Yezandla yamandulo eRussia. Yintoni wobugcisa yaphuhliswa kwi Kievan Rus?

yezandla yamandulo of Russia - yenye yeentsika apho ukholwayo inkcubeko yokuqala kwilizwe lethu. imvelaphi yalo ungenisa kuluntu nobu-, xa yonke imisebenzi baba ezihlangeneyo, kunye nezixhobo - alula. Noko ke, ngelo xesha ookhokho bethu eziziimpawu ekufuneni ubuhle. Created ngokudibeneyo iyasebenza kunye nezinto zendlu zazihonjiswe zobuhlalu, wamnika ifomu ekhethekileyo. Njengomgaqo, bonke omnye ibiya kuthi ngoku, izinto zokuhombisa kufuneka iipropati zomlingo: kulondolozwe, etsala amathamsanqa. Eastern nokuxubana kunxibelelana kule nkalo kwezinye izizwe. craft eziBekekileyo indala iindlela ezizodwa Russia kunye neendlela, izisusa yokuqala. Ngexesha i Kievan karhulumente, ookhokho bethu iinkosi yeendidi ezininzi obugcisa bezandla.

Mkhandi - zemisebenzi kunye wemi-

Yintoni craft yamandulo eRashiya ephila imbeko ekhethekileyo, akukho nzima ukuqonda mabali amaninzi, iintsomi namaqhalo. Amaninzi kula mabali bafumana izinto zentsimbi, wenziwa iqhawe ikrele ummangaliso, ngokufuthi yena sanikwa amandla omlingo nobulumko.

Metal Iqhubekekisa eRussia okunene enye izakhono ezininzi ofunwayo. Yena yenye wokuqala yavela njenge umsebenzi elizimeleyo. Smith amoyika nesasihlonelwa, nesinyithi kwakujongwa oberezhnym izinto esikwaziyo nge unyango ekunene kunye nentlonelo kuwo ukukhusela inkosi yakhe, hayi kuphela kubantu abakhohlakeleyo, kodwa amabutho ezimbi.

Uphuhliso ngezandla e Kievan Rus yafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo othusayo: ookhokho bethu kuyaziwa phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo mihla zesinyithi. Amaninzi asisetyenziswa nzini, afakwe, omnyama, aphosa, bexhentsa.

art yasenza

singakhankanya ngokukhethekileyo ifanelwe yokwenza izacholo. Kwakhona eRashiya yafikelela eziphakamileyo kakhulu. Le ndlela ozithandayo sele ngokuba afakwe (afakwe), iselula, kwakunye okuziinkozo kunye lwawo (lwawo). Indalo iinkosi of Kievan Rus yaye kamva amaxesha esikhawulezileyo. Umzekelo, lo lwawo lifana ipateni kaMoses abhalwe kangaka kakuhle, ukuba amehlo abalinganiswa sihleli zinokubonakala umfundi emnyama kunye emhlophe. Yenza imifanekiso efanayo ukusuka ngamaqhekeza eglasi. kwisingqusho yabo egalelwe amanzi. Ubunzima ngenxa izaliswe ngeenkcukacha iimveliso zabo kunye namaxesha koko wapheka eziliqela. Ngenxa lwawo ihlanganiswa intsimbi.

ngentambo sisinyithi zokutshiza

tracery afakwe yaba nezidanga zegolide yodidi okanye wire yesilivere. Kule ndlela wavelisa izivatho ezahlukeneyo, iibhokisi izacholo kunye nezinye izinto zasekhaya. Afakwe wabanika ndandifeketha na ekhethekileyo kunye airiness. Ngaphandle ubaxo, ezi mveliso fowunela ezenziwe ngentambo ebuntsimbi.

Grain Kwakhona yinxalenye umhombiso iimveliso ezahlukeneyo. Wajonga ngathi ngamathontsi amancinci elatshizwa nohombisoa komhlaba. neengcibi Isakhono abazi imida: Amaso ubukhulu Kudla ngokungabikho ngaphezu kwe-0.4 mm.

I-inki a intsila yesilivere isalfure. Ekwenziweni izacholo kwi metal workpiece ipateni phina. Emva koko yizalise emnyama yonke bathunyelwa ukubhaka. Phantsi isenzo aluminiyamu lobushushu eliphezulu eziphathelene, umzobo wawuzaliswe isalfure kunye nomxube yesilivere. Emva kokuba inkosi kuphela ukususa iinxalenye okungeyomfuneko eli hlokondiba. Ukuze ufumane iimveliso umahluko amanene isilungiseleli seglosi zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo kunye ipateni matte komhlaba.

Ukusebenza nobumba

Ixesha sesibini emva kokuvela unyango metal eRussia ngodongwe. Ekuqaleni, izitya kunye nezinye izixhobo ezikhandelwa ngesandla. Kunjalo yezandla eRashiya phambili ngokukhawuleza, yaye kwiinkulungwane 9-10. Nokuxubana kakade usebenzisa ivili ombumbi. Ngenxa yoko, izitya zomdongwe basasazeke karhulumente. Ubumba yayeka ukuba lwepaki. Nganye kwezi mveliso azidalileyo, into eyahlukileyo misebenzi nezinye seengcibi. Abaneshologu kubanjwa, ngolwimi mihla, nendlela yabo. Iiyantlukwano wayekwazi zinto zeteknoloji: iqondo lobushushu kunye nexesha ukudutyulwa, ukwakhiwa udongwe, - okanye ezihonjisiwe: imibala ezisetyenzisiweyo, iimpawu ngokwemilo, izinto ubuciko ezahlukeneyo olongezelelweyo.

Yezandla e Russia ukususela ukwamkelwa ubuKristu baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokwezi izinqumo Orthodox. Nababumbi, ukongeza zokudlala zemveli kunye neempahla, baqalisa ukuvelisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo ukuze ibandla, iithayile - iithayile zokuhombisa, ezazisetyenziswa njengezihombiso.

izinto eziphilayo

Lo msebenzi yamandulo eRashiya Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle Egyptian. Kwakhona lafika nookhokho bethu kwakudala. Zazihonjiswe zokudlala nangokukrola matshalatshala, nempahla ikhaya kunye nekhaya. Wood ithathwa yafudumala, izinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa otyhidiweyo, liyakwazi ukukhusela, ukuzikhupha enkathazweni; ngoko ke iimveliso iinkuni yahlangabezana kwi imeko yamandulo yonke. Wadlala indima enkulu kulo, kunye nokufumaneka eziphathekayo. Wood wakha izindlu, imicu obuvelisiweyo kunye yokuluka, zokudlala kunye neebhedi, nempahla kunye ajike. Ngawo onke amaxesha eRashiya, waza waphathwa kunye nembeko enkulu. Master wazama ukuqonda umphefumlo list ukhuni, kunye nokudala ngemihla okanye into engcwele, livule kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngaphandle ngokudibanisa kakhulu kuwe.

bemifanekiso abaninzi abanezakhono ingqalelo Novgorod. Ngomhla kummandla kwisixeko samandulo ixesha elithile edlule lesikhumbuzo zinto lwezakhiwo ngamaplanga kuye kwafunyanwa: umhlathi isohlwayo ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Ubude lonke kokuba ezihonjiswe imikrolo, mibala leyo iphinde ibuye.

ubuchule ukhohliwe

Njengoko kunjalo, kunye nesiqalo nokufika izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe eziphelelwe lixesha nolwazi ayaphela ukuya ngasemva, maxa wambi bada ngokupheleleyo, maxa wambi ahlale kuphela ngohlobo izinto ezinqabileyo lutshatyalaliswe yi ixesha. Abaninzi craft Kievan Rus baphela ngale ndlela. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba nangokukrola imithi, emi inkonzo yobuKristu, kusetyenziselwa kuphela ukwenza uhombiso lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle wezasekhaya ibandla. Masters wenza iconostasis kunye Kyoto - nto intle ezaziwayo-kakuhle inyaniso. Balahleka Ixesha Art icons ngamaplanga. Ngomhla ekudalweni imifanekiso engcwele usebenzisa Egyptian namhlanje yaziwa kancinane kakhulu.

Stone begolide

Yezandla e Russia ziye ezinxulumene ezahlukeneyo izinto kusasazwa kummandla Mpuma nokuxubana zokuhlala. Ngaphandle kwabo sele kuchaziwe, inkosi wasebenzisa ilitye. Iimveliso ezenziwe ayikho enasilela ubuhle kunye nobuhle indalo ngamaplanga. Stone nangokukrola izakhiwo ehonjisiweyo, ngokufuthi eyakhiwe lekalika emhlophe, isileyiti okanye naziiperile. Maxa wambi ahlangana kwizifundo ezincinane. ERashiya, bamanqatha bone, yaye icons ziye zasasazwa. Masters babesebenza ekudalweni small yabangcwele. Le icon zinganxitywa entanyeni, ngokuzixhoma umtya. Amaxesha amaninzi, bevula phezu iithayile ilitye zincedise ibandla.

Indawo iinkosi

yezandla yaMandulo eRussia zenani ngokwahlukileyo. Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini. Ngu izacholo ayeze kuthathwa (goldsmithery), ishishini ukupeyinta icon kunye nabanye abambalwa. Phakathi "zimdaka" ongowakhe, ezifana zodongwe.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkosi wasebenza uku-oda. Zobuciko fanele ngexesha elifanayo elime ngayo uluntu. Kule mizi ungenza Meet abangenawo Masters. Baye benza blacksmithing, ishishini izacholo, babebhala kunye iconography. Abathetheli kunye izinduna iiyadi, amafa kunye nempahla baphila amagcisa abaxhomekeke kunye namakhoboka. Amagcisa eziliqela zingafumaneka kule nezigodlo.

Indalo wezandla ababhinqileyo

Kungenxa kule yoonongendi ezininzi kuphuhliswa yezandla amandulo ezifana of naseRussia njengohlobo zokuthunga nokuluka. Zenziwe ngabafazi. iinkosi Product lelo xesha namhlanje mangaza ngobuhle bayo. Amalaphu ezenziwe hemp, neflakisi okanye uboya. Inkqubo imveliso iye umcimbi lula kakhulu emva kokuba imbonakalo zinto tye. Kwathi Ekuveleni kweyama-12 kunye 13.

uhlobo Common ezimfakamfele obhinqileyo bafaniswe ukwaluka: bran, nezimfakamfele kwi ngelaphu, "isilika pyalichnoe ishishini" (Vshivkov ihupula) njalo njalo. Masters ezihonjiswe ngeepateni ezahlukeneyo izinto zecawa kunye nezinto zendlu. Old abarhwebi oyimfakamfele Russian ngokufuthi zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Kukho kwakhona gqitha nokunconywa jikelele.

ukwehla yexeshana

ixesha kweentyatyambo kwimbali amaninzi ithathwa kwiminyaka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha eminyaka kubola. It sikwimo ezo be Russia ngenkulungwane ye-14, ngexesha ukongamela kakhulu elide le khans Mongol-Tatar. ngabafundisi abaninzi baye bafa ngexesha amadabi kwiinzame ukumela emizini yabo. Ngexesha ubukho eRashiya of the Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe wayeka phantse ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso loshishino izacholo, bayeka imveliso lwawo, afakwe kunye granulation. Azichaphazeleki ngaphantsi kunye neminye imisebenzi. Noko ke, ukuvuselelwa lobugcisa izicelo yaqala kwi, ngenkulungwane ye-15 ezayo.

kwakhona achumayo

Phakathi 15 no-17 leminyaka yayilixesha yokomeleza urhulumente omtsha Russian. Centre of the United oozilawuli waba eMoscow. yezandla yamandulo olwalukho eRashiya kangangeenkulungwane, waqalisa ukuba kuzuze amandla kwakhona. Yazi wayefuna ukuhlala singqongwe wena kunye nezinto olugqibeleleyo, kubunewunewu nobutyebi. Kwinkundla kwenene, waza ke ukumkani, bahlanganisana neengcibi abazibandakanya nangokukrola amatye kunye Ukuchwela, ukwaluka nezimfakamfele, ishishini izacholo.

Development ukufumana ubudlelwane emveliso-mali. Ngenxa yezandla eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-16, baba umthombo enkulu ingeniso nabemi bezixeko ezininzi. Ngcembe bakha ubugcisa ekhaya kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Omdala namnye kubo yavela kwiinkulungwane 16-17 kuBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Monastery. Apha inkosi abazibandakanya Egyptian namathambo, yaye kamva kwavela kunye yokudlala iintlanzi.

iinkwenkwezi World

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-15, inxaxheba waqalisa ukuba phantse bonke ubugcisa eRashiya. Ngokuba abantwana ingakumbi eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo Khokhloma ukupeyinta kunye zokudlala Dymkovo. Ezi iintlobo zobugcisa kunye nokuchwela, yaye namhlanje zithandwa kakhulu, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe lethu kodwa phesheya.

Khokhloma wobugcisa nithi eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17. Olu hlobo yokudweba kusetyenziselwa ukuhombisa ezahlukeneyo iimpahla ngomthi kunye nempahla. Khokhloma liyabonakala kakuhle ngenxa imibala zemveli: ebomvu, emnyama kunye neluhlaza kwisiqalo yegolide. Sibe iinkosi yokudweba iimfihlelo zabo. Umzekelo, ngokuba imvelaphi phezu kweenkuni ayikho ifakwe ngumgubo igolide, kunye umxube itoti kunye nesilivere. Le mveliso ke wambu yikhompawundi ekhethekileyo upheke kumaxesha oveni eziliqela. Ngaloo ndlela ke ekufikeleleni brown segolide ezinqwenelekayo. Khokhloma ukupeyinta njalo lugubungela ngokupheleleyo imveliso emthini babengenayo.

Bright ukukulungela

Enye edumileyo craft art, zisuka kuyabonakala kweli xesha - oko Dymkovo yokudlala. igama layo yena wafumana kwindawo lemvelaphi. LaseKirov zokuhlala Dymkovo wayedume udongwe obomvu. Kweli hlabathi akukho imveliso efana yokudlala eliqaqambileyo ochwayithileyo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ubugcisa bemveliso ilula, kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ukuba unqwenela, ungenza wena.

Yezandla of Russia yamandulo Andiwulibele namhlanje. Mhlawumbi bona bathi kwinqanaba entsha yophuhliso. Ukuba kuqale amasiko esizwe lidala: iinkolelo, izinxibo, izithethe, kunye nobugcisa bezandla. Yezandla ngenkuthalo kufundwa ukuya okukhethekile efanelekileyo kwiiyunivesithi saso. Crafts uba namhlanje kwemfuno enkulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba inkosi ngovuyo nisinga ezibonakala yemveli. Ubuchwepheshe kule meko ivavanywa ezahlukeneyo utshintsho: ukusetyenziswa ezaqanjwa ezintsha, ipeyinti, iziseko kunye nokunyuswa, kwezinye iimeko - izixhobo zombane. Kwelinye icala, kwezinye iimeko, indlela yokuvelisa lonke kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izifundo umbuzo wokuba yintoni uhlobo wobugcisa iphuhlisiwe eRashiya, kubalulekile ukuba siqonde inkcubeko yantlandlolo Russian, kuyanceda uzive umoya. Ukuvuselelwa umdla kule sihloko kubonisa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo ezinjalo. Sinokuthi nezigcaliselo eRashiya (iifoto iimveliso ezahlukeneyo wokugcwalisa Internet, iyakuqinisekisa oko kuphela) basaphila yaye siqhubeke sikhula.