Ukumisela indawo isitya. Ukuzimisela lomkhumbi: Indlela

Ekubeni iinqanawa - indalo zabantu - baqalisa ukuba uyihlole kweelwandle neelwandlekazi, phambi kokuba matiloshe waba umsebenzi yokufumanisa indawo yayo. amaza amakhulu, undizela, kunye nemfuno amaqhinga uyile, ephethe nomoya Kakade, nezintsonkothileyo namhla ezininzi nohambo, yaye kuphela oomatiloshe ikhampasi mnye ubudala ubudala akwanelanga. Namhlanje, xa kumiselwa indawo inqanawa kwenziwa ngokuzenzekela ngokusebenzisa inkqubo satellite Glonass, kunzima ukucinga kwisikhundla sokuba umphathi, ukuba ekuchithweni kwayo isixhobo elula kuphela ukuqhelwaniswa yi iinkwenkwezi. Noko ke, namhlanje abaphumelela zamaziko emfundo aphakamileyo kunye nangaphezulu ezikhethekileyo eliphethwe zonke ezi zixhobo.

Iindlela ezingundoqo kwiindawo marine

Ezimbini-Ukulungelelanisa ichazwa yenqanawa kukho isithuba-ntathu (indawo) wenza iintlobo ezisixhenxe ngeendlela, kuquka:

• Omdala - ezibonwayo.
• Kamva, kodwa hayi kakhulu - ngeenkwenkwezi.
• Computer ngobume bendawo, okt indlela isicelo umendo ngokupheleleyo imephu inqanawa ebonisa rate utshintsha amanqaku nasekubaleni umgama ohanjiweyo phinda isantya kwewotshi. Owavela emhlabeni ngexesha elinye njengoko ndlela ngeenkwenkwezi, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kunye nezimbini zethuba langaphambili. Namhlanje, umsebenzi wesiqhelo wenziwa schisliteli ngokuzenzekelayo;
• Radar, nto leyo evumela ukudibanisa umfanekiso radar screen etshatini elwandle.
• Radiopelengovy. Efumanekayo kwiimeko apho kukho phezu kweenxweme imithombo umqondiso.
• navigation Radio, usebenzisa iindlela zonxibelelwano apho Umlawuli ufumana ulwazi alisweleyo.
• Indlela satellite-navigation.

Zonke iindlela, ngaphandle emithathu yokuqala, aba ngenxa revolution kwezobuchwepheshe ukuba kwenzeka kwinkulungwane XX. Babengayi kuba kwenzeke ngaphandle ezeza nezi ezenziwe uluntu kwicandelo lobunjineli radio, elektroniki, cybernetics kunye idabi kwicandelo emajukujukwini. Ngubani akukho nzima ukubala kwinqanaba kwi olwandle, nto leyo sisitya ukujonga imvelaphi yayo kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa, yaye, njengoko umthetho, ukuba esweni okokoko. Ehlabathini ubuchwepheshe usetyenziswa moya inqanawa, nokuba kule "ukufika" indawo, ngathi uqhuba imoto.

ububanzi

Njengoko sisazi, umhlaba ayikho tyaba, oko ngokumila ibhola noko atshabalalisa. Iingongoma kumanani-ntathu, ibiya kubonakala, kufuneka kuchazwe zilungelelanise ezintathu Euclidean, kodwa zejografi omkhulu kwanele ezimbini. Ukuze avelise inkcazo-mphandle enqanaweni kufuneka ngokuba digits ezimbini kuphela, elandelwa amagama "North" (or "emazantsi"), inkululeko (N olufinyeziweyo okanye S) kwaye Western okanye "empuma" nezide (ngenye indlela - s. e., okanye e). Ezi nqobo zisemgangathweni kulinganiswa ngokwamazinga. Yinto elula kakhulu. Inkululeko ingqalelo ukusuka ikhweyitha (0 °) ukuya izibonda (90 °) kuboniswe indlela: Ukuba sisondela Antarctica, ibonisa ekwizibanzi ngasemzantsi, yaye ukuba Arctic, i enkulu. Amanqaku ngendlela efanayo isangqa yesibanzi ebizwa ukufana. Ngamnye kubo enobubanzi ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka likhulu kwi-ikhweyitha (malunga 40 ophosa.) Ukuze zero kwi esibondeni.

Longitude kunye zokulinganisa ubude

Ukufumanisa indawo sikhephe kungenakwenzeka ukuba umntu ukuququzelela, ngoko kukho wesibini. Longitude linani ikhowudi ebonisa ithe cwaka kwakhona ngesandla, nto leyo ubala. Le Isangqa yahlulwe 360 °, iziqingatha zayo zombini, ngokulandelelana, zithathwa ukuba babe 180. Zero Greenwich okuyi edlula Observatory British ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Kwelinye icala planethi ekhangelene yakhe - 180th. Zombini ezi uququzelelo (0 ° 180 °) cala ekhonjwe wobude engenalo.

Ukongeza kukho izidanga kunye nemizuzu - zibonakalisa ezikuyo izinto ngokuchanileyo ngakumbi kumaxesha 60. Ekubeni bonke esiqu anobude bayalingana, baza baqalisa ukulinganisa ubude oomatiloshe. Enye imayili (elwandle) ingqamana umzuzu omnye nayiphi amaza kwaye km 1.852. Inkqubo metric yaqalisa kakhulu kamva, ngoko matiloshe iinqanawa basebenzisa imayile olungileyo IsiNgesi endala. Kwakhona luncedo lasi ezifana intambo leyo - oko ilingana no 1/10 ye iikhilomitha. Yintoni Akumangalisi ke, ngenxa yokuba ekuqaleni amaBritane elinesibini ekucingwa, elinesibini.

ngendlela ebonakalayo

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, busekelwe phezu koko babone esasihamba kunye nomphathi, kwakunye namanye amalungu eqela abasendleleni kumgangatho iiseyile. Ngaphambili, ngemihla ka-mabutho, usiya, ukuba njengokuba phambili ekujongeni, post this matiloshe yafakwa kwi phezulu, endaweni ekhethekileyo ebiyelweyo off mainmast - elorini. Ukusuka apho, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ngcono. Ukumiselwa benqanawa nganeno izifundo ezifana indlela kakhulu ezilula ngeenyawo, esazi ukuba kufuneka, umzekelo, phezu kwendlu Staroportofrankovskoy isitalato kule nombolo 12, lo gama kukho nto kanye enye yokukhangela kwingongoma - a ekhemesti, ibekwe kuzo esitratweni. Noomatiloshe, kunjalo, izikhokelo nezinye izinto: iinqanawa, ezintabeni, iziqithi okanye naziphi na ezinye iindawo abadumileyo yomhlaba, kodwa lo mgaqo iyafana. Kufuneka umlinganiselo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu azimuth (i-engile phakathi utolo nijikajika ulwalathiso benchmark), uwafake ezizibeni kwimaphu kunye kwindawo yonqumlo ukufumana ezihambelanayo zakho. Licacile elokuba, onjalo inkcazelo yendawo ye enqanaweni, okanye mandithi indawo yayo, usebenza kuphela kwizowuni yonxweme nokubonakala, kunye nemozulu ecacileyo. Kwenkungu nga kukhokelwa isandi kwavakala amaxilongo zonke iinqanawa, kwaye kungekho abaleka phezu komhlaba aza - kufuna melyam emanzini nzulu, ukulinganisa ubunzulu iqashiso.

Ngeenkwenkwezi inkonzo yomkhosi wamanzi

Indlela Indawo romantic kakhulu. Malunga oomatiloshe benkulungwane XVIII kunye izazi owavela kwesextant (maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba kwesextant, ngoko, kakhulu, ekunene) - isixhobo apho ungenza inkcazelo echanileyo ezimbini-Inanai elihambiselanayo lika indawo benqanawa esibhakabhakeni leenkwenkwezi. Icebo ezibonakala yayo inzima, kodwa practice unako ukufunda ukuyisebenzisa ngayo ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. nokuma kwawo inenkqubo enombala ekufuneka ungenise elangeni okanye nayiphi inkwenkwezi, emva kokufaka i-unit nkqo. Ukuze ufumane ulwalathiso ngqo yezibuko amabini (ezinkulu nezincinane), kwaye esikalini sizimisele emboxo ephakamileyo sokukhanyisa. Isixhobo indlela ikhampasi.

Abenzi bemeko- sisixhobo athathele ingqalelo namava eminyaka ubudala na omkhulu yamandulo ekhokelwa kuphela kukukhanya iinkwenkwezi, inyanga kunye nelanga, kodwa wadala inkqubo lula navigation njenge uqeqesho kunye nenkqubo indawo.

yokubala

Ukwazi uququzelelo bembekiselo ngongoma (nezibuko ifayileyemveliso), intshukumo kunye nesantya kungafakwa isimangalo kwimephu yonke isikhokelo, siphawula nini nokuba zingaphi izidanga yaguquka khosi. Le ndlela iza kuba efanelekileyo kwimeko apho ulwalathiso nesantya asixhomekeki imisinga nemimoya. Ukungalingani inkqubela imposiso izikhombisi lag (isantya imitha) Kwakhona kuchaphazela ngokuchaneka uququzelelo. Xa kulahlwe Umatiloshe yi umgca esikhethekileyo ukwakhiwa imigca ngaxeshanye kwimaphu. Ukuchaza izinto inqanawa eqondisa saselwandle lwenziwa ngoncedo nekhampasi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa ukutshintsha indlela yemeko yokwenene uzimisele ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo, kwaye ukusukela ngokuqhelekileyo ayithethi ungqamane ngekhompyutha, ngoko itsalelwa phakathi kweendawo ezimbini kukho uhlobo umlobothi wakho, akuphuhlanga kakuhle efana i "inviscid" foot-ebizwa.

Okwangoku kwibhodi ezininzi iinqanawa zixhobo oluzenzekelayo, iikhalityhuleyitha, ezo zisekelwe isantya igalelo kunye nolwalathiso lokuhlanganisa lwenziwa ngokuphathelele ixesha.

ukusebenzisa radar

Ke kaloku iitshati amabala amhlophe ngasekhohlo, kunye Nomqhubi onamava, ukubona umphandle elunxwemeni, mandivunyelwe ndithethe nangoko apho uyiphathisiweyo watercraft zakhe, ongiwe. Umzekelo, akubona elundini, nkqu iinqanawa enkungwini ukukhanya beva isandi lemvula le siren, ngoko nangoko uthi into efana: ". Kufuneka ukunqumla umlilo Vorontsov, umgama weekhilomitha ezimbini" Oku kuthetha ukuba le nqanawa i kumgama echaziweyo kwi umgca osuka ikhosi esinekona sasekunene kunye nolwalathiso aa Incopho na lighthouse, uququzelelo ka ezaziwa.

Kodwa kudla ngokwenzeka ukuba unxweme kude yaye akukho yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngaphambili, ngemihla iinqanawa, inqanawa "ubekwe kwi begcina", kukuqokelelwa iiseyile, maxa wambi xa wayesaziwa uhlobo akulinikwanga imimoya ezikhoyo kunye Ukungaqiniseki ezantsi (izixhobo, ukufuna, njalo njalo. D.), ukuthi izikhonkwane kunye 'belinde ukuba imozulu ulwandle "oko kukuthi, ukucacisa. Ngoku akukho mfuneko yokuba loo yinkcitha xesha, yaye Nomqhubi ugu ungabona, ujonge lo kumabi screen. Ukubekwa isikhephe radar - umsebenzi elula phambi zezakhono. Kwanele ukuba ukudibanisa umfanekiso kwisixhobo navigation kunye imephu kwindawo efanelekileyo, yaye yonke into iba akucaci.

Direction Ukufunyanwa indlela yokukhangela radio

Kukho mdlalo enjalo engahlawulwayo radio esithi - "Fox Hunting". Ngoncedo kwezixhobo ngcono, abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bafuna ukuba kuzimela ematyholweni okanye emva imithi, "impungutye" - umdlali oye a abasebenza kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo ephantsi-amandla. Ngendlela efanayo, t. E. Pelenguya, inkonzo counterintelligence ukubala abahlali ubukrelekrele langaphandle (ubuncinane ngayo ngaphambili) xa ukuthumela iingxelo kubathengisi. Kuba indawo ifuna imiyalelo ubuncinane ezimbini ezidibanayo kwi indawo, kodwa inkoliso yabo kwakhona. Ngoko ke njengesiqhelo, akukho ayikwazi kuphunyezwa ezinye okukhomba endlala kunye nokuchaneka ngokupheleleyo, ezi iibheringi musa idibane kwindawo enye, kwaye enze uhlobo mzobo ezininzi embindini zejometri leyo ithetha iqondo eliphezulu lilonke zibonisa indawo yabo. Iimpawu inokungasetyenziswa zidalwe imiqondiso elunxwemeni elingwayo (umz, Nezinto) okanye radiation radio ogama zilungelelanise zaziwa (ukuba izotywe).

Kwakhona ngokubanzi esebenzayo ikhosi konxweme ulungiso kunye nokusetyenziswa bonxibelelwano zerediyo.

satellites

Namhlanje, ukuba ulahlekile elwandle okanye ulwandle phantse akunakwenzeka. Ukuhanjiswa ezihamba phezu kolwandle, emoyeni kwaye kumhlaba uyigcine navigation kunye nenkqubo sohlangulo, i-Russian "Cospas" kunye Sarsat ngamazwe. besebenza umgaqo Doppler. Enqanaweni, kufuneka ufake osentabeni okhethekileyo, kodwa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzithemba ukuphumelela yohambo zichithwa ithetha. Nale zilungiswe kwi orbit ( "ejingayo" ngaphezu komhlaba indawo esisigxina) Hewana ziquka inkqubo. Le nkonzo ifumaneka simahla ngaphandle kwentlawulo yaye, ukongeza olusindisa lomsebenzi search yokukhangela point wenqanawa. Indlela satellite-yokukhangela inika uququzelelo ichanekileyo, isicelo yayo kuthe tye, yaye matiloshe lisetyenziswa ebudaleni bethu zobugcisa rhoqo.

Iinketho ezongezelelweyo - Layisha

Ngomhla navigability enqanaweni kunye yawo kunokwenzeka kakhulu kuchaphazela intlenga yayo. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lwezindlu iGqili ngamanzi, ayanda inqanaba tsala hydrodynamic. Kukho, ngoko ke, ngaphandle, umzekelo, isantya lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya emanzini udlula freeboard, kunye isaphetha "ibhalbhu" ekhethekileyo kwimeko ukumka yayo egcwele ifuthe ezihamba ezingcono. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa isantya yeentshukumo (stroke) ichaphazela ubunzima imithwalo (impahla) kwi ogcina okanye amanzi. Ukuhlola eli xabiso oomatiloshe basebenzisa ilayibhuli olukhethekileyo kunye umngcipheko isaphetha, zangasemva kwicala amalungu omzimba (scales hayi ngaphantsi kwe ezintandathu). Ezi iibheji isebenze ngamnye, ngamnye kubo isitya zabo, akukho umgangatho. Yeyiphi lifumene igama "ihlola idrafti," Iindlela yokujonga ubunzima umthwalo kwibhodi isekelwe ukusetyenziswa "marks imvula" kwaye zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi, ezifana navigation. kubunzulu esezantsi asisoloko ukuba inqanawa Kwathi ijelo ethile kunye nentsebenziswano umqhubi kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo kulo mba.

Kuhleli kuphela ukuba unqwenela ubuncinane iinyawo isixhenxe phantsi isiqu kwabo ukuhamba.