Yintoni i-GLONASS kwaye ihluke njani kwi-American GPS

I-Russian GLOBAL Navigation System System (i-GLONASS) isandul 'ukufumana ingqwalasela eninzi kumaphephandaba, kwaye abantu abaqhelekileyo, ingakumbi abo bakude neengxaki zokuhamba nge-satellite, banokucinga ukuba le nkqubo ibonakale kutshanje kwaye isencinane. Enyanisweni, oku akunjalo neze. Kanti, yiyiphi i-GLONASS? Kwavela nini kwaye ngcono i-GPS edumile?

Imbali yemvelaphi yokuhamba kwendawo ye-satellite

Iimbono zokusebenzisa i -satellites zomhlaba ezenzelwe iimfuno zendlela yokuhamba ngeemfuno zibonakala kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini lokugqibela, xa into yokuqala, eyadalwa ngezandla zabantu, ibonakala kwi-orbit. Kwakuloo nto, ukujonga imiqondiso ye-satellite yokuqala, izazinzulu zenziwe ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-frequency yesignali efunyenwe kwi-satellite edityanisiweyo ishintsho, kuxhomekeke kwisimo sayo ngokumalunga nombonisi (i-Doppler effect). Ukongezelela, ukwazi i-coordinates ngqo yombonisi kuMhlaba, unokulinganisela ukulungelelanisa kunye nesantya se-satellite kunye, ngokuchaseneyo, ngokuthe ngqo. Le ngcamango yafunyanwa ngabantu baseMerika ngo-1974, xa i-satellite yokuqala yokuthutha iqaliswe phantsi kweprogram ye-DNSS (kamva inkqubo leyo yaziwa ngokuba yi-Navstar-GPS, kwaye ke i-GPS nje).

Kuthiwani ngelizwe lakwa-astronautics? Ngaloo xesha izazinzulu zaseSoviet zazingekho phantsi. Ngaphambi kokuba ihlabathi lifunde oko i-GLONASS okanye i-GPS, ngo-1967 i-Kosmos-192 ye-satellite ye-navigation yokuqala yasungulwa, ngo-1968 iKosmos-220. Zombini iipatellithi zenzelwe ukuhanjiswa kunye noxano olude lwezonxibelelwano zeenqanawa ze-Soviet Navy kwaye ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuqala yokuhamba "I-Cyclone" (kwisiqulatho somntu - "Cicada"). Kwaye ngo-1976 inkqubo, ebandakanya 6 "I-Sail" i-spacecraftcraft, yayisetyenziswe. Ukuchaneka kokuzimisela kwezilungelelaniso kwakungama-80-100 m, okwangaloo nto yayingalunganga.

Phantse ngexesha elifanayo, kwaziwa ukuba yi-GLONASS. Ngowe-1976, ngexesha lokuqhubeka kweprogram yeCylone, iKomiti yeCPSU kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa be-USSR lenze isisombululo esibalulekileyo malunga nokuphuhliswa kokuhamba kwe-satellite. Ngaphandle kwexesha elihlala liguqukayo, ngo-Oktobha 1982, i-satellite ye-Uragan yokuqala ye-GLONASS yaqaliswa ku-orbit, kwaye ngowama-1991 kwakukho i-satellites ezili-12 ezikwazi ukuhamba.

Ukwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni kwenkqubo eyenziwa ngoSeptemba 1993, kwaye ngowama-1995 iqela le-satelites lalinama-satellites angama-24 (inombolo yabasebenzi). Ngelishwa, ukuhlengahlengiswa, ukuwa kwe-USSR, kunye nobude obungaphelelanga bama satellithi kukhokelela ekubeni ngo-2001 kwakukho ama-satellites ayisithupha kuphela asebenzayo kwi-orbit, kwaye baqala ukulibala nge-GLONASS.

Emva kokuphunyezwa kweprogram yombuso ngo-2001, le nto yayisesekuqaleni ukulungiswa, kwaye ekupheleni kowama-2011 inani leetetelliti liye laziswa kwizinga elifunekayo. Ngethuba le-2012-2020. Ukuphuhliswa kwe-GLONASS yabelwe iibhulogi ezingama-320. Ngeli xesha licetywayo ukuvelisa nokuvelisa ngaphezulu i-GLONASS-K kunye ne-15 i-GLONASS-M i-satellites

Indlela GLONASS isebenza ngayo

Umgaqo wendlela yokuhamba ekhaya iyafana neye-American GPS. I-Satellites ekujikelezeni ngokuqhubekayo ikhupha iindidi ezimbini zeempawu-eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu, ezifumaneka kubathengi abakhona nakwiyiphi na kwihlabathi. Ukuchonga izilungelelaniso ezichanekileyo, kuphela iimpahla ezihambelana ne-GLONASS ezifunekayo.

Nangona ukuchaneka kokuqulunqwa kwezilungelelaniso kusetyenziswa inkqubo yasekhaya yinto engaphantsi kweMelika (3-6 m ukuya kweyesi-2-4 m) kwaye ubomi benkonzo ye-satellites bufutshane, i-GLONASS inikeza ukuzinza okukhulu kokusebenza ngenxa yokuba ayixhomekeke ekujikelezeni komhlaba kwaye, Ayifuni naluphi na utshintsho olongezelelweyo. Ukuthetha ngokuchaneka, ngo-2020 abaphuhlisi baceba ukunyusa ukuya kwi-0.6 m, nakwixesha elizayo-ukuya kwi-0.1m.

Ngokuphathelele ukufumana izixhobo, i-GLONASS-abahamba ngeendlela ezidibaniswe ne-smartphones ngoku zifakwe kwiifowuni eziqhelekileyo. Izixhobo ze-hybridi zamanje ezingasebenza kunye ne-GLONASS kunye ne-GPS, namhlanje ungathengela ngokukhululekile kwiivenkile ezithengisa umthengi ngekhompyutha, okanye wenze umyalelo kwi-intanethi.