Ukwakhelwa ngo kwengqondo. Iintlobo amazwi bengqondo

Kweli nqaku, senza sinikele ukuba siqwalasele enye yeendlela eziphambili, eziquka iindlela zophando in bengqondo. Ukubekw 'esweni kubandakanya imbono obunenjongo ngabom yenjongosenzi yophando. Zenzululwazi zentlalo, isicelo yayo liphakamisa ubunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba lo mbandela kunye nento yokufunda - indoda, kwaye ngoko ke iziphumo bekukho uvavanyo zesimo mkhanyo, isimo sakhe, kunye ufakelo.

Ukuqwalasela - enye kwiindlela enokwehla engundoqo, ilula kwaye ixhaphakileyo endle. Ukuba iziphumo awo echanekileyo, i-mkhanya kufuneka beme bucala, ukuba siyathandaza okanye abe yinxalenye yeqela, ebandakanya into lokuqaphela, angene kuyo, ukuze enze ingqalelo. Le umphandi kufuneka makafake ahlole iziganeko ezinxulumene ngenjongo mkhanya.

Iimpawu yale ndlela ziquka ukucinga ithiyori (ezahlukeneyo ubuchule methodological, iziphumo zokubeka esweni, ukuqonda) belinani uhlalutyo (uhlalutyo factor, yokutshintshwa kwamanqaku, njalo njalo).

Funda iindlela ezisisiseko bengqondo, mkhanya kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo makuqatshelwe kwaye usebenzise mhlawumbi. Yinto enye yeendlela eziphambili, esiza kusetyenziswa nenzululwazi yale mihla.

Kufuneka ke ukuba amazwi psychology ethile thile ezikhathazayo. Degree of ukujongwa ngayo ukunciphisa eli ligatya kwizigqibo ngokukhawuleza kunye nentetho equkayo, imigqaliselo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye sebenzisa kunye nezinye iindlela. Ulungile ababebukele eziliqela inxaxheba kolu phando. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kwale ndlela, wayedla ezahlukahlukeneyo iimaphu lokuqaphela kunye nemibuzo. Amvumela ukuba baqwalasele iingongoma ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ukuphazanyiswa non-kubalulekile.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kusakhelwa

Amazwi psychology lusoloko kwenziwa ngenjongo, ngenxa isicwangciso kusengaphambili, lixhotyiswe iindidi zezinto eziyimfuneko ukulungisa iziphumo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Le ndlela ivumela ukuba ukuqokelela idata enokwehla, ukujikelezisa iimbono malunga ubuchule bophando, ngokunjalo uvavanyo conjectures ezahlukeneyo kunye neengcamango ezinxulumene nayo.

Uqwalaselo owenza ulwazi ngokudibana ngqo, esekelwe ukwalatha izivamvo, ngoko ke wokuqala kwimbali indlela yezenzululwazi.

iindlela bengqondo (ngokubona, experiment, njl) kufuneka iimpawu zazo zithwala. Ezi mpawu zenza kube lula ukuba babe uhlobo olwahlukileyo uphando. Ukwakhelwa kwi psychology na uhlobo ngokunxulumene kwento (umzekelo, kwincoko okanye experiment lweengcali kukwadala iimeko ezizodwa ebangela into ethile), ubukho ukudibana ngqo kunye naye (apho angekhoyo ekufundweni kwimisebenzi iimveliso, kwaye ayisoloko khona nokuhlola).

Ukusuka kwindawo methodological lwembono, ine- bhetyebhetye semvelo, okt ukukwazi ukusebenzisa imigqaliselo ngokunxulumene kuluhlu olubanzi iziganeko ezahlukeneyo izangoma, ngokunjalo bhetyebhetye (ubukho ubukho notshintsho "ukugubungela intsimi" into okanye hypothesis kwinkqubo yophando) kunye neemfuno ezibubuncinane zobugcisa, inkqubo zekhompyutha. Kule ndlela, kwingcingane lokuqaphela, experiment, kunye nabanye zahluke kakhulu.

Kule ncwadi lwezenzululwazi, ibinzana elithi "ngumgqaliselo", "ngumgqaliselo njongo" yaye "ukusetyenziswa lwangaphandle" adla ngokusetyenziswa efanayo. ubomi izangoma - into enzima, engavumelekanga, bakhangele ngqo ngaphandle, emehlweni prying efihliweyo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni indlela kuphela psychology yi anze (anze), kwaye kuphela kunye nophuhliso lokuqaphela lwangaphandle inzululwazi yasetyenziswa ukuze esweni kwabantu (psychology, yokuhlalisana kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi).

Xa psychology zasekhaya imigaqo esisiseko zokugada ochazwe imisebenzi zabaphengululi ezifana S. L. Rubinshteyn, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Mafikozolo.

iintlobo zezinto

Ukuqaphela kunye nokusebenzisa ulingelo bengqondo, kwakunye nezinye iindlela, ukuze abe iiyunithi zokufunda zilandelayo:

- umntu (okanye isilwanyana);

- iqela labantu.

Injongo lokuqaphela kusenokuba, njengoko umthetho, kuphela imisebenzi component lwangaphandle (intshukumo, intshukumo lokudibana, lwamandla, izenzo intetho, imbonakalo yobuso, iimpawu yokusabela yawo kwakunye ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko zombini ezizenzekelayo nokuhlela).

imithetho esweni

Ngale ndlela, kukho inani lwemithetho:

1. Kufuneka kubekho indlela, izifundo ezininzi kwiimeko ukutshintsha phindo, ukuqaqambisa iipatheni eyazenzekelayo.

2. Musa ukwenza izigqibo ukukungxamela kufuneka uqiniseke ukwenza uqikelelo ezinye malunga yintoni ebangela le okanye ukuziphatha, nokuhlolelwa.

3. iimeko Private neemeko kufuneka kuthelekiswa ne-jikelele, ukuwabona ngokwemeko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (umntu xa iyonke, imeko ngokubanzi, iqonga lophuhliso kwengqondo, umzekelo, ngokunxulumene umntwana, njalo njalo. D.), Ekubeni uviwo enjalo aphela rhoqo utshintsha ngokupheleleyo ngokwengqondo ingqiqo lokuqaphela.

Ukuze kuncitshiswe ezingachanekanga neempazamo zophando, ukuqinisekisa umbono wayo, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba umphandi akazange ukungcatsha phambi kwayo. Kufuneka senze ukuze mkhanyo abone ngokwakhe ngoxa lisebenze njenge uphando. Iimpawu amazwi psychology kudinga inxaxheba okungenani kunokwenzeka kwesi sifundo.

Oku kuphunyezwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- "waqhelana", oko kukuthi, ukuba benze into kophando kusetyenziswa ubukho mkhanyo - badla entsimini yakhe yombono ngokungathi zokungahlawuli ingqalelo kuye;

- chaza ubukho injongo ethile esindayo, yamkelekile na into yokufunda, umzekelo, utitshala esikolweni bathi ungathanda ukuya isifundo kukaZwilakhe indlela yakhe;

- indawo mkhanyo ubuchule, ukurekhoda ngezenzeko izangoma (ikhamera yevidiyo, umzekelo), nto leyo eza kuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ezichanekileyo kwaye kuya kuba ngaphantsi edidayo ebona;

- Ukuze ukwenza isifundo egumbini elimnyama omelene omnye apho babona khona, umzekelo, ezahlulwe kuyo yi esipilini okhethekileyo Gesell, omnye bucibusa ukukhanya-Umqhubi;

- ukusebenzisa ikhamera bhanyabhanya efihlakeleyo.

Injongo kufuneka ngokucacileyo ukusekwa, ngokuba kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu, imigqaliselo random kukhokelela yezinto ezibaluleke.

iintlobo zokugada

Iintlobo lokuqaphela kwi bengqondo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa Comprehensive munye akunjalo, ngoko uluhlu kuphela ezona ziphambili.

1. ngendlela kunye random. Ngendlela luphawulwa njalo, repeatability lonke elo xesha lokuba sesikolweni kwabafundi. ngokuma phakathi kokuma zimiselwa iimeko zangaphandle, uhlobo into efundwayo.

2. Vula okanye ezifihliweyo. Ezi iintlobo amazwi psychology isenza indawo ye-mkhanyo ukuya into yokufunda. Ngokomzekelo, xa ukwakhiwa komkhanya ngumphandi efihlakeleyo ujonga ngapha iglasi Gesell phezu into yokufunda, kunye evulekileyo - Kwakhona waphawula ubona uphando.

Njengoko zenyathi oku kuquka akubona, xa lo mbandela ngokwayo lilungu isiganeko qela. ubonwa nxaxheba kuba zombini ezivulekileyo kwaye efihliweyo (umzekelo, ukuba umphandi ayithethi ukuba ezinjalo, amanye amalungu eqela).

Ezinye iintlobo kokuma, njengoko kunjalo intermediate phakathi kwabo ibandakanyiwe kwaye ukusilela ukuquka kweliso. Umzekelo, xa utitshala efunda indlela abafundi ngexesha isifundo: apha a ngumphandi ababandakanyekayo kule meko, kodwa ngaphandle izinto zokufunda kunye nesikhundla lwabo olungalinganiyo ngokunxulumene ulawulo meko.

3. Field and laboratory. Intsimi oluqhutywa iimeko zendalo uyiqwalasela, kuthetha ukungabikho nayiphi linge yaba yinxalenye uphando. Eyathi yenza ukuba sifunde kwingcingane ubomi endalo into waphawula. ezingeloncedo zayo ziquka yobumbaxa kunye nokungabikho kolawulo phezu Umphandi meko, ukungakwazi waphawula indlela. Laboratory kunika ithuba lokuba bafunde into elilawulwayo, elula imeko umfundi, Noko ke, ngaba kakhulu sinokuwagqwetha kweziphumo zophononongo.

4. Longitudinal, ngamaxesha kunye yedwa. Ezi ntlobo ahluka yi ngexesha nokucwangciswa sifundo. Longitudinal ( "longitudinal") ikhutshwa phandle ixesha elide, ngokufuthi iminyaka eliqela, kwaye kukwaquka njengombukeli yokudibana ngenjongo. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zifumaneka ngohlobo iidayari, apho ziquka yokuphila ngokubanzi, ukuziphatha, imikhwa ezahlukeneyo into efundwayo.

zokucupha Periodic - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lombutho nezenyama uphando. Kuliwa ngaphakathi ixesha nexesha elithile kakuhle echazwe. I eyodwa okanye omnye-ixesha, ngqwalasela njengoko ukuchaza imeko yomntu ngamnye, nto leyo ibe zombini yoqobo kunye ekhethekileyo nasekufundweni into okanye inkqubo.

Unit elibukhali, ubhaliso

Unit lokuqaphela - ezilula okanye ezimbaxa izenzo injongo yophando ifumaneke mkhanyo. Kuba amaxwebhu zabo yobhaliso eyodwa asetyenziswa:

1. ubonwa Card. Kuyimfuneko ukuba babhalise iimpawu athile ngokusesikweni yaye ngokufuthi ngokufihlisa. ezininzi kwezi amakhadi ngokwahlukileyo ngeyunithi nganye zokufunda zingasetyenziswa ngethuba lesifundo.

2. Okuqhotyoshelwe apha yimizuzu mkhanya. Yenzelwe ukuba zifake iziphumo ahlangeneyo iinkqubo ngokusesikweni non-ngokusesikweni. Oku kubonisa impefumlelwano amakhadi mkhanya.

3. Ukwakhelwa Diary. Psychology usoloko esebenzisa iinkuni ezahlukeneyo mkhanya. Zezi kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iziphumo zophononongo. Zibonisa nje iintlobo ulwazi malunga into ngokwayo, kodwa likwazimisele ngethuba ukufunda isiphumo mkhanyo.

Xa urekhoda iziphumo kwakhona isicelo ezahlukeneyo ifilim nevidiyo.

Omnye umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kweekhamera

Good open indlela lokuqaphela kwimizekelo bengqondo. Cinga nje ngomzekelo ethile apho kusetyenziswa le ndlela.

Umzekelo, abaphandi zomkhosi kufuneka ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani emkhosini ithe gqolo ukufumana amatyala ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nemali-grubbing, ukunxila, ubundlobongela. Injongo lokuqaphela usandul 'ukufika amajoni.

Okokuqala, lo umphandi uqokelela amagosa yoqhekeko, eziquka izixhobo zophando, ulwazi ngazo. Olu lwazi zingafumaneka, umzekelo, ephelekwa matyendyana ukuba ukuthumela iziko recruitment izingxoxo, kuhlalutywa amaxwebhu. Kufuneka ngakumbi sinikele ingqalelo liqondo apho amajoni ongqongileyo kwezentlalo Ndikhule (nempumelelo okanye ntle, ngokupheleleyo okanye usapho engaphelelanga, ephethwe okanye neprinadlezhaschaya iqela kunye nofundiso ixabiso negative), ukuziphatha kwayo (ukutsala okanye akukho nobutyala okanye yolawulo , ubukho okanye ukungabikho iimpawu ezimbi emsebenzini okanye esikolweni), iimpawu zayo nokomzimba nangokwasengqondweni (iimpawu, inqanaba lophuhliso kunye nabanye.).

Okulandelayo, abaphengululi baphawula amadoda ezinokuba kukuba iveza, kuhlalutywa ulwazi.

Ngelo xesha linye i-mkhanyo imisela iimpawu ezizodwa, ukuze bazigwebe Ukuthanda izinto ngendlela etenxileyo. Bakholelwa ukuba abantu zitenxe (etenxileyo) ukuziphatha fanele amajoni yokuziphatha yabo engahambelaniyo kwibutho imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye esemthethweni. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, ayinabulungisa umsebenzi, ngqwayi ukungathobeli zihlekisa oogxa, inkani, izinga lokuqaqamba ngoko umzamo. D.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi mpawu, abaphandi kunye ngoncedo lokuqaphela ikakhulu ongathandani ukuqokelela ulwazi oluthile malunga onke amajoni, waza wamisela inkqubo yophando eneenkcukacha.

Umfundi ukhetha imeko, iindidi kunye neeyunithi akubonayo, ilungiselela izixhobo (iiprotokoli, amakhadi, iidayari, kugcinwa).

iimeko Umzekelo esweni

Ukusebenzisa indlela amazwi imizekelo bengqondo zeemeko ezithile, phakathi apho kubalulekile ukukhumbula:

- Iiseshoni zoqeqesho. Ngexesha le misebenzi umiselwa kwinqanaba iyonke uqeqesho, ubuchule kunye nolwazi, iqondo lamajoni inkuthalo kutyhilwa inqanaba umanyano yaso liphela, izinga umnqweno wakhe ukufumana ulwazi.

- Ezibuhlungu, iiyure nokuzonwabisa. Kwezi meko, obukeleyo inokuba nomdla umxholo ezingxoxweni, iinkokeli kunye nempembelelo yazo kwezisaleleyo nxaxheba yababini, izimvo ezahlukeneyo izimvo ngayo amajoni.

- umsebenzi Household. Kusenokubakho umdla ezinxulumene nomsebenzi efundwayo, ubudlelwane ezahlukeneyo phakathi emkhosini ekwenzeni imisebenzi, kunye neenkokheli aliliso kubo. Okubalulekileyo, ubukho oluninzi yabasebenzi, kwakunye kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo (inyikima, umlilo, unogumbe) na iimpawu ingakumbi ibonakale ezifana nokuzeyisa, ukuzinikela, umanyano, amalungu eqela sokusebenzisana.

- kokutshintshwa kwabalindi, uqhawulo-mtshato kunye nokwenziwa komsebenzi. Kwezi meko, kutyhilwa ngesidanga emkhosini, inqanaba kwezakhono kunye nenkuthazo ukuze baphumeze umsebenzi zamajoni iinkolelo.

- hlola Evening. Unako ukuhlawula ingqalelo ingqeqesho jikelele, impendulo yomkhosi imisebenzi kunye usasazo.

A indima ekhethekileyo idlalwa yeemfazwe apho ubudlelwane phakathi amajoni kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kakhulu ibonakale. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba baphembeleli, kwaye ucacise izizathu kunye neentshukumo zongquzulwano, ikheswa, ukufumanisa indima ye-nxaxheba abohlukeneyo.

Ukwakhelwa in Psychology Educational

Olu hlobo lophando ikakhulu asetyenziswe isifundo yokuziphatha kwabafundi kunye nootitshala, kunye nendlela yabo yomsebenzi. Kubalulekile ukuba bagcine iimeko ezimbini ibalulekileyo: waphawula ukuba uyazi ukuba yintoni na into kophononongo; ukuba umphandi akufuneki angqamane kwimisebenzi baphawula.

Ukwakhelwa kwi Social Psychology kufuneka kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nenkqubo eyenziwe ngaphambili. Qengqela kuYehova kufuneka nje ezo ezibonisa umsebenzi izinto ezihambelana neenjongo kunye neenjongo zophando. Kungcono usebenzise video, njengoko kuvumela ukuba bafunde isenzeko izihlandlo eziliqela kwaye iqinisekisa nokuthembeka iphezulu ziphumo.

Kwingcingane lemfundo ubukhulu becala kusetyenziswa mazwi, umntu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha oko kwenziwa ngubani ifakiwe, nto leyo evumela ukuba umphandi ukuba isandla yokuqala loko u ri karhi va waphawula. Nangona kunjalo, oku ethile kufuneka azame ukugcina esemagqabini.

Ukwakhelwa ngo kwengqondo

Apha kusenokuba into eqinileyo, futhi uyakhetha. Ukuba mkhanya ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi yokuziphatha kwangelo xesha, ixesha elide, kwaye yenziwa malunga nayiphi na abantwana omnye okanye ngaphezulu, oko kuthiwa rhoqo. Kulo mzekelo, ngokufuthi kukho abathile selectivity: i kukhethwa le yinto entsha. Xa ukuphunyezwa isampula yesaveyi kubonisiwe kwaye walinganisa omnye kuphela inkalo ethile yokuziphatha wafundela komntwana okanye ukuziphatha kwakhe kwiimeko ezithile defined, ngokwamakhefu (ukuphumeza ukuqwalaselwa loo psychology kule mizekelo ilandelayo: Charles Darwin waphawula ibinzana iimvakalelo unyana wakhe, kunye yolwimi lwasekhaya A. N. Gvozdev babhala intetho umntwana wabo ngexesha kwiminyaka yokuqala esibhozo yobomi bakhe).

Ixabiso le nqubo ku psychology kukuba isicelo yale ndlela akukho kweminyaka ukuba into efundwayo. Ubomi Track waphawula kwithuba elide ikuvumela ukuba ufumane iingongoma ekujikeni, nexesha elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwayo.

Ukwakhelwa e bengqondo, imizekelo apho siye kubonisiwe nje, kukho ezininzi zisetyenziswa ukuqokelela idatha kwi lokuqala phando. ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa Kodwa, yaye njengoko indlela ephambili.

isiphelo

Xa ndiqukumbela, ndithanda ukuba uqaphele kwakhona ukuba irekhodi kwaye angabukela kuphela ngaphandle zezinto ezenziwa luluntu yengqondo kunye kubonakaliswa zabo. Nangona kunjalo, inani yeekhomponenti ngokwasengqondweni zikwabalulekile ekutolikeni ukuziphatha ayenziwanga ngaphandle babonakaliswa; ngoko ke asikwazi emileyo ngoncedo kweekhamera. Umzekelo, akunakwenzeka ukufumana umsebenzi yokucinga, amava ezahlukeneyo efihlakeleyo emphefumlweni kunye namazwe.

Ngoko ke, apho indlela mazwi esisiseko, ehamba kunye naye wasebenzisa inani ezinye iindlela ezifana zokuvota, ingxoxo, kunye nezinye iindlela ezongezelelweyo. Ukuqaphela kunye nokusebenzisa ulingelo bengqondo kwakhona asoloko ehamba kunye esetyenziswa.