Thymus (thymus). Thymus - isakhiwo. Thymus - indawo

Namhlanje uza kunibalisela ngemeko yintoni thymus (thymus). Ukongezelela koko, uya kufunda ayina indlela umzimba, wathi, yintoni imisebenzi yenziwa kwaye ibekwe phi na.

Overview

Thymus (thymus) - iqumrhu labantu lymphopoiesis, kwakunye nezilwanyana ezininzi. Kwenzeka "uqeqesho" ngumzimba, nokwanda kunye nohlenga ka-T-iiseli zamajoni omzimba.

imbonakalo Body

Thymus (thymus) - yinto encinane emzimbeni ubungakanani kunye guquki ethambileyo, ukuba inombala obupinkirha-nozithobela kumphezulu lobed. Xa kubelekwa imilinganiso yalo zimalunga-4 cm ububanzi, 5 - ubude 6 - ngokomelela. Thymus e abantwana ibe yimilinganiso elinganayo malunga 15-17 grams.

Ukuphakama umzimba kudlulela ekuqaleni kuka ukufikisa. Ngeli xesha imilinganiso yalo ukufikelela abaxabise ubuninzi: ukuya ku 7.5 cm ububanzi kunye 16 - ubude. ubunzima bayo kuba 20-38 grams.

Kunye nobudala thymus (thymus) nise yoma, kwaye ebudaleni ayahlukanga evela kwimimandla okunamafutha kwithishyu. Kwiminyaka 75, ubunzima yequmrhu enjalo 6 kuphela grams. Ukongeza, ithe umbala wayo. Oku kubangelwa kukwanda ekho iiseli ezityebileyo kunye stroma. Ngenxa yoko, le ndlala thymus uba yellow ngakumbi.

Le ingaba thymus: indawo emzimbeni womntu

Thymus yi phezulu esifubeni. Usendlini nje emva breastbone. Phambi umzimba okufuphi kuyo kwentamo kwinqanaba le intlala-4 costal, ngokunjalo yesikhumba. Emva kwakhe ayichukumise ummandla ophezulu pericardium, nolwenzelwa amalungu okuqala e-pulmonary kunye aorta, lo brachiocephalic eVienna kunye arch aortic. Macala omabini kukho pleura mediastinal.

Ubume umzimba

Ngoku uyazi ukuba yintoni na thymus. Ubume kulo mzimba, sibheka ngoku. Abantu, le nkqubo ibandakanya i-isithinzi 2, spliced omnye komnye okanye ngokusondeleyo ezikufutshane. Inxalenye esezantsi thymus ubanzi, kwaye phezulu, phezu koko, libanzi kakhulu. Kwipali aphezulu umzimba ngamandla embhoxo fork-mbini. Eneneni, ke igama layo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo umzimba wakho uphela ukhanyiselekile wambu capsule olulodwa, nto leyo ubunjwe izihlunu ashinyeneyo (nokuqina). Suka zemoto yakhe ubunzulu. Njengokuvuyelela kwabo ekwabeni kwabo thymus ibe ngamacetyana.

Nkovu, igazi kunye innervation

Unikezelo igazi organ livela amasebe thymic le arch aortic, Umthambo thoracic (lwangaphakathi), kwaye isiqu brachiocephalic kunye namasebe kwemithambo lengqula ezisezantsi neziphezulu. Ngokubhekiselele kuphuma lwemithambo, kuliwa ngokusebenzisa amasebe brachiocephalic ngemithambo thoracic lwangaphakathi.

Le nkovu avela kude thymus kunye nkovu plexus parasternal tracheobronchial.

thymus Innervated (umsebenzi kulo mzimba ziya kumelwa emva koku) yasekhohlo kunye namasebe lasekunene le luvo vagus, yaye unovelwano, apho sivela stellate amaqhina novelwano kunye buti eliphezulu thoracic ukuba iqanjwa plexuses-luvo ezingqonge iimpahla nomzimba feed.

Isakhiwo esikule

stroma Thymic iqulathe nocatshulo epithelium. Diverticula awuveli wesithathu kwinqugwala kumculo, uze sikhule mediastinum sobuKristu. Kwezinye iimeko, le stroma welungu ukhandwa imisonto ezongezelelweyo (ukusuka ngababini 4 nakwiingqameko zalo branchial).

Lymphocyte zivela iiseli Isiqu hematopoietic ukuba yafudukela organ isibindi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kwenzeka kwindawo yokuqala, ezintathu yesibini.

Kwindawo yokuqala inwebu thymus yi kunyebeleziso iiseli ezahlukeneyo egazini. Nangona kungekudala umsebenzi walo azezi ukuyilwa T-lymphocyte. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, thymus unalo isakhiwo lobed. Xa nezihlunu esithinzini ingqondo umahluko uphinde uthinte. Le yokugqibela ibekwe kwimiphetho kwaye ikhangeleka ngathi kwindawo emnyama. Kwakhona kwi uthinte kukho emithanjeni igazi kunye arterioles.

Ngokukhethekileyo kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba icandelo esebenzayo siqulathe iiseli:

• hematopoietic omlibo lymphoid (oko kukuthi, abaqolileyo T-lymphocyte);
• lwesiqu macrophage series (interdigitiruyuschie kunye dendritic iiseli, ngokuqhelekileyo macrophage).

Ukongeza, le neuron iquka iiseli imvelaphi epithelial, kuquka:

• stellate (thymus cell hormone enyibilikayo - thymosin, thymopoietin kunye nezinye elawula inkqubo yokukhula, iyantlukwano ekukhuleni iiseli T, kwaye umsebenzi iiseli abaqolileyo ngakumbi kwamajoni omzimba).
• iiseli axhasayo (ngenxa kubo ezikhandelwa zomzimba "skeleton", kwaye kananjalo bakha isithintelo gematotimusny);
• kletki "nanny" kunye intussusception, apho lymphocyte ukuphuhlisa.

Phantsi kulo mzimba philisi ngabona T lymphoblasts (fissile). ibekwe ngaphezulu kakhulu nokukhulisa lymphocyte T, ngokuthe ngcembe abeza kweli kweziyobisi ebuchotsheni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekukhuleni kwabo kuthatha malunga 20 iintsuku. Kweli xesha kukho ukusekwa kunye ngokutsha yemfuza ujiko T-cell receptor. Emva koko, baye ukhetho (positive). Ngamanye amazwi, le intsebenziswano kunye iiseli epithelial ziqala ukuba ukhethe nje "ofanelekileyo" lymphocyte, intsebenziswano receptors kunye TCR.

Inyathelo elilandelayo ukhetho lymphocyte ezimbi. Lisebenza ngqo kwi kumda kunye element lobuchopho. iiseli imvelaphi monocytic aqalile ukuba ukhethe iiseli abakwaziyo ukuba basebenzisane awakwazi zomzimba, uze uqalise apoptosis zabo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi Medulla iqulethe ubukhulu becala T-lymphocyte (lokuvuthwa). Ivela apha esimka kwemithambo yegazi ezinza emzimbeni. nokwakheka yeselula osisiqu linikwa stellate, ukuxhasa iiseli epithelial kunye macrophage. Ukongeza, kukho corpuscles Hassall kunye efferent neempahla emithanjeni.

Thymus: imisebenzi

Kutheni sifanele lo mzimba, Senza ntoni umsebenzi emzimbeni? iihomoni Thymic ezifana timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, into thymic humoral, insulin-ezifana ukukhula-1 polypeptides. Ukuba hypothymism umntu uya waqaphela, ukuba omzimba ngenxa yokuba kukho ukuhla okuphawulekayo ukunciphisa inani T-lymphocyte egazini.

Ngenxa yoko, oko ngokukhuselekileyo makuqatshelwe into yokuba i-T-lymphocyte kwi thymus ukufumana iimpawu ezinjalo ukuba zinjengesikhuselo iiseli eziyifaneleyo umzimba ezingaqhelekanga (ngenxa walimala). Ilahleko yokuqala imisebenzi ephambili esinobubovu thymus kunokukhokelela ukusebenza ezinesiphene kumajoni omzimba womntu.

iiseli Epithelial ye esithinzini thymus bavelise hormone elawula inguqu lymphocyte in wathi omzimba. Kwezinye iimeko, xa umdala inokuba ukwahluka ethile nezifo. Njengomgaqo, oku kubangelwe utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo kwi thymus kunye nezinye izigqeba lymphoid. Oku kuphambuka kube kakuhle unobangela wokufa ngesiquphe isigulane ngexesha zomzimba kutyando.

Iingcali zithi thymus na ilungu ngundoqo kumajoni omzimba womntu.

ummiselo

Thymus iihomoni kunye secretion kwabo kulawulwa glucocorticoids, okt babizwa ngokuba iihomoni ye uthinte adrenal. Ukongeza, ukuba umsebenzi obandakanyekayo interferon, lymphokines neeinterleukins, yaveliswa iiseli ezahlukeneyo yamajoni omzimba.

isifo kunokwenzeka thymus

Lo mzimba ukuze phantsi ezinxaxhileyo ezifana:

• syndrome Di Dzhorzhi;
• syndrome Medac;
• myasthenia gravis (kuphuhliso njenge sifo elizimeleyo, kodwa unxulunyaniswa thymoma).

Ukongeza, emzimbeni elinemifanekiso kunokubangela yamathumba ezifana:

• thymoma, thymic wabumba iseli epithelial;
• T-cell lymphoma, asakhulayo ukusuka lymphocyte, kunye uhlobo zabo;
• ngamathumba neuroendocrine;
• yamathumba pre-T-lymphoblast athi ngamanye amaxesha abe kwasendaweni zaseprayimari thymus kwaye zibonisiwe ngokohlobo nokungena enkulu kwi mediastinum, kulandele iinguqu lwephanyazo zibe wegazi;
• ithumba onge (luvo kunye imvelaphi nemithambo).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yamathumba thymic inokuba nembonakalo syndrome of ezidalwe neoplasia uhlobo 1.

Ngubani uqhagamshelane ukulungiselela isaveyi?

Ukuba kukho urhano lokuba ezitshangubeni kwenzeka thymus, ngoko kufuneka ngoko nangoko uye engokuthintelwa kunye somdlavuza. Ngokusekelwe data MRI, X-reyi kwaye CT scan esifubeni, oogqirha ukubeka isigulane uxilongo echanekileyo ukumisela unyango (amasiko okanye ngotyando).