Republic zePalamente: imizekelo amazwe. republic zePalamente: uluhlu

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezingundoqo karhulumente kweli hlabathi mihla, apho ukusekwa ngokwembali. Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela inkqubo yezopolitiko ezifana republic yasepalamente. Imizekelo yamazwe uyakwazi ukufumana kweli nqaku.

Yintoni na?

LePalamente Republic (imizekelo mazwe kule fomu urhulumente inokufumaneka ngezantsi) - uhlobo karhulumente apho onke amandla nomzimba ekhethekileyo mthetho - ipalamente. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo ibizwa ngokwahlukileyo: Bundestag - eJamani, iPalamente State - eOstriya, i Saeima - ePoland, njalo-njalo ..

Ifom urhulumente "republic zepalamente" luphawulwa ngokuyintloko yinyaniso ukuba iPalamente yakha urhulumente, apho uxanduva ngokupheleleyo, yaye yonyula nomongameli welizwe (kwiimeko ezininzi). Njengoko yonke le nto iyenzeka practice? Emva konyulo esepalamente Party Abantu ngokuphumelela sisininzi ukwenza yindibano ngokwesiseko apho urhulumente omtsha usenziwa. Kulo mzekelo, iqela ngalinye ufumana inani 'iiphothifoliyo' ngokungqinelana ubunzima yayo umfelandawonye. Kwaye kunjalo, izivakalisi ezimbalwa, kwaye uchaze ukusebenza njengequmrhu efana republic yasepalamente.

Imizekelo yamazwe - republic "olunyulu" lwepalamente - kunokuphumela kulandelayo: kuba eJamani, Austria, Ireland, India (le yeyona mizekelo sakudala). Ukususela ngo-1976, inani labo kongezelelwa Portugal, yaye ukususela ngowe-1990 - African uhlanga Cape Verde.

Musa ukubhidanisa iingqiqo ezifana lobukhosi yasepalamente kunye republic yepalamente, nangona ziyafana kakhulu. Ukufana ephambili kukuba zombini iindawo iqhuba ngaphezulu igunya lisebenza iPalamente kunye nomongameli (okanye umlawuli) unembinana nje kuphela umsebenzi ummeli, oko kukuthi luhlobo kuphela isimboli yelizwe. Kodwa umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi ntlobo ngurhulumente uyiRhiphablikhi yepalamente apho Umongameli wonyulwa yipalamente lonke ixesha, kwaye kule ndawo yookumkani yi ilifa.

Republic: kamongameli, epalamente, ugalelwe

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iintlobo ezintathu kwamazwe. Kuxhomekeke kwisayizi nobubanzi amagunya ngumongameli - umongameli - abalaseleyo Republic kamongameli kunye yepalamente. Umzekelo ezaziwa uyiRhiphablikhi kaMongameli wayethetha eUnited States, imizekelo woM- zemveli yepalamente - eJamani, eItali, Czech Republic kunye nabanye.

Kwakhona, uhlobo wesithathu yabelwe kwaye Republic - ekuthiwa-mixed. Xa ezinjalo uthi, amabini amasebe afakwa malunga amandla efanayo kwaye ulawule abanye. Le mizekelo iphawulekayo mazwe - France, Romania.

Eyona eziphambili iimpawu republic yepalamente

Zonke States of uyiRhiphablikhi yepalamente iimpawu ezifanayo, apho kufanele ukuba zidweliswe:

• igunya lolawulo fanele ngokupheleleyo kwintloko karhulumente, ingaba iNkulumbuso okanye Chancellor;
• UMongameli inyulelwa indawo ayikho abantu, kunye nePalamente (okanye ibhodi ezizodwa);
• Inkulumbuso otyunjwe nguMongameli, nangona onyulwe inani iinkokeli ukwenza mfelandawonye isininzi;
• uxanduva ngokupheleleyo amanyathelo kaRhulumente uvelisa intloko yayo;
• zonke izenzo kaMongameli iya kuba semthethweni kuphela xa zisayinwe iNkulumbuso okanye umPhathiswa echaphazelekayo.

republic zePalamente: kuluhlu lwamazwe

Ubukho ehlabathini kule fomu urhulumente mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngoku, kukho malunga namashumi amathathu republic yipalamente, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inani eyodwa kulo mba ayikho. Into yokuba amanye amazwe kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuthiwe uhlobo oluthile. Imizekelo yiPalamente yeRiphabliki zinikwe apha ngezantsi (zisasazwe phezu iindawo zehlabathi):

• Europe - Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, eJamani, Poland, Portugal, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia ne Slovakia;
• Asia - Turkey, Sirayeli, Nepal, Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Iraq;
• Afrika - Ethiopia;
• eMelika - Dominica;
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Njengoko ubona, kwiriphabliki yepalamente, uluhlu equka kumazwe angaphezu kwe-30, ezi nakolu kummandla yaseYurophu. Esinye isici nangoko ebeganga eye - uninzi kula mazwe (ingakumbi xa sithetha eYurophu) libhekisela urhulumente kuphuhliswa ngokoqoqosho ngempumelelo kunye inqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso lwentando yesininzi.

Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina amazwe ehlabathini ngokwamanqanaba kwinqanaba yedemokhrasi (umbutho Economist Intelligence Unit), siyabona ukuba i-25 lithi ziye zanikwa inqanaba eliphezulu "idemokrasi ngokupheleleyo", amazwe 21 - uyiRhiphablikhi yasepalamente kunye neNgonyama. Kwakhona, la mazwe kukho iinkokheli kwi simo zeIMF ngokwemigaqo nganye capita GDP kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke ngokukhuselekileyo bathi ibhodi ifomu efanelekileyo nempumelelo (ixesha esebenzayo) ngco iPalamente Republic.

Kuluhlu lwamazwe ngasentla, kwaye zimelwe yi kwimephu ilandelayo ukuba kwiriphabliki zepalamente iphawulwe-orenji:

"Kwizazi 'kwaye' neengozi" yale fomu urhulumente

Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili zale nkqubo kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto kulandelayo:

• inkqubo zepalamente inika umanyano isebe lowiso-mthetho nelolawulo;
• onke amanyathelo karhulumente, njengoko umthetho, bafumana inkxaso epheleleyo wePalamente, eqinisekisa ukusebenza ezinzileyo kwenkqubo karhulumente;
• Le nkqubo yolawulo ikuvumela ukuba ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nomgaqo ukumelwa wesizwe kurhulumente.

Kukho, nakuba kunjalo, nakwiiriphabliki wepalamente nezingeloncedo ukuba ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yemfaneleko inkqubo yezopolitiko. Eyokuqala xenga kwimibutho zokusebenzisana, nto leyo ngokufuthi ekhokelela kwezepolitiki (imizekelo ecacileyo - Ukraine okanye Italy). Kwakhona, ngokufuthi kakhulu urhulumente angalawuliyo kufuneka bayeke luncedo ngezenzo eli lizwe, ukuze ukubambelela kumgca ezizinzululwazi isivumelwano sokusebenzisana le.

Enye ilahleko ebonakalayo kwe riphablik yepalamente - ingozi usurpation ngamandla kurhulumente likarhulumente xa ipalamente, enyanisweni, iba phakathi kweqhelekileyo "kumatshini ifakwe 'ukuba imithetho.

Okulandelayo, cinga awohluke kwenkqubo yezopolitiko ethandwa kwihlabathi ziiriphabliki yepalamente: Austria, eJamani, India ne Poland.

I-Federal Republic of Austria

Ipalamente Austria ubizwa ngokuba "Ukutya" kunye neerhuluneli yakhe kukhethwa ithuba leminyaka emine. central epalamente eli lizwe - Federal iintlawuliso Austria - iqulathe amagumbi amabini: Natsionalrat (183 namasekela) kunye Bundesrat (62 amasekela). Ukongeza, Ukutya wenu anayo ngalinye kumaphondo alithoba yase Austria.

E Austria, malunga 700 kuphela amaqela ababhalisiweyo, kodwa ngeli thuba ixesha kwipalamente Austria zimelwe ezintlanu kuphela kubo.

I-Federal Republic of Germany

Ipalamente German kwakhona kunyulwa iminyaka emine. It iqulathe amagumbi amabini, i-Bundestag, kubandakanya namasekela 622, kwaye Bundesrat (amalungu 69). Zamasekela ye Bundesrat - kodwa ke abameli bawo onke 16 zamazwe lizwe. Ngalinye States Federal kufuneka ukususela 3 ukuya kumalungu 6 kwipalamente kazwelonke (kuxhomekeke kubukhulu woMhlaba).

Ipalamente German wonyulwa njengoko Federal Chancellor, lowo wongamele isebe elilawulayo yaye, enyanisweni, ngumntu ophambili kurhulumente. Ukususela ngo-2005, le ofisi eJamani ithatha Angela Merkel - ofisi obhinqileyo lokuqala Federal Chancellor embalini eli lizwe.

The Republic of Poland

Polish IPalamente Sejm ligama, ibe naye bicameral. I-Polish IPalamente yenziwa iinxalenye ezimbini: nguwe kanye lo Ukutya, equka namasekela 460 neNdlu Yeengwevu, eyakhiwa namasekela-100. Saeima inyulwa leevoti, ngokutsho indlela D'Hondt. Ngelo xesha linye afumane isihlalo yepalamente Ukutya kunokuba kuphela abo bafumana ubuncinane yi-5% lweevoti kwi ivoti kazwelonke (ngaphandle kuphela abameli kwamaqela amancinci yobuzwe).

The Republic of India

Indiya naye republic yasepalamente apho onke amandla lixakathiswe iPalamente kunye norhulumente, apho bakha. Indian ipalamente iquka yaBantu Chamber kunye neBhunga States - umzimba emela iimfuno ithi ngamnye.

YaBantu House (alok Sabha) amasekela abanyulwe yi nevoti jikelele ethandwayo. Iyonke (ubuninzi phantsi kwe siseko of India) inani lamalungu eNdlu of the People - abantu 552. Ubomi intlanganiso leNdlu yiminyaka-5. Nangona kunjalo, i-Lok Sabha ukuze upheliswe nguMongameli ekuqaleni, kwaye kwezinye iimeko mthetho Indian ubonelela ukwandiswa Chamber kunyaka omnye. India ekhokelwa yi yaBantu Chamber Isithethi emva konyulo kwakhe kule ndawo unyanzelekile ukuba lirhoxe kule party.

Tip States (Rajya Sabha) amiliswe yokhetho ngqo yaye iquka ePalamente 245. Rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ukwakhiwa Rajya Sabha iyahlaziywa ngumntu wesithathu.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ngoku sinengcamango yokuba yintoni republic yasepalamente. Imizekelo yamazwe nathi kweli phepha ezimhlophe; kuba Austria, eJamani, eItali, ePoland, India, Singapore, i-Czech Republic kunye namanye amazwe (iyonke - malunga nama-30 ithi). Xa ndiqukumbela, singatsho ukuba inkqubo kwezopolitiko urhulumente zombini eziluncedo zayo kuneengxaki zako. Noko ke, namhlanje republic yepalamente - likwimo efanelekileyo ngempumelelo karhulumente ehlabathini.