Qokelela imithwalo phezu kwesiseko: umyalelo izibalo, iimpawu kunye neziphakamiso

Eyona njongo iphambili isiseko - lo ukudluliselwa imithwalo ukusuka isakhiwo emhlabeni. Ngoko ke, ukuqokelelwa yisa isiseko - omnye wemisebenzi ibalulekileyo ekufuneka zisonjululwe phambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa sakhiwo.

Yintoni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kubalwa umthwalo

Ukuchaneka ukubala - le yenye amanyathelo ezingundoqo kulwakhiwo, ekufuneka isonjululwe. Ekuqhubeni miscalculation kusenokwenzeka uxinzelelo isiseko luhlala imithwalo nje yaye "iya kuhamba ngaphantsi komhlaba." Xa kubalwa nokuqokelela umthwalo kwisiseko kufuneka ucinge ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini - umthwalo okwethutyana kunye esisigxina.

• Okokuqala - oku, Kakade ke, ubunzima isakhiwo ngokwaso. Ubunzima lilonke isakhiwo liyilwe inamacandelo ezininzi. Icandelo lokuqala - nguwo ubunzima elipheleleyo Iizilebhu zokwakha imigangatho, uphahla, esiphakathi, njl Icandelo lesibini - .. Ingaba ubunzima zonke iindonga, njengoko abathwali kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. Icandelo lesithathu - kukho ubunzima woqhakamshelwano, ezibekwe ngaphakathi endlwini (ugutyulo, ukufudumeza, amanzi). Icandelo yesine wokugqibela - kukho ubunzima lweziqalelo zokuhombisa indlu.
• Kwakhona kule kwingqokelela layisha isiseko kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubunzima, leyo ibizwa ngokuba umthwalo luncedo eso sakhiwo. Kweli nqanaba, sithetha zonke isixhobo lwangaphakathi (ifanitshala, izixhobo zombane, abahlali kunye njalo njalo. D.) Indlu.
• Uhlobo lwesithathu uxinezeleko - eli xesha, nto leyo ngokufuthi iquka ukubonakala ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu, umthwalo olongezelelweyo. Ezi ziquka umaleko kwemithwalo kwekhephu imimoya njalo-njalo. D.

Umzekelo kwingqokelela umthwalo isiseko

Ukuze kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo yonke imithwalo eziza kwenzeka isiseko esiyimfuneko ukuba isicwangciso floor ukuyila echanileyo, kwaye kananjalo ukwazi ukuba izinto ziza kwakhiwa isakhiwo. Ukuze ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ngakumbi inkqubo yokuqokelela ukuya umthwalo isiseko, ukwakhiwa ezichaseneyo ndlu iya kuqwalaselwa kunye mansandroy obitaemoey, nto leyo eza kuba kummandla phambene eRashiya.

• Indlu-ezinemigangatho eyodwa mansandroy elimiweyo.
• ubukhulu House yi-10 nge-10 leemitha.
• Ukuphakama phakathi imigangatho (Isilingi umgangatho) iya kuba kwiimitha ezi-2.5.
• iindonga ingaphandle ndlu iya kwakhelwa iibhloko eziphathekayo, Ebubanzini leyo ilingana no-38 cm. Kwakhona, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kuya kukugubungela ezi iibhloko furring izitena tolischnoy 12 cm.
• Ngaphakathi kule ndlu iya kuba ludonga obuvelisa, apho kuya kubakho ububanzi-38 cm.
• Ngaphezu plinth le ndlu iya kuba khona i umgangatho engenanto kwezinto ufakelo lwesamente. Ukususela umbandela enye, oko kuya yakhiwe kwaye ezifanayo ngenxa imbala.
• Le truss Uphahla iya kuba uhlobo, kwaye uphahla yenziwe ebhodi incence.

Ukubalwa umthwalo isiseko

Emva kokuba iye yaveliswa imithwalo phezu okuseka indlu, ungakwazi ukuqala ukubala.

• Into yokuqala ekufuneka ukubala - loo ndawo iyonke yonke imigangatho. House ubungakanani 10 neemitha ezili-10, ngoko ke le ndawo lilonke kuya kuba 100 square metres. m (10 * 10).
• Ukongeza kuyenzeka bangadlulela ekubaleni ummandla eludongeni iyonke. Eli xabiso olubandakanya indawo Ekungeneni iingcango neefestile. Kuba nakwimigangatho yokuqala ubalo olungumgubo baya kukhangela ngolu hlobo - 2.5 * 4 * 10 = 100 macala onke. m. Njengoko endlwini mansandroy elimiweyo, ngoko ukuqokelelwa yisa isiseko ngokusekelwe kule yokwakha. Kuba le ndawo yokuba umgangatho ilingana 65 square metres. m. Emva izibalo, zombini ubuninzi esongezwa kwenzeka ukuba indawo lilonke iindonga isakhiwo 165 macala onke. m.
• Okulandelayo, kufuneka ukubala indawo lilonke eliseluphahleni sesakhiwo. Kuya kuba 130 square metres. m -. 1.3 * 10 * 10.

Emva ekwenzeni ezi zibalo, kufuneka usebenzise itafile ukuqokelela imithwalo phezu kweli litye lesiseko, nto leyo ebonisa amaxabiso avareji izixhobo eziza kusetyenziswa xa kusakhiwa kwesakhiwo.

Strip isisekelo

Ekubeni kukho iintlobo ezininzi lesiseko, enokusetyenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwendawo, iza kuqwalaselwa iinketho eziliqela. Ukhetho lokuqala - it oqokelela phezu imithwalo komcu lesiseko. Olu luhlu luya kubandakanya ubunzima imithwalo yazo zonke izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kwakhiwa isakhiwo.

1. Weight iindonga ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Kubalwa njengoko ummandla uwonke, ngaphandle amathuba iifestile neengcango.
2. Indawo Iizilebhu komgangatho kunye nezinto iya kwakhiwa kuyo.
3. Ummandla yophahla kunye nophahla.
4. Ummandla kwenkqubo umqadi kuphandla ubunzima izinto zokuxhoma uphahla.
5. Area of iileli nezinye izinto zangaphakathi endlwini, kwakunye ubunzima izinto ukusuka apho kwenziwa.
6. Kwakhona kufuneka ukongeza ubunzima izixhobo ezisetyenziswa xa eqwalasele ulwakhiwo, bevelisa ikepusi, nobushushu ne-air, kwakunye bajamelene iindonga ngaphakathi kunye / okanye lwangaphandle zendlu.

Ezi ngongoma embalwa yimizekelo yokuqokelelwa abayithweleyo isiseko nasiphi isakhiwo ukuba sakhiwe kwi uhlobo inkxaso ibhanti.

Umlinganiselo Iindlela strip sesiseko ngeKhithi

Bala isiseko tape ngeendlela ezimbini. Indlela yokuqala ibandakanya ekubaleni lokuzala umthamo umhlaba phantsi kwesiseko lesiseko, kwaye eyesibini - phezu deformation umhlaba efanayo. Ekubeni kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise indlela yokuqala yokubala, yaye iza kuphononongwa. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ulwakhiwo ngqo iqala isiseko, kodwa ukuyila kwesi siza kwenziwa ethubeni yokugqibela. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba njongo iphambili yale yoyilo - ukutshintshela umthwalo endlwini emhlabeni. A kwingqokelela layisha siseko kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba isicwangciso esineenkcukacha yaziwa izakhiwo elizayo. ukubala ngqo isiseko angohlulwa ngezigaba 3:

• Isigaba sokuqala - kwenkcazo umthwalo phezu kwesiseko.
• Inqanaba lesibini - ukhetho lweempawu kwe tape.
• Isigaba sesithathu - i parameters hlengiso ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko yokusebenza.

ikholam Fundam phantsi

Xa ukwakha izindlu ikholam ingasetyenziswa aba. Noko ke, ukuba enze ubalo kunzima olu hlobo kobume inkxaso. Zonke ukuntsonkotha ubalo kukuba ukuqokelelwa imithwalo phezu kwesiseko ende yokwenza ngokunokwabo kunzima. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ukuba imfundo zokwakha ezikhethekileyo kunye nezakhono ezithile. Ukuze zokusombulula ingxaki umthwalo esekelwe phezu kwesiseko bomhlathi, kufuneka ukuba le datha ilandelayo:

• Eyokuqala i parameter ekufuneka ithathelwe iinkxalabo ingqalelo iimeko zemozulu. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukumisela iimeko zemozulu kuloo mmandla, oluqhutywa ulwakhiwo. Ukongeza, i parameter ebalulekileyo iya kuba uhlobo kunye namandla komoya, kwakunye amaza omoya sicatshulwa imvula kunye namandla awo.
• Inyathelo lesibini kukuba ukwenza imephu geodetic. Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuhamba kwamanzi omhlaba, ngamaxesha ukubana zabo, uhlobo, isakhiwo ubukhulu kwingxelo angaphantsi komhlaba.
• Kulo Isigaba sesithathu, Kakade ke, kufuneka babale umthwalo phezu kwemiqadi eyayixhaswa ziintsika evela kwisakhiwo ngokwayo, oko kukuthi, ubunzima wokwakha elizayo.
• Ngokusekelwe data zifumaneka ngaphambili, kufuneka ukhethe ibakala elichanekileyo ze eziphathekayo kwiimpawu, amandla kunye nokwakheka.

Indlela ku tirhisa isiseko ekubaleni kumhlathi

Xa kubalwa isiseko kwikholam ukuthini umthwalo ubalo square sentimitha isiseko nganye. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuze ubale isiseko esiyimfuneko ukuba umhlathi, kufuneka ukwazi konke malunga nesakhiwo, umhlaba kunye komhlaba eliya ekufutshane. Kuyimfuneko ukuqokelela zonke iinkcukacha, hlela kuyo, nangomhla ngokusekelwe iziphumo ziya kuqhuba ubalo epheleleyo imithwalo kwisiseko phantsi ikholam. Ukuze ukuba lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko, yenza oku kulandelayo:

1. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uyilo epheleleyo yesakhiwo kunye lonke unxibelelwano, eya kuthabatha indawo ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo, kwakunye ukwazi ukuba izinto ziza kusetyenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo.
2. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubala indawo lilonke omnye ngenkxaso.
3. Kufuneka uqokelele zonke parameters wesakhiwo yaye ngaloo isiseko ukubala xi eya kubonelela isakhiwo ukuya inkxaso uhlobo column.

isisekelo kukopha

isiseko zophe - ke nakumphezulu okuxhasayo eziphathekayo, nto leyo ebangela uxinzelelo lusetyenziswayo kubume. Kukho ulandelelwano article apho kufuneka ukuba uqokelele imithwalo esesiphelweni isiseko, kwakunye calculation ngakumbi. Ukuze kumiselwe umthwalo emphethweni, kufuneka ukuba isicwangciso emgangathweni wendlela wesakhiwo, ukuba yindlu multi-ezinemigangatho, okanye isicwangciso kwendlu eqhelekileyo, ukuba isakhiwo umgangatho omnye kuphela. Ukongeza, kufuneka ukuba isicwangciso amacandelo longitudinal kwaye ezinqamlezayo esakhiweni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze ubale umthwalo esesiphelweni isiseko kwi sakhiwo-esinemigangatho ezilishumi, kuyimfuneko ukwazi oku kulandelayo:

• Ubunzima, ubukhulu kunye ukuphakama ndaxheleka emphefumlweni.
• Weight iibhulorho ezibuhlazarha, ezo zisetyenziswa iisilingi, nande eli nani linani imigangatho.
• izahlulelo ubunzima, liphindaphindwe inani imigangatho.
• Kwakhona kufuneka ukongeza ubunzima kophahla, ubunzima amanzi kunye umqobo umphunga.

iziphumo

Njengoko ubona, ukuze ubale umthwalo phezu kwesiseko naluphi na uhlobo, kufuneka ukuba yonke idatha malunga nesakhiwo, ngokunjalo ukwazi yeseti ifomula ukubala.

Okwangoku, Noko ke, le ngxaki ngandlel lula kukuba kukho iikhalityhuleyitha elektroniki ukuba enze zonke izibalo endaweni zabantu. Kodwa ukusebenza ngendlela eyiyo nefanelekileyo, kufuneka zizakulayishwa lonke ulwazi malunga ekwakheni umbandela uya kwakhiwa kuzo, njalo-njalo kwifowuni. D.