TNCs kuqoqosho. TNK - it ...

Phakathi amakhulu anoqoqosho enkulu ehlabathini, 52 abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye 48 - States. Namhlanje, iinkampani kulawula ihlabathi. nenguquko ezopolitiko kunye nefuthe kwihlabathi TNCs kuqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi kangaka ukuba ukuseka imithetho yomdlalo hayi nje kuphela ngenxa sikhuphisana, kodwa kananjalo lithi wonke.

TNK - oko uqoqosho, ezifana isikali kwilizwe elinye. Ezinye iinkampani kufanele ngokuba usemthethweni, njengoko adale izigidi zemisebenzi kwaye ingeniso engaphezulu eyenzwa amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini.

Yintoni TNC?

TNK - inkampani kunye nempahla ezilawulwa kumazwe aliqela kwaye phambili umsebenzi kude ngaphaya lizwe. UN Iingcali ukufunda corporation amazwe 1960, ezichongwe iinkalo ezintathu uphawu nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe;

• Corporation yenza izigqibo ngokusebenzisa iziko eyodwa owalathisa, uqhuba-nkqubo ecacileyo kwaye lizalisekise iqhinga elimanyeneyo;
• Le nto ndiyibhalayo leeyunithi ezikwamanye amazwe amabini okanye nangaphezulu, ifomu zomthetho intsimi leyo inokuba iindidi zemisebenzi;
• iiyunithi ngamnye inkampani ezihambelanayo, ukuphembelela omnye umsebenzi, share ubuchule, izibonelelo kunye neemfanelo.

neenkampani Global

TNK - lo msebenzi 2/3, phantse isiqingatha yemveliso mveliso, kwaye ama-80% ye ezintsha zobugcisa. Kulindelekile nje ukuba nesabelo esinzima kwempahla ezivenkileni (25%), iveliswa iinkampani ezininzi sezizwe. Umzekelo, Nestle uthengisa inkampani zokuthambisa L'akasoze neebhulukhe Diesel. Uluhlu olubanzi iimveliso ukusuka isepha Dove ukuya Klondike chocolate bobabo kwinkampani iUnilever.

1/3 lwemveliso beenkampani ngamazwe unxulumene nomba kwezakhiwo basemzini phakathi nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe, intengiso kuzo ngaphaya ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini. US angaphandle TNCs-50% yokusebenza ngaphandle eUnited States. Le kwamanye amazwe share iinkampani UK ukuya kwi-80%, lo gama hunyelwe Singapore - ukuya kutsho kuma-90%.

Le nkampani lokuqala jikelele

Umbutho lokuqala ngamazwe abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba Templars, yasekwa kwinkulungwane XII ndimalathise, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imisebenzi zemali yamazwe ngamazwe. Eyokuqala TNK - British East India kunye Dutch East India Company, owasekwa ngo-1600 no-1602, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Le nkampani Dutch Kwakhona inkampani joint-stock yokuqala. Mega-iinkampani kwinkulungwane XVII sele belifumene igunya kwinqanaba likarhulumente wasekhaya inyathelo emkhosini, imali ezinkozo kubalwa, wadala lithanga waza wathabatha inxaxheba isisombululo imiba kwezopolitiko eziphakamileyo.

nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe ngendlela mihla kwavela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX kwaye lwaqhutywa imveliso kunye nentengiso kwezimbiwa. Ngenkulungwane XX, zabo ububanzi bemisebenzi iye yandiswa kakhulu, sele ifikelele wonke ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso intsebenziswano kunye nokwahlula jikelele emigudwini. Zobungcali yemveliso negalelo ekwandeni umthamo wayo.

TNCs kunye MNCs

Obuzwe iinkampani ezinkulu zidla nohlulwe bezizwe ngezizwe (TNC) kunye zamazwe ngamazwe iinkampani (MNCs).

• TNK - inkampani ukuba izinto zasemzini, lokuveliswa belahlekisa, urhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yokuthengisa ngaphandle 'ikhaya' eli lizwe (apho wonke ise zabo). Kwi-US, close idla zibandakanya inkampani joint-stock, kwakunye TNCs ezininzi mihla yavela ngenxa yokwanda ngamazwe le-US, eli gama ufake igama labo. TNCs baqhube imisebenzi yabo kumazwe ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa amasebe, abaxhasi kunye nezinye iintlobo imibutho. Amasebe kufuneka imveliso phantse ezizimeleyo neembambaniso zeentengiso, enze uphando kunye nophuhliso njalo njalo .. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amasebe amele ukuba isakhiwo omkhulu mveliso. Izabelo inkampani, njengoko umthetho, ilungu kuphela abameli ekusekweni lizwe.
• OLS - yinkampani beentlanga, kudityaniswe ishishini lithi ezahlukeneyo isiseko mveliso, lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. iimpawu zabo lokwahlula ziquka: Ubunkokheli equity engundoqo multi-national kunye multi-national. Uninzi TNCs mihla kuba uhlobo yokuqala, njengoko kulawulwa ngabameli karhulumente. Iinkampani ngamazwe zizinto ezininzi. Umzekelo, i-Anglo-Dutch oyile ukusulungekiswa inkxalabo Royal Dutch Shell kunye nenkampani kwemichiza iUnilever.

Xa iqela eyahlukileyo ungenza Izivumelwano zentsebenziswano jikelele, zamaqumrhu wadala ukucombulula iingxaki ezithile.

ngezigaba iinkampani

Kuxhomekeka ububanzi bemisebenzi kunye nengeniso yonyaka uyazimela TNCs ezincinane (amasebe 3-4 amazwe) kunye TNCs ezinkulu (amashumi amakhulu iiofisi zamasebe kumazwe ahlukeneyo).

• TNK ukuhlanganiswa oxwesileyo-ofisi kumazwe aliqela kwaye evela kakhulu iimveliso efanayo okanye okufanayo (umzekelo, US iinkampani auto okanye inkqubo «ukuzila ukutya»).
• TNK amasebe nkqo ezimanyeneyo zoshwankathelo ezidityanisiweyo umnikazi mzi olunye uxanduva zonke izigaba unit lokugqibela ukuveliswa kwemveliso ezinikwa yinkampani efanayo abo kwamanye amazwe.
• Ezahlukileyo (ezahlukeneyo) TNK - ziinkampani ukuba wenze izinto ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka ukutya zokuthambisa. Bona balawulwa kumacandelo afumaneka kumazwe ahlukeneyo, hayi kudityaniswe tye okanye nkqo.

TNCs i uhlobo olulodwa yeebhanki bezizwe ngezizwe (TNB), mboleko zoshishino, nokulungelelanisa iintengiselwano imali ngamazwe. Obusa phezu zesizwe kunye nezehlabathi jikelele zemali, ukuze babe negalelo elibi ukulingana macala kwemali.

iimarike

nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe ufunyenwe kwisiqingatha iyonke kwemveliso yoshishino ehlabathini, 70% yorhwebo yehlabathi,-40% apho - kuba urhwebo ngaphakathi ezithile zamazwe ngamazwe. iinkampani ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe asebenza kwicandelo petroleum, ishishini lwekhemikhali, ngomatshini, elektroniki. Kule mimandla, ukudala umbutho imveliso ngamazwe kakhulu lula kunye nenzuzo. TNK - esinakho kumacandelo amaninzi, ukuthatha ulawulo kweemalike ehlabathini:

• 90% ingqolowa, umbona, ikofu, icuba, iinkuni, intsimbi emarikeni;
• 85% yemarike webauxite nangobhedu;
• 80% yemarike iti kunye nemarike tin zemigodi;
• 75% - oyile, irabha kunye nemarike banana.

TNK - i ishishini nto leyo akusoloko izibandakanye kuphela kwimveliso, umzekelo, Siemens, ukuba iibhanki ngamazwe, kumhlalaphantsi nakwiingxowa-mali mali, uphicotho kunye neenkampani ze-inshorensi.

TNK izilinganiso

mlinganiselo Global iingxilimbela ehlabathini esuka kumazwe 62 ukuseka isantya koqoqosho lwehlabathi, iye sipapashiwe American magazini Forbes. Oku kuquka 515 TNCs ezivela eUnited States, 210 Japanese 113 Chinese, 56 Indiya, 62 iinkampani waseKhanada. Indawo yokuqala yaba yebhanki US JP Morgan Chase. Kwezinye iindawo ezintlanu yahlulwa phakathi Jikelele Electric, Bank of America, Exxon Mobil kunye ICBC.

Okwesibini ibalulekileyo uluhlu rating ukusuka Partnership for a New American Economy. Igcwalisiwe uluhlu lwe iimfesi network Wal-Mart Stores of eUnited States, ingeniso ezidityanisiweyo inokuthelekiseka mali eJamani. iindawo wesibini nowesithathu baba Royal Dutch Shell of Holland kunye Exxon Mobil. umgca rated waya Apple, AT & T, Google, Iklinkhi, Budweiser, eBay, IBM, Jikelele zombane kunye McDonald kaThixo. Ngokutsho izazi nokurhafiswa TNK idale imisebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10, yaye abo ingeniso odityanisiweyo na izigidi zeerandi.

ERussia ukalisho nelamaRafa

Xa simo Forbes TNK, lodwa igesi Russian "Gazprom" uye wafumana indawo 16, wathabatha indawo akhokelayo phakathi iinkampani enxulumene oyile negesi candelo. Ngokutsho kweli phephancwadi US, ndifuna "Gazprom" phantse $ 25 billion, kunye nexabiso layo kwiimalike -. $ 133,6 billion "Lukoil" yaye "Rosneft" kwi kuluhlu lwabadlali ehlabathini wafumana indawo 69th kwaye yama-77 phakathi iinkampani 115 ehlabathini lonke .

Indima ngamazwe iinkampani ezinkulu

nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe zidlala indima ephambili jikelele ye-kwihlabathi R & D Isabelo imibutho ezinkulu akhawunti kuka-80% ye patents ababhalisiweyo kunye nemali eyabelwe ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi. E TNK usebenzisa namhlanje abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 abantu ngonyaka ukuvelisa iimveliso kuba phantse $ 1 zezigidi. Kumashishini ebangelwa neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe umsebenzi enikwa abantu abazizigidi ezili-150.

TNCs noorhulumente

Namhlanje, TNK kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi karhulumente, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ninamandla ulawulo. Kukho iinkampani ezininzi, ngokwemiqathango turnover elingaphezu eyenzwa kumazwe amaninzi, abaphathi abaphezulu zezi nkampani ngokuqhelekileyo ukwenza ushishino ngqo kunye noorhulumente. TNCs enamandla badla abasafuni naluphi na ulawulo, kubandakanywa phezu kumanqanaba kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Iingcali ukanti abahlalutyi ngokuphindaphindiweyo baye bavakalisa ukukhathazeka malunga nokwenzeka xi elibi inxalenye TNCs kumazwe asakhasayo. Kukho iimeko apho inkokheli bafuna inkxaso iinkampani ngoorhulumente, kwanokuba inkampani nemiphumela emibi ngenxa yabantu kunye nentlalo-ntle eli lizwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2003, Halliburton (USA) wenza isivumelwano ukwakha iziseko e-Iraq for $ 680 million.

zamazwe ngamazwe Russian

Ukuvela beenkampani ezinkulu Russian, abahlala izikhundla eziphambili kwimarike yehlabathi kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo, ibe ngenxa kuphuhliso loqoqosho Russian.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2000 wadala iimeko zivuma okukhutshwa iinkampani ezininzi Russian kurhwebo lwehlabathi. TNK - yinto corporation, inkampani lomzali onelungelo ikomkhulu kwelinye ilizwe ezizezalo izinto kwamanye amazwe. Phantsi iinqobo ze iinkampani zilandelayo ilingane TNK eRashiya NLMK, Rao "YO of Russia" MTS "VimpelCom", TNK-BP, "Alrosa". TNK - i "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Evraz", "Gazprom", "Rusal", "Severstal", "efa-" MMC "Norilsk Nickel". Zonke iinkampani ngasentla kufuneka asethi phesheya, siyanda kwiimalike zehlabathi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe yaye iibhanki ezaziwayo Russian ekubeni izinto kwamanye amazwe. Ezi ziquka "Vneshtorgbank", "Savings Bank", "Alfa-Bank", "MDM-Bank". Ngokutsho UNCTAD ukuya TNCs Russian nga zihlelwe kunye neenkampani zothutho, ezifana "Novoship", "Prisco" yaye "Far Eastern Shipping Inkampani."