Wobuciko Solzhenitsyn "I Gulag Archipelago." isishwankathelo

Ekubeni banesifo ze gqira eSoviet Union zinika iinkampu zobunkokeli, kwiinkampu ekusetyenzwa ukuvalelwa intlama unikwe loLawulo eliyiNtloko (Gulag). Solzhenitsyn "I Gulag Archipelago" (isishwankathelo kwemveliso ezichazwe ngezantsi) wabhala ngo-1956, xa kwinguqulelo imagazini yanyatheliswa 1967. Ke ukuba uhlobo, umbhali ngokwakhe ngokuba oko uphando yokuluka.

"I Gulag Archipelago." iiyure Isishwankathelo. 1 of mveliso entolongweni, hr. 2 of motion ngonaphakade

Umbalisi idwelisa Routes of Exposure Gulag wonke apho: ukusuka zolawulo lelokugada amabanjwa. Cazulula iindidi khomiwile. Oko yathi ke akukho sizathu sokuba, iqhutywa yimfuno ukufikelela benchmark kwi inani. Abasabileyo bakwaEfrayim akazange abambe okanye ukubamba, lo gama kuphela kwabo babeqinisekile ukunyaniseka kunye namandla ukuba umsulwa.

Umbalisi uphonononga imbali wokubopha mass kweli lizwe ngoko nangoko emva kokuba i-Oktobha Revolution. Uchaza intsingiselo Kongezelelwa Code yoLwaphulo ngo-1926 inqaku enamandla limfiliba 58. Kuye mayenziwe ngendlela yokuba ingaba isohlwayo ngenxa yesenzo.

Uchaza indlela wendlela uphando, ngokusekelwe ngokungazi abemi Soviet amalungelo abo kunye neendlela wokuphunyezwa abaphandi oceba ukuba azibuyisele abarhanelwa eluvalelweni. Ke abaphandi kunye nkqu Ministry of yaBaphathiswa Interior baba kwabakhonkwixeyo, kunye nabo bonke baphantsi kwabo, abahlobo, izalamane nezihlobo.

Umbalisi ichaza esimi lencinibakazi. Ukususela kwiintolongo transit (ubabiza "amazibuko") iiseyile kude yaye sisondela iimoto-Zaki (iimoto zikarhulumente, kodwa imivalo yokuhamba kwi gumbi ngamnye ku-25 amabanjwa), ebizwa ngokuba "Iinqanawa". Zokuthutha amabanjwa kunye neenqanawa zokwenene kunye amaphenyane kunye anzongonzongo nemnyama ibamba, ekungabekwanga wehla akukho ugqirha okanye wonogada.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Iiyure Isishwankathelo. 3 on istrebitelno kwiinkampu ekusetyenzwa iiyure. 4 imvula neengcingo ezihlabayo

Umbalisi ubalisa ibali indalo Russia ka kwiinkampu Soviet, apho abantu kwanyanzeleka ukuba basebenze. Ingcamango ekudaleni kubo, uLenin phambili ubusika ka-1918, emva kokuba mvukelo kokuba livunyelwe SRs. Ingcamango inkokeli yathi esixhaswa umyalelo, esasisithi ngokucacileyo ukuba onke amabanjwa eyomeleleyo kufuneka kubeka inxaxheba emsebenzini. Ummiselo phezu ngesothuso, Red kwiinkampu ekusetyenzwa anjalo ngokuba 'ingqondo. "

Ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho iinkokeli Soviet, naswela kalukhuni, ulawulo bakhathazeka ngokudalwa Northern Camps wenjongo ekhethekileyo nemiyalelo ngokungenabuntu. Akuba ephumile woonongendi Solovetsky zonke neemonki, wathabatha amabanjwa khutshelwa ngaphandle. Bona banxiba amasaka zolwaphulo bavalelwa kwizisele isohlwayo, apho agcinwe kwiimeko ezinzima.

zabasebenzi entolongweni Free yasetyenziselwa ehlahla umhlaba Kem-Ukhta iphecana ngokusebenzisa imigxobhozo ivaleke kunye namahlathi, abantu kurhaxwa ehlotyeni, yingqele ebusika. Iindlela ziye zakhiwa kwi Arctic Circle kwaye i Kola Peninsula, yaye ngokufuthi amabanjwa azizange zinikwe nkqu zixhobo abangekaphuhli wakha ngesandla.

wasinda Amabanjwa, elinye iqela wakwazi ukufumana ukungena eBritani. Ngoko eYurophu safunda malunga ubukho Gulag. Baqala ke ukuba kuvela iincwadi malunga nkampu, kodwa abantu eSoviet musani ukukholwa. Nkqu Gorky, owathi inyaniso amabanjwa ongumntwana, wemka Solovki, bengakholwa, kwaye umfana udubuleke.

Xa kwimbali Nqabakazi iiprojekthi zokwakha enkulu, ezifana ne-White Sea Canal, wathabatha kude ubomi ezininzi. Kwizikhundla kwafika amabanjwa abakhi kwindawo yokwakha, apho kusekho kungekho sicwangciso, akukho izibalo ngqo, akukho izixhobo, akukho zixhobo, akukho unikezelo eqhelekileyo okanye enqabeni yomkhosi.

Ukususela ngo-1937, urhulumente liqiniswe Gulag. Baqala ke ukuba ukukhusela izinja phantsi ukukhanya zombane okuqaqambileyo. Abalindi Okubi bengabenzi bobubi abo yavunyelwa sohlwayo ukuya rob and nicinezela 'ezopolitiko'.

Ukukhuselwa amabhinqa kwiinkampu waba neminyaka kakhulu ubudala okanye nesilima iphawulwe, ubuhle naye yelishwa. Ukusebenza amabhinqa imisebenzi efanayo babantu, nkqu imithi. Ukuba nayiphi na kuzo ukhulelwe, ukondla ke usana lwakhe uthuthwa kwenye inkampu. Emva kokuphela ekondleni umntwana yathunyelwa leenkedama, kunye nomama wakhe - eqongeni.

Saba kwi Gulag kunye nabantwana. Ukususela ngo-1926, ijaji ukuba abantwana abathe ukubulala okanye ukuphanga kunye iminyaka elishumi elinambini. Ukususela ngo-1935, kuye ukuba usebenzise lokudubula nezinye zonke izohlwayo. Kukho amaxesha xa abantwana elinanye "Iintshaba zabantu" bathunyelwa Gulag iminyaka engama-25.

Ngokubhekisele iinzuzo zoqoqosho yabasebenzi entolongweni, kuba kusenokwenzeka kunene, kuba umgangatho wobukhoboka eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo, yaye inkampu akazibekanga into ephilayo.

Abazibulalayo i Gulag yayingekho ngokwaneleyo, zibalekela - ngakumbi. Kodwa abasabileyo wathengisa umva kwinkampu ezinobutshaba nabantu basekuhlaleni. Abo ayikwazanga ukubaleka, wanika isibhambathiso kusinda, kuza kwenzeka ntoni.

Buhle Nqabakazi waba non-ukuphula iingcinga zomntu: Akuyomfuneko ukuba bajoyine iqela, nembumba yabasebenzi, akabanga imveliso, akukho iintlanganiso iqela, akukho ukuphazamiseka. Intloko yaba simahla, nto leyo negalelo zokwazisela kobomi endala kunye nokukhula ngokomoya. Kodwa, Kakade, oko akuthethi kuchaphazela bonke. Uninzi iintloko lalixakeke iingcinga isonka yabo yemihla ngemihla, imfuno yabasebenzi kwathathwa ko, kunye namabanjwa babegqalwa ukuba zingasondeli. Abantu abayi bacebisa ukuphila yokomoya, Nqabakazi ayenza yamibi yaye wayenga ngakumbi.

Kuchaphazeleka ubukho Gulag nakwabanye, nelagernuyu yinxalenye lizwe, ebangela abantu boyike ngokwabo kunye neentsapho zabo. Uloyiko lokungcatsha wenza ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokusinda. Kuye unya blurs imigca phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi.

"I Gulag Archipelago." iiyure Isishwankathelo. Katorga malunga 5, tsh. 6 on link

Ngomnyaka wamashumi amane wesithathu kukaStalin wambuyisela umthi kunye sajikwa. Bayeke e banesifo yakhe, hayi konke, kwabakho igcuntswana umlimi, leyo abemi ziingcathu yaye akazange ukwabelana ihlombe iqela Komsomol kwinkokeli kunye revolution yehlabathi.

Link eRashiya wavunyelwa ngokomthetho kwangethuba njengoko kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ngu banesifo zenkulungwane yama-20 yaba ikhusi okwexeshana abo baya phantsi imela yabakungcangcazelisayo ubuzwilakhe eSoviet.

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimbacu, abalimi izityebi iintsapho basiwa kwiindawo uninhabited ekwanti kungekho ukutya kunye nezixhobo yezolimo. Kakhulu ngenxa yendlala. Xa novalo baqalisa ukubagxotha abantu yonke.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Ushwankathe- h. 7 ukuba emva kokufa yengqwayi-

Emva 1953 Nqabakazi alukapheli, kwaqalisa ixesha iminyinyiva nanto. Umbalisi ithi urhulumente eSoviet akayi kuma ngaphandle kwayo. amabanjwa Life awusoze ngcono, ngokuba bafumane isohlwayo, kodwa eneneni inkqubo kubo ithatha iimpazamo zakhe, ukuba abantu abafani bacinge imfundiso Advanced Leninist-kaStalin. Urhulumente nangoku ethangeni metal kongqameko yomthetho. Undi ayikho - akukho mthetho.

Isishwankathelo i "Gulag Archipelago" - ukuba ngokuphila imisebenzi Solzhenitsyn - ayiniki umfundi ithuba lokuba babeke phezu imaski kwabakhonkxiweyo, ndzulu iingqondo ugwenxeke kwaphela le oyinzalelwane Archipelago, apho, ngokutsho umbhali, yayijonge inkcazelo eneenkcukacha kweminquba kunye entolongweni nobunyaniso imveliso ngokupheleleyo.