Ngubani wabhala "Robinson Crusoe"? Daniel Defoe inoveli: umxholo, abalinganiswa abaphambili

Le ncwadi malunga adventures Robinson Crusoe ngokufanelekileyo kuqwalaselwa omnye imisebenzi idumileyo ncwadi yaseYurophu. Kwanabo babantu bakuthi abangekho akathandi ngokukhethekileyo ukuchitha ukufunda ixesha, mhlawumbi uya kukwazi ukuba usixelele loo nto kanye phezu ngexesha ufunda malunga adventures emangalisayo nomatiloshe, phantse mathathu iminyaka waphila yedwa kwisiqithi entlango. Nangona kunjalo, inani elincinci kakhulu abafundi izakukhumbula owabhala Robinson Crusoe. Ukuba kanye kwakhona ukubuyela le ncwadi, kodwa gxwa emva umoya akhuliswa ikhululekile, ukufunda eli nqaku ucinga ngento wabhala umbhali, ngenxa yoku yapapashwa adventures emangalisayo nomatiloshe.

Robinson Crusoe and Munchausen

Iziganeko kubomi nomatiloshe, echazwe ngu Daniel Defoe - enye yeencwadi 17-18 leminyaka, nto leyo ethatha indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi imisebenzi iincwadi zabantwana, kunye adventures Baron Munchausen. Kodwa ukuba imbali ome odumileyo, akhanyele ukuba wasuka yena ephuma kumgxobhozo yi-iinwele, abantu abadala baphinda kuphela ngexesha nostalgia ngenxa ebuntwaneni, inoveli ukuba wenza uDaniyeli Defoe - akulula. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama lombhali owabhala malunga adventures emangalisayo Baron, eyaziwa kuphela kwabo abanezakhono-bibliography.

Robinson Crusoe. Isihloko imisebenzi

Siza kuzama ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni umsebenzi iphambili yalo msebenzi. Abo khumbula ibali, leyo yantlitha Robinson Crusoe, umxholo yomsebenzi, kucacile ukuba kutheni umbhali ndikudalile oko. Lo mxholo yenoveli - yinto ingxaki abantu oluphucukileyo, ukuba wedwa kunye nendalo.

Ngomhla ekudalweni kwemisebenzi

I inoveli uchaza ixesha mihla kuba umbhali, ixesha, geographical ezifunyaniswe, xa oomatiloshe inokuba iminyaka emininzi elwandle.

Adventure-adventure Uhlobo isebenza kakhulu kumba kwinoveli eziyinyani eNgilani ngelo xesha.

Kwase ye umlinganiswa ophambili - nomatiloshe Selkirk kwaye, kakade, SikaDaniyeli Defoe. Umbhali wanika Robinson echwayithile yakhe nenamandla. Noko ke, Robinson senior umbhali phantse kwiminyaka engama-30, xa eliqina amazwe matiloshe kunxweme lweenkobe lwakhe, ezele amandla, abafundileyo Defoe sele isebenza eLondon.

Ngokungafaniyo Selkirk, Robinson uchitha kwisiqithi eliyintlango emine kunye neminyaka enesiqingatha, yaye engama-28 ubude. Umbhali ngabom ubeka beqhawe kwiimeko ezinjalo. Emva kokuhlala kwi kwisiqithi eyintlango Robinson yindoda ephucukile.

Daniel Defoe wakwazi ukubhala ngokuphawulekayo ngokuchanekileyo malunga nemozulu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana wesiqithi, leyo Robinson. Uququzelelo kule ndawo ungqamane uququzelelo isiqithi Tobago. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba umbhali sele efunde ngononophelo ulwazi echazwe iincwadi ezifana "Ukufunyanwa Guiana", "Ehlabathini Lonke" kunye nabanye.

Le noveli yapapashwa

Xa ufunda lo msebenzi, ufumanisa ukuba umntu owabhala "Robinson Crusoe," waziva Kwakumnandi gqitha ukusebenza ngumqondo yakhe. Umsebenzi, kwenziwe Danielem Defo, nalo yibo bexesha lakhe. Le ncwadi yapapashwa Aprili 25, 1719. Abafundi inoveli ezifana ukuba lo msebenzi nyaka waye iprintwe izihlandlo ezine, kodwa kuphela ebomini yombhali - 17.

Ubuchule yombhali wayexatyiswa: abafundi akholelwa adventures okukhulu ophambili, oye wachitha kweminyaka engama-30 kwisiqithi entlango emva nqanawa.

isishwankathelo

Robinson Crusoe - unyana yesithathu ka indoda esisityebi. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, lo mfana amaphupho ukuhamba. wabulawa Omnye kubazalwana bakhe, omnye wawungekho, ngoko ke uyise yokuba waya elwandle.

Ngowe-1651 waya eLondon. Inqanawa apho ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise, iya kwaphuka.

Ukusuka London, ugqiba ukuya eGuinea, ngoku umkhombe sitsala privateer Turkish. Robinson ulikhoboka. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini, yena akukho themba ukubaleka, kodwa xa kweliso liyafa, Robinson ufumana ithuba lokuphuma. It Xury YamaSilamsi wathumela iintlanzi. YamaSilamsi eyaphoselwa ngaphandle kwaloo nqanawa, ngokuba uyaninyanga Xury sibalekela ndaweni-nye.

nqanawa Portuguese ayichole kwawo elwandle waza wayithimba eBrazil. Robinson uthengisa umphathi Xury beenqanawa.

E Brazil, umlinganiswa ophambili yomveleli uthenga ngokupheleleyo umhlaba, abasebenzi, xa ilizwi, livela kwi "kuthetha yegolide", oko kukuthi ngoko wayefuna uyise.

Kodwa ukunxanelwa adventure kudala naye ngotyelelo unxweme Guinea ukuba abasebenzi. Abamelwane Abatyali wathembisa ukuba ukulima xa engekho yaye ukuba ndimthumele belingana onke amakhoboka. inqanawa yakhe kwaphuka. Ngomnye basindileyo.

Nokufikelela lula ukuya elunxwemeni, Robinson uchitha ubusuku bokuqala emthini. Enqanaweni, uziphakamisa izixhobo, wompu, imipu, ukutya. Robinson uyaqonda ukuba lo siqithi nabemi. Kamva izihlandlo ezili-12 bavelelwa ngokuvelelwa inqanawa kwaye ufumana 'yimfumba ngegolide, "philosophically ingqalelo yokusebenziseka kwaso.

Robinson evumelana wena yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo. Yena wengwenya iibhokhwe, uze domesticates kubo, useka ulimo, owakha ikhalenda (iinotshi esibondeni). Emva kweenyanga ezili-10 kwi-siqithi yena ufumana eyakhe "cottage" wakhe, nto leyo umlinganiswa ophambili intente yinxalenye siqithi, apho kukho imivundla, iimpungutye, amahobe, ukukhula umxoxozi neediliya.

Robinson iphupha - ukwakha isikhephe ukuya mpumalanga, kodwa wokuba yakhiwe, ukuze simvumele ukuba ahambe kuphela kufutshane nesiqithi.

Xa ophambili ubhaqa ubukho siqithi: Iminyaka emibini ababenako ngendlela eyoyikekayo idliwe savages.

Robinson uthemba ukugcina nobudlova, elilungiselelwe 'ukuba libulale ", ukufumana umhlobo, abancedisayo okanye isicaka.

Ekupheleni sokuhlala kwakho kwisiqithi ebomini bakhe iza ngoLwesihlanu, usifundisa amagama amathathu: ". Inkosi" "ewe", "hayi", Kunye zalenza yaseSpain nangoLwesihlanu uyise, amabanjwa of savages. Kungekudala emva koko, i-siqithi kufika umyalelo inqanawa IsiNgesi ukuba wayithimba umphathi-mkhosi wakhe, isekela lakhe kunye isitya umkhweli. Robinson ekhulula amabanjwa. Captain wawunikela eNgilani.

NgoJuni 1686 Robinson ukubuya kuhambo lwakhe. Abazali bakhe kade bafa. Ibuya yonke kwengeniso evela emasimini eBrazil. Uthabatha unonophelo abatshana ezimbini, ukutshata (at 61), uye wazalelwa oonyana ababini kunye nentombi.

Izizathu kwimpumelelo yale ncwadi

Into yokuqala negalelo kwimpumelelo inoveli - isakhono omkhulu lowo owabhala "Robinson Crusoe." Daniel Defoe umsebenzi omkhulu sele yenziwe kwi ekufundweni imithombo zejografi. Oku kwamnceda ukuba ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu enezityalo nezilwanyana wesiqithi entlango. I-phithi umbhali kunye nomsebenzi wakhe, lo mnqweno bokuyila ukuba nayo - konke oku kwenza ukuba umsebenzi umfundi oluthembekileyo kakhulu babekholelwa ngokwenene kule ngcamango Defoe.

Isizathu sesibini sokuba impumelelo - oko ngokuqinisekileyo libali umdla. Le inoveli adventure indalo entsha.

Umbhali lo msebenzi, "Robinson Crusoe", abalinganiswa apho thina sonke bayawazi, wenza umlinganiswa ophambili zomntu yesiqhelo zesiqhelo yahlukile, kunjalo, inkalipho nokomelela.

Nemiba yophuhliso yobuntu ophambili

Kulula ukucinga ukuba ekuqaleni, kanye siqithi, Robinson waziva lithemba zinzulu. Yena - umntu obuthathaka, Wasala yedwa kunye elwandle. Robinson Crusoe eqwengiweyo koko yasetyenziswa. Impucuko lusenza buthathaka.

Kamva, Noko ke, uyaqonda indlela lucky yena, yena wayesaphila. Ngenxa yokuqonda isikhundla sakhe, ophambili uqalisa ezilalisa siqithi.

Iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibhozo ubomi kwisiqithi eyintlango Robinson wafunda lukhulu ukuba yamnceda kusinda. Kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu ukusuka impucuko, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafunde izakhono ukuze lihlise nomlilo, ukwenza amakhandlela, izinto zokubhala, ioli. Lo mntu wenza eyakhe indlu, nempahla yayo, bafunda ukubhaka isonka, iingobozi uyiluke, ukuba balime ilizwe.

Mhlawumbi zezakhono ezibalulekileyo abe Robinson Crusoe iminyaka emininzi - kukukwazi ubomi, ukuba zikhona na bume. Akazange angakhalaza ukudalelwa, kodwa wenza nje yonke into ebomini bakhe phezu siqithi ngcono kuye kwamnceda lo msebenzi onzima.

inoveli Psychological

Artwork of Robinson Crusoe ngokufanelekileyo kuqwalaselwa kwinoveli lokuqala nasengqondweni. Umbhali isixelela ntoni umlinganiswa ophambili, ezi mvavanyo ukuba leentyatyambo. Lvt wabhala Robinson Crusoe, engaqhelekanga kanye iintetho malunga namava abantu kwisiqithi entlango. Umbhali uveza iresiphi, apho umlinganiswa ophambili ufumana amandla ukuba alahlekelwe isibindi. Robinson wasinda kuba nako ukutsala kunye mna usebenze nzima, ngaphandle singanikezeli lithemba.

Ukongeza, Defoe wanika hero ubuchule ukuze ahlaziye ukuziphatha kwabo. Robinson wayigcina idayari, nto leyo kudala kuphela iqabane lakhe. Umlinganiswa oyintloko oye wafunda ukuba abone okulungileyo kuko konke kwenzeka kuye. Wayesenza esazi ukuba izinto zibe mbi kakhulu. nezakhono zobomi Complex kufuneka ukuba ube nethemba.

Indlela emi ngayo umlinganiswa ophambili

Robinson Crusoe, imisebenzi intloko Defoe asixelela lukhulu malunga sinalento - umlinganiswa sengqiqweni kakhulu. Kanye njengaye nawuphi na omnye umntu kule matiloshe baye baneempawu ezintle nezimbi.

Kwimeko Xury ukuthi kuziveza njengokuba umngcatshi, angabi nako ukuze uqonde nabanye. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo, umzekelo, ukuba ngoLwesihlanu umbiza ngokuba Nkosi, ingabi wumbi. Of ngokwakhe Robinson wathi njengoko umkhosi siqithi, okanye njengoko ukumkani ilizwe.

Noko ke, umbhali unika ophambili iimpawu ezininzi ezintle. Uyaqonda ukuba unako kuthwala uxanduva zonke iingxaki ebomini bakhe kuphela. Robinson - ubuntu onamandla owenza rhoqo yaye befuna impucuko nakwizibetho zabo.

ngombhali

Life of Daniel Defoe iphuphume kunye adventure ngokupheleleyo ephikisanayo. Emva kokuphumelela Theological Academy, yena, ke, bonke ubomi bakhe imide benza amashishini ezinxulumene emngciphekweni omkhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba wayengomnye nxaxheba kwimvukelo nxamnye umbuso, uze emva koko wanyamalala ixesha elide.

umsebenzi wayo yonke edityaniswa iphupha, nto leyo luqondwa ngabantu abaninzi; ke wayefuna ukuba zizityebi.

Yi engama-20 wabekwa njenge ochumayo, kodwa kamva ubunzima ibe yimali, ngoko ukuze abaleke entolongweni banamatyala ', wahlala phantsi kwephiko zaphuli phantsi igama elingelilo.

Kamva wasebenza intatheli waba nani anempembelelo yezopolitiko.

Defoe phambi kokuphela imihla yabo bazifihla amatyala, wafa yedwa.