Wenicotine - yintoni na le nto? Isiphumo nicotine emzimbeni

Ukutshaya kweli xesha lethu iye yaba yingxaki enkulu. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba yingozi, kodwa abaninzi bayaqhubeka ukutshaya. Wenicotine equlethwe icuba Ude nefuthe elibi emzimbeni ngeedosi ezincinane. Ingxaki kukuba asingawo wonke umntu uyayiqonda into inicotine nendlela kuchaphazela impilo yabantu. Makhe ukujongana nalo mba!

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngoko wenicotine - yinto alkaloid ukuba ifumaneka kwizityalo entsapho nightshade. Ubungakanani omkhulu iyeza elifana neli icuba, kodwa kusekho 66 zeenkcubeko eziqulathe ukuba isiXhosa. Xa mpimo lowutsongo kwenicotine ezi naxa imifuno ezifana iitumato, iipepile intsimbi, iitapile kunye seqanda.

In owomileyo nicotine icuba zingaqala 0.3 ukuya 5% ngokobunzima. biosynthesis lwayo lwenzeka kwi iingcambu, kunye nokwanda - emagqabini. Wenicotine - bemvelo ulwelo ezinamafutha enemibala. Abile kubushushu ka 247,6 ° C kwaye ngokukhawuleza mnyama phezu adibane emoyeni. Kubushushu ka 60-210 ° C intshongo ngokungaphelelanga enyibilikayo emanzini. A lobushushu ngaphantsi kwe-60 okanye ngaphezulu 210 ° C ngayo ixutywa kakuhle ngamanzi.

Igama "wenicotine" wabonakala emva UJean Nikota, ngubani unozakuzaku French kwinkundla Portuguese. Ngowe-1560 waba njengeyeza ukuba migraine ithunyelwe ukumkanikazi Ekaterine Medichi a icuba kancinane. Ukongeza uqaqanjelwa, babaphatha rheumatism, isifuba, bamazinyo kunye amanxeba.

Inicotine nomoya ubuntu

Ukusuka kudaladala, abantu abatshayayo. imbali World of icuba ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka. ERashiya, umzekelo, icuba wabonakala kuphela phantsi Ivan labangcangcazelisi. umzabalazo Active ne likhoboka inicotine zange uqale kwaze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Yokuphila kodwa mpilweni kuveza, ngokuthatha abantu ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ibutho elikhulu kubantu iinkampani zecuba inzuzo. Kwaye nkqu ne onke amanyathelo athathiweyo kwimibutho zokhathalelo lwempilo, kumazwe amaninzi, icuba siyobisi eqhelekileyo nolufikelelekayo.

Ukusetyenziswa nicotine

ukusetyenziswa nicotine ngeendlela ezintathu: ukutshaya, ukuhlafuna icuba kunye inhalation. Iziyobisi unalo impahla wendele ngokukhawuleza ngokusebenzisa kwiinwebu emlonyeni, ijelo ukutya kunye nemiphunga. Ukongeza, inicotine angangena emzimbeni eluswini, nokuba ezingonakalanga. Kanye emzimbeni, into ethe ngokusasaza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngegazi. 7 imizuzwana emva inhalation womsi umdiza, kuba engqondweni. Wenicotine iya ngokwezinga elithile emzimbeni ubuncinane iiyure ezimbini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuphela inani elincinane kwenicotine equlethwe amagqabi zecuba akuvumelekile ukurhogele ngexesha ngokutshaya. Isibakala sokuba uninzi izinto ziphele. ukuqaqamba Inani adsorbed xa kutshaywa kuxhomekeke kuhlobo icuba umdiza filter ikhona. Xa ukuhlafuna okanye yokubutshayela icuba kwi umzimba ezizodwa ufumana intshongo kakhulu ngakumbi.

imiphumela

Xa ongena ebantwaneni, iyeza kuchaphazela receptor acetylcholine. Kungomlinganiselo omncinci, usebenze umsebenzi receptor. Oku kukhokelela ekwandeni hormone iadrenaline egazini. Iadrenaline ibalekisa yabetha intliziyo, igazi ukunyuka koxinzelelo, kwandisa izinga zokuphefumla kwandisa amanqanaba iswekile yegazi.

Ngomhla umbuzo wokuba ingaba ugwayi yingozi, impendulo ilula: Kakade ke, kuyingozi. Nangona kule mihla nzima umntu usenokukuthandabuza oko. Ngokubanzi, i-Nicotine - yinto yityhefu wokwenene. Yena kuchaphazela ngamandla zombini inkqubo central neuropathy luvo. into ikakhulukazi enza izinto ganglion luvo yawo. Kule nkalo, kokwabo iklasi ka ekuthiwa-Ityhefu ganglinarnyh. ngeedosi amakhulu intshongo angena umzimba, zisidimaze kwaye bungabi luvo, kwakunye kumise ukuphefumla, nto leyo kungekudala ekhokelela ukusilela intliziyo. Ithamo ebulalayo ukuba zoluntu avareji 0.5-1 mg / kg.

Nangona ubuthi esomelela iingedosi ezincinane, inicotine lisebenza ivuselela. Ichaphazela isimo sakho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kubantu abahlukeneyo. Ababuthela ukukhululwa adrenaline kunye glucose, ityhefu ebangela excitation lonke eziphilayo. Ukusuka kwindawo zesimo lwembono, inika ingqiqo yokuphumula, uxolo kunye nemeko euphoric kancinane. Kwezinye abatshayayo, ukuhla ukutya kunye nokwandisa inani metabolic, nto leyo inokukhokelela umzimba.

Xa usebenzisa inicotine izihlandlo ezininzi, umntu uba ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni ixhomekeke kwaye ubuyela kuye lonke ixesha. Wenicotine nokusebenzisa elide ebangela uphuhliso iingxaki ezifana ukungaboni, ukulahleka esiswini namathumbu, lwegazi, hyperglycemia, tachycardia, yegazi, arrhythmia, isifo sentliziyo, angina, iposi engabalulekanga kunye nokungaphumeleli intliziyo. Kunye emahlamvini intshongo inokuba negalelo kuphuhliso umhlaza wemiphunga. Kwaye abo bantu abaye litshaye iminyaka emininzi, kufuna induku.

Imiphumo kunye iimpawu nokusetyenziswa

Ubuchule bokuqala inicotine zingakwenza ukuba ube nesicefucefu yaye nokugabha. Ukuba uyaqhubeka ekubeni utshaye, unokukhuthaza amaziko alungiselela, yaye ezi ingqondo shwaka. A okubangelwa kancinane yonke eziphilayo. Ngenxa umthetho, kukho ukuthanjiswa izihlunu skeletal kunye lafa. Xa ixhwele yi nokuphungulwa ixesha reaction, kodwa inikeza ingqalelo kunye nenkumbulo elifutshane elide. Ukongeza, i-alam liyalahleka kunye umphefumlo mandundu kunye ukutshaya. Noko ke, uphuhliso HIV ngokukhawuleza indawo ngokungqamene, xa lwee- into emzimbeni kunciphisa.

Ityhefu wenicotine kubonakaliswa ziimpawu: isicaphucaphu nokugabha, iintlungu esiswini, izinkcwe, ukwanda izinga lentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi, ukudideka, sinciphise amandla, ubuthathaka jikelele.

Ityhefu Nicotine inqabile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana ngobuthi abazama ukutshaya kulo, kanye njengokuba abantu abadala. Uncedo xa ityhefu ilula: vula umoya omtsha, ukukhusela iphecana yokuphefumla ukusuka vomitus, uhlambe ubuso bakho ngamanzi abandayo. Kwimeko yityhefu naxhala ngokuma kunye nokuthintela okubuhlungu ulwimi.

Iimpawu yangaphandle kokutshaya - ivumba zecuba emlonyeni wakhe phezu kwezandla neminwe ebhalwe yi lokucoca ulwelo.

Izibalo ebuhlungu

Uninzi lwabafundi abatshayayo bathandabuze ukuba umsi wecuba into embi umzimba, ekhala ukuba imeko yabo ayiyi zimbi xa ifi abekwa. Nakuba kunjalo, amanani phezu qhalo kubonisa okwahlukileyo. Wonke imizuzwana 10 umntu ehlabathini umntu esifa ngokutshaya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, njengoko kuboniswe yi-manani zonyaka icuba ubulala malunga nezigidi ezintathu zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwixesha elizayo, njengako konke uqikelelo, eli nani liya kwanda ukuya ku-10 million. Kukho abangabazi abathi, xa kuthelekiswa ne bonke abantu bomhlaba (6 billion), 10 yezigidi - inani elincinane. Kodwa neentshayi, nganye kuyo imingcipheko oluwe ezi million 10, oku umngcipheko ebonakalayo. Ukuba izibalo ziqhubeka, ekugqibeleni iya kutshabalalisa icuba abantu malunga 500 million uyaphila namhlanje. Kwaye sele-9% yabantu ehlabathini. Ukususela ngo-1950, ukutshaya kuye kwabulawa izigidi 62 abantu - ngaphezu babulawa ngexesha Second World War. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba icuba yi-6% yabo bonke abafayo, yaye malunga ne-3% yazo zonke izifo. Ngaphezu koko, amanani ebuhlungu ikhula yonke imihla, yaye ngo-2020 luthelekelelwa ukuba-12% abantu abafayo emhlabeni.

Apho ukusetyenziswa nicotine

Wenicotine - yinto neurotoxin ngamandla kakhulu ukuba kunempembelelo emibi izinambuzane. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ngenkuthalo isetyenziswa zinambuzane. Namhlanje, kunye nokusebenzisa inicotine ithe efanayo, ezifana Imidacloprid, Imidacloprid. I-American Heart Association wagqiba ukuba ubuhlobo zokutshaya namhlanje kuqwalaselwa omnye kakhulu yingxaki, ekubeni kulula ukuba balahle. Kazi abantu abacinga ngayo izinambuzane, emva kokuva ukuba abantu ngokuzithandela ephelisa ityhefu enye, leyo uxhatshazwa?

Ukusetyenziswa nicotine

Zonke kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bathi intshongo - kuba iityhefu eziyingozi kunye neziyobisi. Noko ke, loo nto ezisitheleyo sezakhi izityalo ezininzi, kubandakanywa amachiza asetyenziswa amayeza. Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi kukho ukusetyenziswa ugwayi?

Namhlanje sakhulula ezahlukeneyo yindlela eyenzelwe indawo isigarethi ngenxa yoko ku tshika nicotine ngokupheleleyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho amabala, intlaka njalo njalo. Ezi ndlela zibandakanya inicotine enye icuba, kodwa amanani amancinci. Xa inani lithi sisebenza ngendlela yokusebenzisa le alkaloid njengendlela ukulungiselela unyango kunye nothintelo lwezifo ezifana ingqalelo disorder, isifo i-Alzheimer, herpes zoster, isifo Parkinson kunye isifo wamathumbu okwenziwa sisilonda sikabhobhosi. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwixa elizayo intshongo iza kuba ubuncinane inzuzo ethile. Ngapha koko, njengoko isitsho njalo intetho, yonke into ityhefu okanye amayeza, kwaye idosi yeyona iphambili.

ugwayi electronic

Ngoku yaba njengefashoni njengendlela eyenye ifi ukusebenzisa imidiza ebizwa ngokuba yi-elektroniki. Bamele inhaler encinane apho ulwelo inicotine itshiswe kwaye vaporized. Injongo yecuba ezinjalo iqulathe, okokuqala, xa usebenzisa nicotine okuhlamba (ekwimo ulwelo olufakwe), kunye, okwesibini, xa kumiwe ukutshaya ngokuthe ngcembe. umdiza esingamanzi ingenziwa ekhaya, kuba iqulathe izinto eziliqela, enye yazo na inicotine ebizwa ngokuba "ukwaluka" - isisombululo oludibeneyo iziyobisi. Idityaniswe flavoring kunye namanzi. Ityhefu xi nga zinokohluka lo utshayayo kwaye Ungasa ngcembe ukuya kulwelo ngenxa imidiza ngaphandle ugwayi.

Abaninzi baya ukubuza: "Yintoni na ukutshaya?" Inyaniso yokuba ukutshaya - akukho nto ixhomekeke nje inicotine, kodwa ke wena mkhuba into eza kukugcina. Ngoko ke, abo bangakwaziyo ukuphosa lento nje ukuze ukwazi ukukwenza oko ngokuthe ngcembe, indawo umdiza elula elektroniki.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, siye sabona kwakhona ukuba ukutshaya ibangela umonakalo noqhekeko. Kodwa ukongezelela nicotine yecuba kukho ezininzi kwezinto eziyingozi. Ngoko ke kungcono ukufunda ukumkholisa njani wena kunye nezinye izinto zixhomekeke ezimnandi kakhulu, ezifana nothando, njengoko ingoma 'uMyili nicotine. " Sikunqwenelela impilo entle!