukhuphiswano zokusebenza

Oku kuvela ngenxa yomzabalazo okunenjongo eziphilayo yeendidi ezahlukeneyo yeemeko abiotic ukuba ubuncinane: ukutya, intsimi. Umzekelo xa zambethe loo leendibano eziphilayo - ukutya yeentaka akwi iintlobo ezahlukileyo emthini enye, kodwa kwimiqolo zalo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa yoko, interspecies ukhuphiswano - na eziphilayo loo uhlobo yentsebenziswano phakathi eziphilayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba:

• a ukwahlukana ebalulekileyo inane iintlobo ngeentlobo non-ezifanayo yayigcinwa eziphilayo;
• mthetho ubuncinane omnye uhlobo biogeotsinoza zeplastiki;
• abantu ellimanatsii ngokupheleleyo abemi ezikhuphisanayo taxon.

niche ikholoji neentsilelo zayo, ezinxulumene ukhuphiswano interspecific

izifundo ikholoji kwafunyaniswa ukuba biogeotsinozy luqulathe lalisiba emininzi kangaka eziphilayo iintlobo ezininzi abahlala eziphilayo. Unxulumano nendawo eziphila niche uluntu zohlaza ebalulekileyo biotope, i uneengcwangu umzabalazo zabo iimeko ezingcono-bume:

• indawo;
• base ukutya;
• lo gama ndihleliyo labantu.

Ezi ke eziphambili parameters ezintathu niche yokwenene eziphilayo omiweyo uphela. Kwenza indlela esisigxina zempilo labemi, ezifana parasitism, ukhuphiswano, uburhamncwa, uthintelo zokuhlala, ukuncitshiswa ukudla.

zokucutha Environmental kwi biotope imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• emva komnye ehlathini mixed;
• zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo kombungu kunye nabantu abadala. Ngoko ke, lo naiads yedragonfly bahlala izityalo zasemanzini kunye imago Sendisicwaba bume lomoya; e May beetle imibungu bahlala umphantsi nomphezulu womhlaba, nezinambuzane abadala abahlala kwindawo emhlabeni-moya.

Zonke ezi nesenzeko eziziimpawu into efana kukhuphiswano interspecific. Imizekelo zezilwanyana nezityalo thaca ngentla ukuqinisekisa oku.

iziphumo ukhuphiswano interspecific

Siza ucinge into enkulu kwindalo, ebonakala njengokhuphiswano interspecific. Imizekelo - eziphilayo nemvelo (njengoko icandelo yakhe) - asise apho akhoyo kule nkqubo ku imvelo ephilayo ukubayinxalenye ebukumkanini nomngundo nezityalo, kwakunye ebukumkanini izilwanyana.

Ngu iziphumo kukhuphiswano interspecific siphathelele kwemiphakathi kunye kufakwe kweentlobo nokuzahlula eziphilayo. Isenzeko lokuqala bulukwe ngexesha neentlobo kwi ecosystem enxulumene musa ukwandisa amanani abo, njengokuba kukho into ethile kwi yokuzala yabemi. Ukutshintshwa kwezinto eziphilayo, esekelwe kwimithetho ngaphandle yokhuphiswano yindlela kakhulu kuxinzelelo zeplastiki ngakumbi kwaye sertilnogo leyo kuye kubangele ukuba ukufa komntu - a okhuphisanayo.

kuphakanyiswa Environmental (divergence) kukhokelela ukuyilwa kwento yokutshintsha encinane, iintlobo kakhulu ezizodwa. Bona zifakwa kwabo iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo zizonke, apho kukho izibonelelo (ngokwemiqathango ngeentlobo ukuzala, isondlo).

Xa inkqubo umahluko lweentlobo ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo ukunciphisa Ukwahluka yazo yemfuza, kwaye bayathanda lezakhi elondoloza ngakumbi. Oku kubangelwa kukuba kule ndawo, ifomu sizinze yokukhethwa bendalo iya kulawula ukuqhuba ephazamisayo kunye neembono zakhe.