Marx, Engels. Iimbono zefilosofi Karla Marksa and Fridriha Engelsa

Imbali Economic ayikwazi bacinge ngaphandle amanani ezifana Marx, Engels. Balizisa ke indima enkulu kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Kwangaxeshanye, igalelo labo kwakunzima kakhulu, iimbono ezininzi mihla kunye neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimbono yokuqala ezi oosonzululwazi ezinkulu.

uKarl Marx

UKarl Marx wazalelwa eJamani. Nguye-sobulumko, ngezentlalo, yezoqoqosho, intatheli sezopolitiko kunye nani zoluntu esebenzayo. Marx, Engels, babesaziwa ubuhlobo babo neembono ezifanayo. UKarl Marx umntwana yesithathu igqwetha usapho ngowembewu yamaYuda. Kwiminyaka yokuqala inkwenkwe wayefunda esikolweni negrama Friedrich-UWilhelm, yaye kwiminyaka eli-17, waphumelela kulo. Xa isincoko wabhala ukuba umntu kuphela ubenzela okulungileyo abanye, unokuba mkhulu ngokwenene. Ekubeni waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uKarl ocoliweyo, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi Bonn kungekho ngxaki, waza waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe Berlin iziko lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngowe-1837, uCharles ngasese evela kubazali bakhe umshado intombi yakhe udadewabo omdala - Jenny von Westphalen, ngubani kungekudala waba ngumfazi wakhe. Emva kokuphumelela University kunye ubugqirha, wafudukela Bonn.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala wayelithanda izimvo uKarl Hegel yaye yaba idealist lokwenyaniso. Yaye ekhula, yena kakhulu imisebenzi Hegel, bathi, nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kakhulu bothukile kakhulu. Carl wayefuna ukuba uprofesa bulumko, yaye izicwangciso ukubhala umsebenzi wobugcisa zamaKristu, kodwa ubomi wagqiba ngenye indlela. Ukusabela-nkqubo karhulumente iSebe Marx kunyanzeleka ukuba abe intatheli. Umsebenzi kule ndawo wabonisa umfana, wangenwa yingevane kakhulu kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Esi siganeko yamnyanzela ukuba ngenkuthalo Nowuthabatha ukufunda eli phephancwadi.

Isiphelo olusa Karla Marksa iye yanxulunyaniswa namanye amazwe amaninzi, njengoko urhulumente ezama ukuba awele kwicala labo. Nangona zonke ezi meko, waqhubeka ukusebenza nzima, kwaba umdla kuye. Wabhala umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa wonke ubani ukushicilela. inkxaso ezinkulu kunye nenkxaso waba ukunxulumana Friedrich Engels kuye.

Engels

Ifilosofa German, omnye wabaseki eziphambili Marxism, Friedrich wazalwa umenzi textile usapho. Kwakufuneka abazalwana noodade abasibhozo, kodwa waba nomsa ngokunzulu kuphela udade nguMariya. Le nkwenkwe yaya isikolo ukuya kwiminyaka eli-14, uze emva koko waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe yokuzilolonga. Ngokuthi kayise kwafuneka ukuyeka isikolo ukuqalisa ukusebenza entsimini yorhwebo. Nakuba kunjalo, lo mfo efunyenweyo ngempumelelo incwadi. naye kwakufuneka ukunikezela unyaka omnye ubomi babo bekhonza eBerlin. Yaba umpefumlo umoya, ngenxa yokuba lo mfana akwazi izifundo zayo umdla ku bulumko. Emva koko Engels wayesebenza eLondon, kumzi-mveliso kayise. Esi isigaba ebomini kukuba lo mfana yanikelwa kakhulu kunye nobomi zabasebenzi.

Ukongeza imisebenzi ngokubanzi kunye Karl Marksom Fridrih wabhala imisebenzi eziliqela, nayo leyo wavakalisa ingcamango Marxism: "Dialectics of Nature" yaye "Anti-Dühring".

Umsebenzi wokuqala joint

Friendship kunye kuthakazelelwa kakhulu intsebenziswano yazo Marx kunye Engels yaqala kancinci kodwa yathatha ebomini. Bakwazi ukudala ezahlukeneyo amaphepha ezikumgangatho ophezulu, nto leyo unanamhla hayi iphelelwe ukufaneleka kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, ingcamango oosonzululwazi belizwe zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi lwentlalo.

Ubunzima lokuqala jikelele izihlobo ezimbini isincoko "The Holy Family". Kuyo, ezinye Sever yokomfuziselo ubuhlobo ababini izolo yakhe edinomyshlennikami- Hegelians Young. Umsebenzi wesibini joint yaba "kwiimbono isiJamani". Kuyo, oosonzululwazi wajonga kwimbali iJamani ukusuka kwindawo eziphathekayo umbono. Ukuze entendelezweni Ngelishwa, lo msebenzi kuphela kwifom ngqangi. Kwaba ngethuba lokubhalwa kunye neminye imisebenzi, beza izazinzulu wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba bakulungele ukwenza imfundiso entsha - Marxism.

Marxism

Iimfundiso Marx kunye Engels ozelwe kwisiqingatha sokuqala-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane XIX. Izinto ezibangela le mibono ezininzi; nguwo woko yintshukumo yabasebenzi, kwaye ke ukugxekwa -bulumko Hegel kaThixo, okwakubonakala ogqibeleleyo kakhulu, yaye izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezintsha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi. Marx, Engels wasondela iingxoxo zabo neengcinga loqoqosho IsiNgesi lwezopolitiko, intanda-classical isiJamani, socialism isiFrentshi, utopianism. Ngaphezu koko, umntu kufuneka lula indima ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu eziye zenzeka ngexesha elinye: kokufunyanwa yeseli, umthetho zolondolozo amandla, le ngcamango yokuzivelela kaCharles Darwin. Ngokwendalo, abaxhasi ezininzi asebenzayo Marxism waba uKarl Marx kunye Friedrich Engels, kodwa wadala ukuba ingqalelo zonke iingcamango ezintsha indleko yexesha lakhe, ethatha kuphela ubulumko oluphambili kunye okunongwe egxothiweyo.

"I-Communist Manifesto"

Lo msebenzi waye kwincopho, apho iingcamango Marx kunye Engels wafumana isiboniso kunayo. Lo mbhalo uchaza oko iinjongo ubeka oko iindlela zisetyenziswa yaye yintoni iingxaki iqhubeke Communist Party. Ababhali zemisebenzi bathi kwimbali lonke ixesha elidluleyo isekelwe phezu umzabalazo yeklasi yabemi. Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye wandixelela ngokuphandle ukuba capitalism uza kufa kwi ezandleni sabasebenzi, leyo ezivukelana sikweni, ukudala uluntu ngaphandle iiklasi kunye amaqela.

A kwicandelo elikhulu le ncwadi enikelwe ukugxekwa malunga kunye pseudo-lwezenzululwazi eyeza na ngaphandle isizathu lokwenene. Kwakhona, wasigweba 'rough "amaKomanisi lowo, ngaphandle siphengulule kakuhle ingcamango, alaqhenqetha nje ingcamango kwipropati yabucala. Ngaphezu koko, Marx kunye Engels ukugxininisa into yokuba Party wamaKomanisi Ongayinikeliyo yena ngaphezu kwabanye, kodwa unako ukuxhasa nayiphi na intshukumo sibhekiswe umyalelo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ezikhoyo.

UKarl Marx, "Capital"

"Capital" - owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo Karla Marksa, leyo utyhila izinto ezimbi yongxowankulu kwaye undigxeka yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Lo msebenzi yabhalwa ngokusebenzisa indlela dialectical ezibonakalayo, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa yi Marx kunye Engels ngaphambili.

Xa umsebenzi wakhe, ngokupheleleyo Marx wachaza ukuba capitalism ziya kuphela. Kwakhona ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha izizathu leyo ekhokelela ekufeni yale nkqubo. Le Isazinzulu wavuma ukuba ubungxowankulu ngcembe, kukhuthaza uphuhliso imikhosi nemveliso. Ukongeza, le uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba iphantsi capitalism, oko kukuthi engaqhelekanga ukuba ezinye iintlobo lombutho kwimveliso. Noko ke, uveza ukuba oku kukhula luya kufikelelwa ngokusebenzisa imithombo yendalo ukuphangwa ezoyikekayo, ngokunjalo naxa nasekuxhatshazweni amandla engundoqo imveliso - kwabantu bokusebenza. Walatha kwakhona ukuba capitalism ikhokelela uphuhliso olungalinganiyo onke amasebe, uyalibazisa amashishini amaninzi.

Ukongeza, ubungxowankulu ungquzulwano kunye eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kwimida yepropati yabucala. umsebenzi ngamnye buya kokunciphisa ngakumbi de. Ngapha koko, uphuhliso yongxowankulu kufuna ingqwalasela kumashishini amakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, isigaba nekungoku ingxamele ukuba amandla eqhelekileyo ixhomekeka, amandla abasebenzi, nto leyo kodwa akukho okunye uvume ngokwemiqathango yomqeshi. Isimo esinjalo yenza loo mntu imoto, ethi isetyenziswe ukuphuhlisa isilwanyana ukuzibambela elikhulu - ongxowankulu.

UKarl Marx, "Capital" nto leyo eye ngendelelo semvukelo ngexesha ukhawule amandla olukhulukazi iingqondo amawaka abantu ababa ngabalandeli bakhe.

Imiba ephambili

Friedrich Engels, ogama imibhalo nempembelelo kwimbonakalo ka Marx, wadala ngokudibene ne ingcamango jikelele lokugqibela, njengako apho uluntu kufuneka aphuhlise ngokunxulumene nemithetho ethile. Eli hlabathi akukho indawo ingcamango yongxowankulu. Iingcamango ezingundoqo imisebenzi bulumko kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ingcamango kwihlabathi oko akuyomfuneko ukubonakalisa, njengoko enza bulumko, kodwa ukuyitshintsha;
• Ugxininiso umsebenzi practical engangempi ukuqhuba;
• ingcamango yokuba umntu umisela ezingqondweni ;
• uqhagamshelwano sabasebenzi nefilosofi njengezinto edibanayo;
• ingcamango kupheliswa kwezoqoqosho womntu;
• mbono ngenzondelelo kobhukuqo olululo umyalelo nkulu.

izinto ezibonakalayo

Marx, Engels yaqulunqa ingcamango eziphathekayo dialectical, othi mba zaseprayimari yaye kuphela emva kokuba kuvele yingcamango. Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa ezintathu imithetho dialectics: umanyano kunye nomzabalazo izichasi, inguqu ukusuka nelomyinge qualitative utshintsho, loo kuphika of kuphika.

Iinzululwazi bathi ihlabathi knowable, Nomlinganiso knowability yayo emiselwe umgangatho wobomi ekuhlaleni kunye nemveliso. Umgaqo yophuhliso kuxhomekeke lomzabalazo ephikisanayo kunye neengcamango, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho inyaniso. ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa uxhulumaniso-bulumko nehlabathi engaphakathi emntwini, kwelinye icala, kunye iinkqubo zentlalo - kwelinye icala. Le ezibonakalayo Marx, Engels yaba kwaye kuyaqhubeka ukuba nempembelelo enkulu phezu zesayensi mihla. Isifundo yemisebenzi zezi izazinzulu umele kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi, ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda imbali kunye noqoqosho kwinkulungwane yokugqibela ngaphandle iingcamango Marx kunye Engels akwenzeki.

iziphumo

UPawulos, kufuneka kuthiwe imfundiso Marx kunye Engels akazange agqibe lozwilakhe sabasebenzi, le njongo, obekumele ukuba senguqu isigaba kuphela. Lo mbono wokugcina ekuxolelweni naluphi na uhlobo kokuxhatshazwa indoda nendoda. Marxism sele iwupasisile indlela elide yophuhliso. Kuyanceda ukuba ukulindela nokuhlalutya iziganeko ezininzi zembali kunye nezoqoqosho, nanamhlanje. Ngoko ke, ixabiso iingcamango Marx kunye Engels kubaluleke kakhulu eluntwini.