Protein yokuqaphela esiseleni, ukulandelelana iinkqubo biosynthetic. Yindibanisela kwiiproteni ribosomes.

Ubomi yinkqubo zempilo iimolekyuli protein. Yiloo nto lubonakaliswa njani ezininzi izazinzulu abakholelwa ukuba kwiproteni sisiseko wabo bonke ubomi. Ezi ngxelo zichanekile ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba kwezi zinto kwi iseli nani likhulu nemisebenzi esisiseko. Zonke ezinye iikhompawundi organic zidlala indima substrates amandla, kwaye amandla kwakhona ngenxa Yindibanisela iimolekyuli protein.

ukukwazi komzimba ukuze nokulungelelanisa protein

Asizizo zonke izinto ezikhoyo banako ukwenza i Yindibanisela iiproteni kwiseli. Iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya ezithile azinako ukuba iiprothini, yaye ngenxa yoko gazi Nika into esifunwayo kwi host kwiseli. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuquka iiseli prokaryotic, bayakwazi nokulungelelanisa iiprothini. Bonke abantu iiseli, izilwanyana, izityalo, nomngundo, phantse zonke iintsholongwane kunye protists uphile ngenxa ekukwazini biosynthesis protini. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe le isakhiwo-uyila, zokuzikhusela, receptor, uthutho kunye neminye imisebenzi.

-Stage isici protein biosynthesis

Ubume kwiproteni ufakwe ngendlela nucleic acid (iDNA okanye RNA) njenge codon. Le ulwazi ilifa ukuba idlalwa lonke ixesha iseli kufuna into protein entsha. Ekuqaleni biosynthesis na ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukuya ngumongo imfuneko nokulungelelanisa iproteni entsha iipropati kakade.

Ukuphendula le nxalenye dispiralized le nucleic acid, apho isakhiwo wayo iibhakhowudi. Le ndawo kabili isithunywa RNA mazigqithiselwe ribosome. Abanoxanduva ukwakhiwa chain polypeptide ngokususela isizalo - isithunywa RNA. Ngokufutshane onke amanyathelo biosynthetic zezi zilandelayo:

• Ukukhuphela (DNA kabini inyathelo isahlulo nesakhiwo protein ekhowudiweyo);
• processing (inyathelo yokutshata umthunywa RNA);
• translation (protein kudibaniso kwisisele ngokwesiseko isithunywa RNA);
• ukuguqulwa posttranslational ( "ekukhuleni" le polypeptide, ukuyilwa kobume bayo-ntathu).

Ukubhalwa nucleic acid

Wonke iseli protein amagama in ribosome wenziwa, yaye ulwazi malunga iimolekyuli eziqulathwe a nucleic acid (RNA okanye DNA). Kungenxa kwi zofuzo: isakhi ngasinye - iproteni ethile. Yemfuza yafakwa ulwazi malunga ukulandelana acid asidi iproteni inoveli. Kwimeko sokususwa DNA ikhowudi yezofuzo luqhutywa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Iqala inkululeko le acid inxenye acid ye histone kwenzeka despiralization;
• DNA polymerase kabili inxenye iDNA apho sofuzo ye kwiproteni igcinwa;
• isahlulo kabini namthunywa RNA siphu-, apho kusetyenzwa ngayo enqanda ukususa ifaka non-ikhowudi (ngokwesiseko balo eli Yindibanisela mRNA).

Ngokusekelwe proinformatsionnoy RNA ukuba kuhlelwe mRNA. Sele matrix, ngoko protein kuyondelelaniswe esiseleni lwenzeka kwi ribosomes (kwi reticulum rough endoplasmic).

Ribosomal protein yokuqaphela

Messenger RNA uye emiphethweni yayo yomibini, ezenziwe ngaphandle njengoko 3`- 5`. Ukufunda protein kudibaniso nge ribosomes kunye 5`kontsa iqala kwaye kuyaqhubeka de intron - isabelo nto encoder nayiphi na acid. Oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• isithunywa RNA "kwenziwa" kwi ribosome, joyina acid acid yokuqala;
• imenza ribosome kunye mRNA ukuya codon eyodwa;
• Inika transfer RNA olifunayo (mRNA codon data ekwi khowudi) ye-acid alpha-amino;
• acid acid iqhotyoshelwe ukuba kokuqala acid acid ukwenza dipeptide;
• mRNA koko kwakhona yasiwa yi codon mnye, itreyi kunye Alpha-acid acid iqhotyoshelwe ukuba liyanda kwitsheyini peptide.

Kwathi kamsinya nje akuba ribosome lufika intron (non-esephepheni faka), umthunywa RNA nje ihamba phambili. Emva koko, njengoko phambili umthunywa RNA, ribosome ifikelela kwakhona exon - icandelo, ukulandelelana nucleotide leyo lihambisana acid acid ethile.

Ukusuka kule ndawo iqala kwakhona protein wokujoyina monomers kwitsheyini. Le nkqubo iqhubeka de elivela komnye intron okanye de codon stop. polypeptide chain Last kuyondelelaniswe uphelisa, apho ubume protein lokuqala kugqalwa lugqityiwe kwaye Inqanaba postsynthetic iqala (posttranslational) nenguqulo molecule.

ukuguqulwa post-translational

Emva translation, iiproteins kuyondelelaniswe kwenzeka kwamatanki egudileyo reticulum endoplasmic. Le yokugqibela iqulethe imali encinane ribosomes. Kwezinye iiseli ukuze ndingekhoyo SEBEN. iindawo ezinjalo kufuneka ibe lokuqala lesibini, okanye nowesithathu sele ngoko, ukuba ekhethiweyo, isakhiwo koqeqesho.

Wonke cell protein amagama lwenzeka kwi isixa esikhulu nenkcitho amandla ATP. Ngenxa yokuba zonke ezinye iinkqubo eziphilayo ukuze ukuxhasa protein biosynthesis. Ukongeza, ezinye e-eneji efunekayo ukuze ukuthutha iiproteni esiseleni ngezithuthi esebenzayo.

Uninzi iiproteni zidluliselwa ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwenye indawo ukulungiswa. Ngokukodwa, post-translational protein amagama kwenzeka entsonkothileyo Golgi, apho uzibandakanya isakhiwo ethile ekudleni okanye lipid ithambeka polypeptide.